Pulmonary and esophageal function in lung transplantation: Fundamental principles and clinical application.

The lungs and esophagus have a close anatomical and physiological relationship. Over the years, reflux-induced pulmonary injury has gained wider recognition, but the full effects of pulmonary disease on esophageal function are still unknown. Intrathoracic pressure dynamics potentially affect esophageal function, especially in patients with end-stage lung disease, both obstructive and restrictive. Lung transplantation is the only viable option for patients with end-stage pulmonary disease and has provided us with a unique opportunity to study these effects as transplantation restores the intrathoracic environment. Esophageal and foregut functional testing before and after transplantation provide insights into the pathophysiology of the foregut-pulmonary axis, such as how underlying pulmonary disease and intrathoracic pressure changes affect esophageal physiology. This review summarizes the available literature and shares the research experience of a lung transplant center, covering topics such as pre- and posttransplant foregut function, esophageal motility in lung transplant recipients, immune-mediated mechanisms of graft rejection associated with gastroesophageal reflux, and the role of antireflux surgery in this population.

A novel electrochemical IL-6 sensor based on Au nanoparticles-modified platinum carbon electrode.

Introduction: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional polypeptide cytokine composed of two glycoprotein chains, which plays an important role in many cellular reactions, pathological processes, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and so on. The detection of IL-6 plays a promising role in the cognition of clinical diseases. Methods: 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA) was immobilized on the gold nanoparticles modified platinum carbon (PC) electrode with the linker IL-6 antibody, and finally formed an electrochemical sensor that specifically recognized IL-6. Through the highly specific antigen-antibody reaction, the IL-6 concentration of the samples to be detected. The performance of the sensor was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Results: The experimental results showed that the linear detection range of the sensor for IL-6 was 100 pg/mL-700 pg/mL and the detection limit was 3 pg/mL. In addition, the sensor had the advantages of high specificity, high sensitivity, high stability and reproducibility under the interference environment of bovine serum albumin (BSA), glutathione (GSH), glycine (Gly) and neuron specific enolase (NSE), which provided a prospect for specific antigen detection sensor. Discussion: The prepared electrochemical sensor successfully detected the content of IL-6 in standard and biological samples, showing excellent detection performance. No significant difference was found between the detection results of the sensor and that of ELISA. The sensor showed a very broad prospect in the application and detection of clinical samples.

A CRISPR/Cas12a-mediated, DNA extraction and amplification-free, highly direct and rapid biosensor for Salmonella Typhimurium.

CRISPR/Cas-based biosensors were typically used for nucleic-acid targets detection and complex DNA extraction and amplification procedures were usually inevitable. Here, we report a CRISPR/Cas12a-mediated, DNA extraction and amplification-free, highly direct and rapid biosensor (abbreviated as "CATCHER") for Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) with a simple (3 steps) and fast (∼2 h) sensing workflow. Magnetic nanoparticle immobilized anti-S. Typhimurium antibody was worked as capture probe to capture the target and provide movable reaction interface. Colloidal gold labeled with anti-S. Typhimurium antibody and DNase I was used as detection probe to bridge the input target and output signal. First, in the presence of S. Typhimurium, an immuno-sandwich structure was formed. Second, DNase I in sandwich structure degraded the valid, complete activator DNA to invalid DNA fragments which can't trigger the trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a. Finally, the integrity of reporter DNA was preserved presenting a low fluorescence signal. Conversely, in the absence of S. Typhimurium, strong fluorescence recovery appeared owing to the cutting of reporter by activated Cas12a. Significantly, the proposed "CATCHER" showed satisfactory detection performance for S. Typhimurium with the limit of detection (LOD) of 7.9 × 101 CFU/mL in 0.01 M PBS and 6.31 × 103 CFU/mL in spiked chicken samples, providing a general platform for non-nucleic acid targets.

In silico epitope-based vaccine design against influenza a neuraminidase protein: Computational analysis established on B- and T-cell epitope predictions.

Objective: Influenza A virus belongs to the most studied virus and its mutant initiates epidemic and pandemics outbreaks. Inoculation is the significant foundation to diminish the risk of infection. To prevent an incidence of influenza from the transmission, various practical approaches require more advancement and progress. More efforts and research must take in front to enhance vaccine efficacy. Methods: The present research emphasizes the development and expansion of a universal vaccine for the influenza virus. Research focuses on vaccine design with high efficacy. In this study, numerous computational approaches were used, covering a wide range of elements and ideas in bioinformatics methodology. Various B and T-cell epitopic peptides derived from the Neuraminidase protein N1 are recognized by these approaches. With the implementation of numerous obtained databases and bioinformatics tools, the different immune framework methods of the conserved sequences of N1 neuraminidase were analyzed. NCBI databases were employed to retrieve amino acid sequences. The antigenic nature of the neuraminidase sequence was achieved by the VaxiJen server and Kolaskar and Tongaonkar method. After screening of various B and T cell epitopes, one efficient peptide each from B cell epitope and T cell epitopes was assessed for their antigenic determinant vaccine efficacy. Identical two B cell epitopes were recognized from the N1 protein when analyzed using B-cell epitope prediction servers. The detailed examination of amino acid sequences for interpretation of B and T cell epitopes was achieved with the help of the ABCPred and Immune Epitope Database. Results: Computational immunology via immunoinformatic study exhibited RPNDKTG as having its high conservancy efficiency and demonstrated as a good antigenic, accessible surface hydrophilic B-cell epitope. Among T cell epitope analysis, YVNISNTNF was selected for being a conserved epitope. T cell epitope was also analyzed for its allergenicity and cytotoxicity evaluation. YVNISNTNF epitope was found to be a non-allergen and not toxic for cells as well. This T-cell epitope with maximum world populace coverages was scrutinized for its association with the HLA-DRB1*0401 molecule. Results from docking simulation analyses showed YVNISNTNF having lower binding energy, the radius of gyration (Rg), RMSD values, and RMSE values which make the protein structure more stable and increase its ability to become an epitopic peptide for influenza virus vaccination. Conclusions: We propose that this epitope analysis may be successfully used as a measurement tool for the robustness of an antigen-antibody reaction between mutant strains in the annual design of the influenza vaccine.

Recombinant Histidine-Tagged Nano-protein-based Highly Sensitive Electro-Sensing Device for Salivary Cortisol.

We have developed a powerful biosensing strategy for immobilizing histidine-tagged (His-Tag)-oriented recombinant nano-protein immobilization on a chemically modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surfaces via (S)-N-(5-amino-1-carboxypentyl)iminodiacetic acid (ANTA) acting as a chelating Ni2+ centered interaction. Here, we introduce a label-free electro-sensor to quantify cortisol levels in saliva samples for point-of-care testing (POCT). The high specificity of the chemically modified GCE was established by genetically bio-engineered metal-binding sites on the selected recombinant apoferritin (R-AFTN) nano-protein to impart functionality to its surface and by coating the carbon surface with the self-assembled monolayers of 4-aminobenzoic acid (4-ABA) attached to ANTA groups complexed with Ni2+ transition metal ions. Despite the variety of conventional assays available to monitor cortisol levels, they require bulky exterior outfits, which hinders use in the healthcare systems. Therefore, we performed a rapid, easy-to-implement, and low-cost quantitative electro-sensor to enable the real-time detection of cortisol levels in saliva samples. As a result, the cortisol electro-sensor fabricated with high specificity utilizing a GCE could measure cortisol levels with a detection limit of 0.95 ng/ml and sensitivity of 7.91 µA/(ng/mL), which is a practical approach in human saliva. Thus, protein nanoprobe-based cortisol biosensing showed high sensitivity and selectivity for the direct electro-sensing of cortisol for POCT.

Incidence and timing of biphasic anaphylactic reactions: a retrospective cohort study.

AIM: We investigated the frequency of overall biphasic reactions, biphasic reactions that met the diagnostic criteria of anaphylaxis, and biphasic reactions that caused a severe abnormality in vital signs in patients who visited the emergency department of a tertiary hospital. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included patients aged 18 years or over who presented with anaphylaxis at the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital between January 2014 and December 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of biphasic reactions that caused a severe abnormality in vital signs and developed within 7 days. Secondary outcomes were the frequency of overall biphasic reactions and those that met the diagnostic criteria of anaphylaxis. RESULTS: In total, 437 patients aged over 18 years visited the emergency department during the study period. Among them, 202 were enrolled in this study. The proportion of patients who had overall biphasic reactions, those that met the diagnostic criteria of anaphylaxis, and those with a severe abnormality in vital signs was 8.9%, 3.0%, and 1.0%, respectively. Overall, 32.7% of patients were hospitalized, but hospitalization aided in the treatment of severe biphasic reactions at the early stage in only one patient. CONCLUSION: We found that 8.9% of adult patients with anaphylaxis had a biphasic reaction, but biphasic reactions together with severe abnormalities in vital signs were rare.

Diagnosing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A review of current methods and novel approaches.

Pneumocystis jirovecii can cause life-threatening pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Traditional diagnostic testing has relied on staining and direct visualization of the life-forms in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. This method has proven insensitive, and invasive procedures may be needed to obtain adequate samples. Molecular methods of detection such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and antibody-antigen assays have been developed in an effort to solve these problems. These techniques are very sensitive and have the potential to detect Pneumocystis life-forms in noninvasive samples such as sputum, oral washes, nasopharyngeal aspirates, and serum. This review evaluates 100 studies that compare use of various diagnostic tests for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) in patient samples. Novel diagnostic methods have been widely used in the research setting but have faced barriers to clinical implementation including: interpretation of low fungal burdens, standardization of techniques, integration into resource-poor settings, poor understanding of the impact of host factors, geographic variations in the organism, heterogeneity of studies, and limited clinician recognition of PCP. Addressing these barriers will require identification of phenotypes that progress to PCP and diagnostic cut-offs for colonization, generation of life-form specific markers, comparison of commercial PCR assays, investigation of cost-effective point of care options, evaluation of host factors such as HIV status that may impact diagnosis, and identification of markers of genetic diversity that may be useful in diagnostic panels. Performing high-quality studies and educating physicians will be crucial to improve the rates of diagnosis of PCP and ultimately to improve patient outcomes.

Simple and Rapid Detection of Glycoforms by "Lectin Inhibition" Assay.

Glycoforms are otherwise identical proteins with different glycosylation. A lectin, Sambucus sieboldiana agglutinin (SSA), specifically binds glycoforms having α2,6-sialyl residues. The binding is found to inhibit antigen-antibody reaction; e.g., SSA inhibits anti-transferrin antibody binding to α2,6-sialylated transferrin (Tf) (SSA inhibition). SSA inhibition is not observed with other Tf glycoforms, indicating that the inhibition is glycoform-specific. Here we describe the application of SSA inhibition to ELISA as a specific assay for quantifying α2,6-sialylated Tf.

Glycoform-Specific Visualization in Immunohistochemistry by "Lectin Inhibition".

Antibodies are useful for localizing glycoprotein antigens in histochemistry, but they do not differentiate glycoforms in tissue sections because conventional antibodies recognize only protein epitopes rather than glycans. Glycan epitopes are recognized by lectins, which are found, occasionally, to inhibit antigen-antibody reaction in a glycoform-specific manner (lectin inhibition). Here we describe the application of lectin inhibition to immunohistochemistry for visualizing a glycoform in a tissue section.

Immunohistochemistry for Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells After Oncolytic Virotherapy.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an integral laboratory staining technique, which is used for the detection of immune cells in mouse/human tissues or tumors. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) treatment or virotherapy of solid tumors results in antitumor immune responses and infiltration of a variety of immune cells into the tumor. Here, we describe a step-by-step chromogen/substrate-based single- and dual-color IHC protocol to stain immune cells in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded mouse glioblastoma (GBM) brain tumor sections after oHSV virotherapy. Tumor sections are deparaffinized with xylene, then gradually rehydrated using ethanol, followed by heat-mediated antigen retrieval using appropriate buffers. Tumor sections are incubated with primary antibodies, which detect a specific immune cell antigen, then incubated with peroxidase- or phosphatase-labeled secondary antibodies, followed by incubation with a color-producing substrate and color visualization (of immune cells) by light microscopy. The protocol described herein is also applicable to detect immune cells in other mouse and human tumors or organs after other forms of immunotherapy.

Observation of intracellular protein localization area in a single neuron using gold nanoparticles with a scanning electron microscope.

The localization areas of intracellular proteins in rat cortical neurons were visualized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with a focused ion beam (FIB) system. To obtain a clear contrast in the SEM images, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were bound to specific intracellular proteins by antigen-antibody reactions. By obtaining a cross section of the desired location of the neurons by FIB milling under the SEM imaging condition, it was possible to observe the proteins inside the cells as clear bright spots. When a neuron was stained with anti-tau and anti-histone H1 antibodies, the bright spots were localized in the cross section of the axon and the nucleus, respectively. It was confirmed that targeted proteins in a single neuron on a substrate could be successfully identified. The development of FIB/SEM observation with immunological GNP staining will offer important information for the stable growth of neurons on various substrate structures, since the elongation and turning of axons on the substrates are activated by the redistribution of intracellular proteins.

Lectin-Based Assay for Glycoform-Specific Detection of α2,6-sialylated Transferrin and Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Tissue and Body Fluid.

Antibodies are useful for detecting glycoprotein antigens, but a conventional antibody recognizes only a protein epitope rather than a glycan. Thus, glycan isoform detection generally requires time- and labor-consuming processes such as lectin affinity column chromatography followed by sandwich ELISA. We recently found antigen-antibody reactions that were inhibited by lectin binding to glycans on the glycoprotein antigen, leading to a convenient glycoform-specific assay. Indeed, Sambucus sieboldiana agglutinin (SSA) lectin, a binder to sialylα2,6galactose residue, inhibited antibody binding to α2,6-sialylated transferrin (Tf) (SSA inhibition). SSA inhibition was not observed with other glycoforms, such as periodate-treated, sialidase-treated and sialidase/galactosidase-treated Tf, suggesting that the assay was glycoform-specific. SSA inhibition was also applicable for visualizing localization of α2,6-sialylated-Tf in a liver section. This is the first immunohistochemical demonstration of glycoform localization in a tissue section. SSA inhibition was utilized for establishing ELISA to quantify α2,6-sialylated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a marker for various cancers. In addition, α2,6-sialylated-CEA was visualized in a colonic adenocarcinoma section by SSA inhibition. The method would further be applicable to a simple and rapid estimation of other α2,6-sialylated glycoproteins and have a potential aid to histopathological diagnosis.

Hydatidosis: Preparation and evaluation of radiolabeled antigens and antibodies.

The present preliminary study intends to evaluate the in vitro use of hydatid antigen and their antibodies once labeled with iodine 125(I125) and characterized from viewpoint of radiochemical purity and immunoreactivity. Radiolabelled molecules gave satisfactory purity of 94% and 96%-98%, for hydatid antigen and IgG respectively. As regards, the specific activity of these latter, varied between 4.79 and 5.97 µCi/µg. The specificity test of radiolabelled IgG against the hydatid membranes showed a significant recognition that increased proportionally according to the contact surface. Likewise this immunoreactivity test performed with a simple binding assay, using human hydatid fluid antigen (HHF-Ag), previously fixed on a solid phase, gave satisfactory fixation rate of the order of 356 ±â€¯48.08cpm, 2539 ±â€¯550.12cpm and 6558 ±â€¯712.76cpm for the concentrations of 0.1 µg/ml, 2 µg/ml and 25 µg/ml respectively. Statistical study of 88 sera, carried out with radiolabelled antigen (125I-HHF-Ag) in competitive radioimmunoassay test (CRIA) showed highly significant difference (p < 0.0001) in the binding capacity of antigens from patients sera with hydatid disease (65.63 ±â€¯9.12) compared to the negative sera (19.25 ±â€¯14.84). No cross reaction was observed using sera from patients with toxoplasmosis (33, 07 ±â€¯13, 07) and the difference was highly significant (p < 0.0001) compared to E granulosus infected patient sera. Furthermore, this test seemed to be sensitive since among the 43 sera tested, only 37 (86%) were found to be positive by passive hemagglutination (HAP), while the totality (100%) responded positively by CRIA. Our findings are encouraging, suggesting that these radiolabeled molecules could be useful for advancing toward new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities.

Label-free optical detection of C-reactive protein by nanoimprint lithography-based 2D-photonic crystal film.

The development of high-sensitive, and cost-effective novel biosensors have been strongly desired for future medical diagnostics. To develop novel biosensor, the authors focused on the specific optical characteristics of photonic crystal. In this study, a label-free optical biosensor, polymer-based two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D-PhC) film fabricated using nanoimprint lithography (NIL), was developed for detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) in human serum. The nano-hole array constructed NIL-based 2D-PhC (hole diameter: 230 nm, distance: 230, depth: 200 nm) was fabricated on a cyclo-olefin polymer (COP) film (100 µm) using thermal NIL and required surface modifications to reduce nonspecific adsorption of target proteins. Antigen-antibody reactions on the NIL-based 2D-PhC caused changes to the surrounding refractive index, which was monitored as reflection spectrum changes in the visible region. By using surface modified 2D-PhC, the calculated detection limit for CRP was 12.24 pg/mL at an extremely short reaction time (5 min) without the need for additional labeling procedures and secondary antibody. Furthermore, using the dual-functional random copolymer, CRP could be detected in a pooled blood serum diluted 100× with dramatic reduction of nonspecific adsorption. From these results, the NIL-based 2D-PhC film has great potential for development of an on-site, high-sensitivity, cost-effective, label-free biosensor for medical diagnostics applications.

The prevention of the hook effect in the automatic biochemistry analyzer by the immune ratio turbidity method / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To understand correctly the hook like effect of the immune transmission and transmission turbidity in the automatic biochemical analyzer and the prevention of the hook like effect .Methods First ,it had the function set of measurement linear range of the upper limit of the instrument and the instrument automatic dilution redo ,and then ,had determination of excee‐ding the upper limit of measurement range and artificial dilution before the sample setting .Results The group average value was 2 .49 g/Lbefore the determination setting ,3 .31 g/L after the determination setting ,and 3 .33 g/L artificial dilution determination . Conclusion High dose hook effect makes the strong positive to weak positive samples of measurement by error ,even false negative results ,and high concentration sample makes low value .So the set of samples and dilution to determination of instrument ,measured values are more close to the true value .

Rapid identification of spinal ventral and dorsal roots using a quartz crystal microbalance.

The fast and accurate identification of nerve tracts is critical for successful nerve anastomosis. Taking advantage of differences in acetylcholinesterase content between the spinal ventral and dorsal roots, we developed a novel quartz crystal microbalance method to distinguish between these nerves based on acetylcholinesterase antibody reactivity. The acetylcholinesterase antibody was immobilized on the electrode surface of a quartz crystal microbalance and reacted with the acetylcholinesterase in sample solution. The formed antigen and antibody complexes added to the mass of the electrode inducing a change in frequency of the electrode. The spinal ventral and dorsal roots were distinguished by the change in frequency. The ventral and dorsal roots were cut into 1 to 2-mm long segments and then soaked in 250 µL PBS. Acetylcholinesterase antibody was immobilized on the quartz crystal microbalance gold electrode surface. The results revealed that in 10 minutes, both spinal ventral and dorsal roots induced a frequency change; however, the frequency change induced by the ventral roots was notably higher than that induced by the dorsal roots. No change was induced by bovine serum albumin or PBS. These results clearly demonstrate that a quartz crystal microbalance sensor can be used as a rapid, highly sensitive and accurate detection tool for the quick identification of spinal nerve roots intraoperatively.

Inmunoensayos enzimáticos para detectar agentes infecciosos o sus productos: algunos diseños y aplicaciones / Enzymatic immunoassays for the detection of infectious agents or their products: presentation of some designs and applications

Se hizo una valoración del impacto de los ensayos inmunoenzimáticos en la analítica de base inmunoquímica en las últimas 4 décadas, en la detección de agentes infecciosos o los productos asociado a su presencia y(o) actividad patogénica. Además se hace una incursión en algunos diseños y formatos que han tenido estos inmunoensayos desde los métodos electroquímicos de detección, los ensayos para detectar actividad proteolítica de origen microbiano y sus inhibidores como posibles blancos terapéuticos, los inmunoensayos directos de triple anticuerpo para lograr mayor sensibilidad, reveladores alternativos de la actividad enzimática, ensayos para el estudio de la serología viral con un mínimo de determinaciones, así como ensayos de competencia para evaluar la efectividad de candidatos vacunales basados en combinaciones peptídicas seleccionadas. Se concluyó con una rápida visión del futuro inmediato de este tipo de inmunoensayos a la luz de las tecnologías analíticas emergentes de detección.

This paper assessed the impact of the immunoenzymatic assays on the field of the immunochemistry-based analytics for the last 40 years, and on the detection of infectious agents or the products related to their presence and/or pathogenic activity. It also addressed some designs and formats of these immunoassays from electrochemical methods of detection, assays to determine proteolytic microbial activity and their inhibitors as possible therapeutical targets, more sensitive direct triple antibody systems, alternative enzymatic activity detectors, assays for viral serology of minimal determinations to competitive assays for evaluation of vaccinal candidate effectiveness based on selected peptide combinations. Finally, it provided a rapid overview of the near future of this type of immunoassays in the light of the emerging detection analytical technologies.

Inmunoensayos enzimáticos para detectar agentes infecciosos o sus productos: algunos diseños y aplicaciones / Enzymatic immunoassays for the detection of infectious agents or their products: presentation of some designs and applications

Se hizo una valoración del impacto de los ensayos inmunoenzimáticos en la analítica de base inmunoquímica en las últimas 4 décadas, en la detección de agentes infecciosos o los productos asociado a su presencia y(o) actividad patogénica. Además se hace una incursión en algunos diseños y formatos que han tenido estos inmunoensayos desde los métodos electroquímicos de detección, los ensayos para detectar actividad proteolítica de origen microbiano y sus inhibidores como posibles blancos terapéuticos, los inmunoensayos directos de triple anticuerpo para lograr mayor sensibilidad, reveladores alternativos de la actividad enzimática, ensayos para el estudio de la serología viral con un mínimo de determinaciones, así como ensayos de competencia para evaluar la efectividad de candidatos vacunales basados en combinaciones peptídicas seleccionadas. Se concluyó con una rápida visión del futuro inmediato de este tipo de inmunoensayos a la luz de las tecnologías analíticas emergentes de detección (AU)

This paper assessed the impact of the immunoenzymatic assays on the field of the immunochemistry-based analytics for the last 40 years, and on the detection of infectious agents or the products related to their presence and/or pathogenic activity. It also addressed some designs and formats of these immunoassays from electrochemical methods of detection, assays to determine proteolytic microbial activity and their inhibitors as possible therapeutical targets, more sensitive direct triple antibody systems, alternative enzymatic activity detectors, assays for viral serology of minimal determinations to competitive assays for evaluation of vaccinal candidate effectiveness based on selected peptide combinations. Finally, it provided a rapid overview of the near future of this type of immunoassays in the light of the emerging detection analytical technologies (AU)

Inmunoensayos enzimáticos para detectar agentes infecciosos o sus productos: algunos diseños y aplicaciones / Enzymatic immunoassays for the detection of infectious agents or their products: presentation of some designs and applications

Se hizo una valoración del impacto de los ensayos inmunoenzimáticos en la analítica de base inmunoquímica en las últimas 4 décadas, en la detección de agentes infecciosos o los productos asociado a su presencia y(o) actividad patogénica. Además se hace una incursión en algunos diseños y formatos que han tenido estos inmunoensayos desde los métodos electroquímicos de detección, los ensayos para detectar actividad proteolítica de origen microbiano y sus inhibidores como posibles blancos terapéuticos, los inmunoensayos directos de triple anticuerpo para lograr mayor sensibilidad, reveladores alternativos de la actividad enzimática, ensayos para el estudio de la serología viral con un mínimo de determinaciones, así como ensayos de competencia para evaluar la efectividad de candidatos vacunales basados en combinaciones peptídicas seleccionadas. Se concluyó con una rápida visión del futuro inmediato de este tipo de inmunoensayos a la luz de las tecnologías analíticas emergentes de detección (AU)

This paper assessed the impact of the immunoenzymatic assays on the field of the immunochemistry-based analytics for the last 40 years, and on the detection of infectious agents or the products related to their presence and/or pathogenic activity. It also addressed some designs and formats of these immunoassays from electrochemical methods of detection, assays to determine proteolytic microbial activity and their inhibitors as possible therapeutical targets, more sensitive direct triple antibody systems, alternative enzymatic activity detectors, assays for viral serology of minimal determinations to competitive assays for evaluation of vaccinal candidate effectiveness based on selected peptide combinations. Finally, it provided a rapid overview of the near future of this type of immunoassays in the light of the emerging detection analytical technologies (AU)