Jumping with control: the interplay between psychological constructs and run-up variability in elite jumpers.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between psychological aspects (emotional regulation, self-control, mood states, and perceived stress) and components of run-up variability in horizontal jumps and to conduct comparisons based on sex, events (long jump and triple jump), and contextual situations (training versus competition). Methods: A total of 10 elite-level athletes (five males and five females) with a mean age of 27.14 (±4.25) years were recruited for the study. All participants had competed nationally or internationally and had 13.10 (±3.48) years of athletic experience. Data were collected during competitions and training sessions for 5 weeks. The participants completed the Brunel Mood Scale, Emotional Regulation Questionnaire, Brief Self-Control Scale, and Visual Analogical Scale of Perceived Stress before each session. The components of run-up variability of successful and failed attempts were measured using video analysis. Data were analyzed using a t-test, Pearson's correlation, and Cohen's d. Results: Athletes specializing in long jump and triple jump displayed similar psychological and run-up variability characteristics. However, females showed higher values for tension and depression, whereas males had higher run-up speeds and vigor. In competitions, athletes tended to have higher vigor, lower fatigue and confusion, an earlier beginning of the adjustment phase, fewer failed attempts, and higher run-up speed than during training. Emotional regulation is inversely related to depression in women during competitions, whereas higher self-control is associated with fewer failed jumps. Conclusion: Athletes competing in the long jump and the triple jump do not differ in psychological traits and run-up characteristics, which suggests that similar training strategies can be used in both events. However, different solutions should be used considering the sex of athletes, with a particular focus on utilizing emotion regulation tools to modulate depression in female jumpers. It is recommended to include training sessions that simulate competition demands, primarily to ensure the early onset of the run-up adjustment phase.

Prevalence and incidence of health problems and their characteristics in Brazilian para athletes: A one-season single-center prospective pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Para athletes experience high prevalence and incidence of health problems related to sport. Despite this, there are few longitudinal studies. OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics, prevalence, incidence, and severity of health problems in para athletes from one of the Brazilian Paralympic Reference Centers during a sports season and to compare the prevalence of health problems between para athletics, para powerlifting, and para swimming. METHODS: This prospective pilot study was conducted from October 2019 to March 2020. The Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on Health Problems was used to record injuries and illnesses every week for 24 weeks. The characteristics, prevalence, incidence, and severity of health problems were described for each modality. The prevalence of health problems was compared among the three sport modalities. RESULTS: Thirty-five para athletes participated. Most of the injuries occurred in the shoulder, and most illnesses caused respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. The average weekly prevalence and the incidence rate of health problems were 40.6% (95% CI 17.0-64.4) and 12.7 (95% CI 9.6-15.9) per 1000 athlete hours, respectively. Para powerlifting had the highest prevalence of all and substantial health problems; para swimming had the lowest prevalence of injuries; and para athletics had the lowest prevalence of illnesses. CONCLUSIONS: This group of Brazilian para athletes showed a high prevalence and incidence of health problems throughout the season. Para athletics, para powerlifting, and para swimming each had a different prevalence of injuries and illnesses.

Factores que afectan el comportamiento de la arrancada en los velocistas escolares categoría 12-15 años

En la provincia Pinar del Río, en los últimos cinco años se ha notado cierto descenso de los rendimientos de los corredores de distancias cortas. Entre uno de los aspectos que incide en ello figura el pobre aprovechamiento de la arrancada. Esta investigación se realizó con el objetivo de analizar del comportamiento, en la arrancada de la carrera de 100 metros planos de los velocistas escolares categoría 12-15 años de la Escuela de Iniciación Deportiva de Pinar del Río. En la actualidad, se procura personalizar el tipo de arrancada a las características específicas de cada atleta, local para garantizar un aprovechamiento óptimo de sus características antropométricas, potencia muscular, distancia de carrera y ubicación en la pista. El estudio se llevó a cabo con los ocho atletas de la categoría 12-15 años, sexo masculino, matriculados en el área de velocidad en la Escuela de Iniciación Deportiva de Pinar del Río. Se realizó una revisión documental del proceso de entrenamiento de la arrancada baja que se lleva a cabo en los velocistas escolares, además de aplicar otros métodos empíricos como: la observación a los entrenamientos, la medición y la técnica de encuesta. Los resultados arrojados muestran que existen factores en el proceso de entrenamiento que atentan contra el éxito competitivo de estos atletas; esto genera necesidad de organizar acciones en un orden secuencial, lógica que permitan su perfeccionamiento en base al ajuste a los cambios de la condición de estos sujetos.

Na província de Pinar del Río, nos últimos cinco anos, notou-se uma certa diminuição no desempenho dos corredores de curta distância. Um dos aspectos que afeta isso é o mau aproveitamento da largada. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de analisar o comportamento na largada da corrida de 100 metros rasos de velocistas escolares da categoria 12-15 anos da Escola de Iniciação Esportiva Pinar del Río. Atualmente, são feitos esforços para personalizar o tipo de largada às características específicas de cada atleta local para garantir o aproveitamento ideal de suas características antropométricas, potência muscular, distância de corrida e localização na pista. O estudo foi realizado com oito atletas da categoria 12 a 15 anos, do sexo masculino, matriculados na área de velocidade da Escola de Iniciação Esportiva Pinar del Río. Foi realizada uma revisão documental do processo de treinamento low start realizado em velocistas escolares, além de aplicar outros métodos empíricos como: observação ao treinamento, medição e técnica de levantamento. Os resultados mostram que existem fatores no processo de treinamento que ameaçam o sucesso competitivo desses atletas; Isso gera a necessidade de organizar as ações em uma ordem sequencial e lógica que permita seu aprimoramento a partir do ajuste às mudanças na condição desses sujeitos.

SUMMARY In the Pinar del Río province, in the last five years a certain decrease in the performance of short distance runners has been noted. One of the aspects that affects this is the poor use of the start. This research was carried out with the objective of analyzing the behavior at the start of the 100-meter dash race of school sprinters in the 12-15-year category of the Pinar del Río Sports Initiation School. Currently, efforts are made to personalize the type of start to the specific characteristics of each local athlete to guarantee optimal use of their anthropometric characteristics, muscular power, race distance and location on the track. The study was carried out with eight athletes in the 12-15-year-old category, male, enrolled in the speed area at the Pinar del Río Sports Initiation School. A documentary review of the low start training process carried out in school sprinters was carried out, in addition to applying other empirical methods such as: observation to training, measurement and survey technique. The results show that there are factors in the training process that threaten the competitive success of these athletes; this generates the need to organize actions in a sequential, logical order that allows their improvement based on adjustment to changes in the condition of these subjects.

Perfil de estado de ánimo y autoeficacia percibida en tareas de salto con contramovimiento en atletas cubanos de élite

Introducción: El estado de ánimo y la autoeficacia presentan estrecha relación con el rendimiento deportivo. En atletismo, contar con un control exhaustivo del entrenamiento físico y mental supone asentar las bases del máximo rendimiento, siendo el salto vertical un excelente elemento de control. Sin embargo, su relación con los aspectos psicológicos durante los entrenamientos se ha divulgado poco en la literatura. Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre el perfil de estado de ánimo y la autoeficacia durante saltos verticales en deportistas juveniles de la preselección nacional cubana de atletismo. Método: Se evaluó el estado de ánimo y la autoeficacia antes de ejecutar un salto con contra movimiento (CMJ), presentándose el valor de 40 cm como elemento de máximo rendimiento en atletas de élite. Resultados: Se encontró correlación significativa entre el factor ansiedad del POMS y variables del CMJ. Además, se encontró correlación negativa entre la autoeficacia y la ansiedad, aunque no significativa (p > .05). Conclusiones: Los deportistas con un estado de ánimo de puntuación media de ansiedad, aunque no sobreelevada (puntaje 2 sobre 4) antes de la ejecución de saltos verticales, obtuvieron mejores resultados de CMJ, consiguiendo un mayor rendimiento tanto en la altura de salto, como en la velocidad, fuerza y potencia del salto. Sin embargo, no se hallaron correlaciones significativas entre la autoeficacia y el estado de ánimo, ni con variables de salto.

Introduction: Both mood and self-efficacy seem to be components closely related to the athlete's performance. In athletics, to have an exhaustive control of training from the physical and mental point of view is to lay the foundations for sporting success. Exercises such as the vertical jump are an excellent element of control of athletic performance. However, their relationship with psychological aspects during training has been little reported in the literature. Our objective was to analyze the relationship between the mood profile and self-efficacy during vertical jumps in youth athletes of the Cuban national preselection of athletics. Method: Mood and self-efficacy were evaluated before executing a countermovement jump (CMJ), presenting the 40-cm value as the element of maximum success in elite athletes. Results: A significant correlation was found between anxiogenic mood and vertical jump variables. In addition, a negative correlation was found between self-efficacy and anxiety, although not significant (p > .05). Conclusions: Athletes with a medium anxiety score mood although not overelevated (score 2 out of 4) before the execution of vertical jumps obtained better CMJ results, achieving higher performance in both jump height, speed, strength and power of the jump. However, no significant correlations were found between self-efficacy and mood, nor with the jumping variables.

Predisposición psicológica de heptatletas y decatletas cubanos, evidencias de su asociación con el rendimiento competitivo

La preparación psicológica para las competencias es un proceso que potencia las capacidades y cualidades del deportista durante la preparación para alcanzar el estado óptimo de predisposición psíquica. Son escasas las investigaciones que ofrecen evidencias empíricas de la relación existente entre el estado de predisposición psíquica y el rendimiento competitivo de atletas de pruebas combinadas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar cómo se relacionan el estado de predisposición psicológica y el rendimiento competitivo de los atletas cubanos de pruebas combinadas. La investigación fue no experimental y transversal. La muestra la integraron ocho atletas de pruebas combinadas de la selección nacional cubana de atletismo. Se emplearon el Cuestionario de Predisposición Psicológica para la Competencia y la Escala de rendimiento en la competencia de pruebas combinadas. La claridad de objetivos correlacionó de manera positiva y directa con el rendimiento competitivo en las carreras con vallas (,793 sig. = ,019). La significación de la competencia percibida por los atletas correlacionó de manera positiva y directa con las carreras con vallas y el salto de altura (,826 sig. = ,012 y ,717 sig. = ,045). A medida que aumentó la claridad de objetivos en los atletas estudiados también lo hizo el rendimiento percibido por sus entrenadores en las carreras con vallas que realizaron en la Copa Cuba 2020. A medida que fue mayor la significación de la competencia, también lo fue el rendimiento en carreras con vallas y salto de altura.

SÍNTESE A preparação psicológica para as competições é um processo que aumenta as habilidades e qualidades do atleta durante a preparação para alcançar o estado ideal de predisposição psíquica. Há poucas pesquisas que ofereçam evidências empíricas da relação entre o estado de predisposição psicológica e o desempenho competitivo dos atletas em eventos combinados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar como o estado de predisposição psicológica e o desempenho competitivo dos atletas cubanos em eventos combinados estão relacionados. A pesquisa foi não-experimental e transversal. A amostra consistiu de oito atletas de eventos combinados da equipe nacional de atletismo de Cuba. Foram utilizados o Questionário de Predisposição Psicológica para Competição e a Escala de Desempenho em Competição de Julgamentos Combinados. Clareza de propósito correlacionada positivamente e diretamente com o desempenho competitivo em obstáculos (.793 sig. = .019). A percepção do significado da competência dos atletas se correlacionou positiva e diretamente com obstáculos e saltos em altura (.826 sig. = .012 e .717 sig. = .045). medida que a clareza das metas aumentava nos atletas estudados, também aumentava o desempenho percebido por seus treinadores nas corridas de obstáculos que realizaram na Copa Cuba 2020. medida que a importância da concorrência aumentava, aumentava também o desempenho em obstáculos e saltos altos.

Psychological preparation for competitions is a process that enhances the capacities and qualities of the athlete during the preparation to reach the optimal state of mental predisposition. There are few researches that offer empirical evidence of the relationship between the state of mental predisposition and the competitive performance of athletes in combined events. The objective of this work was to determine how the state of psychological predisposition and the competitive performance of Cuban athletes in combined events are related. The research was non-experimental and cross-sectional. The sample was made up of eight athletes from the combined events of the Cuban national athletics team. The Questionnaire of Psychological Predisposition for Competition and the Performance Scale in the competition of combined tests were used. Goal clarity was positively and directly correlated with competitive performance in hurdles (.793 sig. = .019). The significance of the athletes' perceived competition was positively and directly correlated with hurdles and high jump (.826 sig. = .012 and .717 sig. = .045). As the clarity of objectives increased in the athletes studied, so did the performance perceived by their coaches in the hurdles races they carried out in the 2020 Cuba Cup. As the significance of the competition was greater, so was the performance in hurdle races and high jump.

Idades de referência dos atletas medalhados nos campeonatos de Portugal de atletismo: estudo de 30 anos (1990-2019) / Reference ages of medallists at the Portuguese athletics championships: a 30-year study (1990-2019)

RESUMO Segundo a literatura, um inventário preciso da distribuição das idades de melhor desempenho nas diferentes disciplinas do atletismo pode proporcionar uma informação ímpar na altura de se produzirem planos e programas de treino de longo prazo para eventos ao mais alto nível. O presente estudo tem como objetivo identificar a idade de melhor desempenho dos atletas participantes nos campeonatos de Portugal de atletismo, com referência às disciplinas e setores que caracterizam a competição. Foram consideradas todas as participações medalhadas (pista coberta - PC, n = 2310; ar livre - AL, n = 3161). Os intervalos de confiança para a idade média dos atletas medalhados foram obtidos com recurso ao método de Equações de Estimação Generalizadas. Os resultados indicaram a média de idades, (i) PC, mais baixa no salto com vara feminino (21.60 anos) e no salto em comprimento masculino (24.42 anos), e mais elevada nos 3000 m marcha feminino (25.18 anos) e nos 5000 m marcha masculino (29.70 anos); (ii) AL, mais baixa no salto em comprimento feminino (22.90 anos) e nos 200 m masculino (23.46 anos), e mais elevada nos 5000 m feminino (27.55 anos) e 10000 m marcha masculino (32.23 anos). Os resultados sugerem que as idades de melhor desempenho ocorrem (i) PC, entre os 23 e os 24 anos nas atletas femininas, e os 24 e os 25 nos atletas masculinos; (ii) AL, entre os 23 e os 25 anos nas atletas femininas, e os 24 e 26 anos nos atletas masculinos. O conhecimento objetivo das idades de melhor desempenho nos campeonatos de Portugal de atletismo, por sexo e disciplina, poderá ser uma informação útil para uma gestão eficiente de talentos e das carreiras desportivas.

ABSTRACT According to the literature, a precise inventory of the distribution of the best-performing ages in the different athletics disciplines can provide unique information when producing long-term training plans and programs for events at the highest level. This study aims to identify the age at which athletes participating in the Portuguese athletics championships performed best, with reference to the disciplines and sectors that characterize the competition. All medal-winning participations were considered (indoor track and field, n = 2310; outdoor track and field, n = 3161). Confidence intervals for the average age of medal-winning athletes were obtained using the Generalized Estimating Equations method. The results indicated that the average ages were (i) Indoor track and field - lower in the women's pole vault (21.60 years) and men's long jump (24.42 years), and higher in the women's 3000 m run (25.18 years) and men's 5000 m race walk (29.70 years); (ii) Outdoor track and field - lower in the women's long jump (22.90 years) and men's 200m (23.46 years), and higher in the women's 5000 m (27.55 years) and men's 10000 m race walk (32.23 years). The results suggest that the best-performing ages are (i) Indoor track and field - between 23 and 24 years old in female athletes and 24 and 25 years old in male athletes; (ii) Outdoor track and field - between 23 and 25 years old in female athletes, and 24 and 26 years old in male athletes. Objective knowledge of the best-performing ages in the Portuguese athletics championships by gender and discipline could be useful information for efficient talent and career management.

Manifestaciones de la resiliencia psicológica en atletas de alto rendimiento

La presente investigación se fundamentó en las teorías que exploran la resiliencia en el ámbito de la Psicología del Deporte, se planteó como objetivo analizar la manifestación de la resiliencia psicológica en atletas cubanos de alto rendimiento, específicamente en la exdeportista corredora de 800 metros Ana Fidelia Quiroz Moret y en deportistas de la categoría Juvenil y Mayores del equipo nacional de tenis de Mesa de Cuba. Se utilizaron métodos de investigación con predominio de la metodología cualitativa analítica como estudios de caso individual y de grupo, análisis-síntesis, entrevista, análisis de documentos y videos, observación, el cuestionario de Afrontamiento de estrés de Sandín y Chorot y la escala de Resiliencia de Wagnild y Young. Se utilizó el porcentaje como método matemático. Los resultados principales permitieron constatar la presencia de nivel alto de resiliencia en la exdeportista estudiada y niveles medio-alto y alto en los tenimesistas estudiados, se identificaron los factores protectores que influyen en el afrontamiento de eventos vitales y situaciones estresantes. Las conclusiones principales destacaron la necesidad de valorar en los deportistas de alto rendimiento estudiados, las manifestaciones de la resiliencia psicológica de manera particular: los factores protectores de la personalidad, la influencia de las redes de apoyo social así como las estrategias y estilos de afrontamiento al estrés que afloran ante situaciones adversas que se presentan en la vida deportiva, dificultades propias del entrenamiento y la competencia a las que se enfrentan con regularidad, que pueden constituir modelos a tener en cuenta para otros deportistas que se inician.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a manifestação da resiliência psicológica em atletas cubanos de alto rendimento, especificamente na ex-corredora Ana Fidelia Quiroz Moret, de 800m, e em atletas da seleção nacional cubana de tênis de mesa, nas categorias jovem e sênior. Foram utilizados métodos de pesquisa com predominância de metodologia analítica qualitativa, como estudos de casos individuais e de grupo, análise-síntese, entrevista, análise de documentos e vídeos, observação, o questionário de Cópia de Estresse de Sandin e Chorot e a escala de Resiliência de Wagnild e Young. A porcentagem foi utilizada como um método matemático. Os principais resultados mostraram a presença de um alto nível de resiliência na ex-esportista estudada e níveis médios-altos e altos nos tenistas estudados. Os fatores de proteção que influenciam o enfrentamento de eventos da vida e situações estressantes foram identificados. As principais conclusões destacaram a necessidade de avaliar nos atletas de alto rendimento estudados, as manifestações de resiliência psicológica em particular: os fatores protetores da personalidade, a influência das redes de apoio social, assim como as estratégias e estilos de lidar com o estresse que surgem em situações adversas que surgem na vida esportiva, as dificuldades de treinamento e competição que enfrentam regularmente, que podem constituir modelos a serem levados em conta para outros atletas que estão começando.

The present research was based on the theories that explore resilience in the field of Sport Psychology. The objective was to analyze the manifestation of psychological resilience in Cuban high-performance athletes, specifically in the former 800-meter runner Ana Fidelia Quiroz Moret and in athletes of the Cuban national Table Tennis team in the Juvenile and Senior categories. Research methods were used with a predominance of analytical qualitative methodology such as individual and group case studies, analysis-synthesis, interview, analysis of documents and videos, observation, the Stress Coping questionnaire of Sandin and Chorot and the Resilience scale of Wagnild and Young. The percentage was used as a mathematical method. The main results showed the presence of a high level of resilience in the ex-sportswoman studied and medium-high and high levels in the tennis players studied. The main conclusions highlighted the need to assess in the high performance athletes studied, the manifestations of psychological resilience in particular: the protective factors of the personality, the influence of social support networks as well as the strategies and styles of coping with stress that emerge in adverse situations that arise in sports life, difficulties of training and competition that they face regularly, which may constitute models to be taken into account for other athletes who are starting out.

Docência em educação física na interface como atletismo: percursos (auto)biográficos / Teaching in physical education at the inetrface with the athletics: (auto)biographical courses / Enseñanza em educación física en interfaz con atletismo: cursos (auto) biográficos

Este artigo tem por objetivo dialogar com a constituição docente em Educação Física na relação com o atletismo. A metodologia pauta-se na narrativa (auto)biográfica. Apresenta experiências construídas na e com a Educação Básica, bem como apropria-se de documentos pessoais como fontes. Resultou em três eixos de discussão: a) o atletismo e a docência em Educação Física; b) o atletismo nas séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental; e c) percursos de/na "volta" ao Ensino Médio. Denota-se que, na relação com o conteúdo tematizado, revela-se uma professora curiosa, que aprende para ensinar e ao ensinar. A constituição docente é marcada, portanto, pela incessante busca por saberes, pela resiliência e pela potência das relações interpessoais estabelecidas nos diversos espaços e tempos (AU).

This article aims to dialogue with the constitution of Physical Education teachers in relation to athletics. The methodology is based on the (auto)biographical narrative. It presents experiences built in and with Basic Education, as well as appropriating personal documents as sources. It resulted in three axes of discussion: a) athletics and teaching in Physical Education; b) athletics in the early grades of elementary school; and c) routes to/from "back" to High School. It is noted that, in relation to the thematized content, she reveals herself as a curious teacher, who learns to teach and while teaching. The teaching constitution is marked, therefore, by the incessant search for knowledge, for resilience and for the power of interpersonal relationships established in different spaces (AU).

Este artículo tiene como objetivo dialogar con la constitución de los profesores de Educación Física en relación al atletismo. La metodología se basa en la narrativa (auto) biográfica. Presenta experiencias integradas en y con la Educación Básica, además de apropiarse de documentos personales como fuentes. El resultado fue tres ejes de discusión: a) atletismo y docencia en Educación Física; b) atletismo en los primeros grados de la escuela primaria; y c) rutas de ida y vuelta a la escuela secundaria. Se nota que, en relación al contenido tematizado, se revela como una maestra curiosa, que aprende a enseñar y mientras enseña. La constitución docente está marcada, por tanto, por la búsqueda incesante del conocimiento, de la resiliencia y del poder de las relaciones interpersonales (AU).

Análise da produção de atletismo do Conbrace e do Seminário de Educação Física Escolar / Analysis of Conbrace's athletic production and of the School Physical Education Seminar / Análisis de producción atlética de Conbrace y del Seminario de Educación Física Escolar

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a produção acadêmica do Conbrace e do Seminário de Educação Física Escolar sobre o ensino do atletismo na escola. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica nos anais dos referidos eventos (2017; 2019) e selecionados 29 estudos. Os resultados apontam uma prevalência nas publicações de relatos de experiência (86,20%) e pouca pesquisa empírica. A escola de educação básica é apontada como um lugar propício para a realização das pesquisas, principalmente a escola pública, onde ocorreram 79,31% dos estudos. As práticas pedagógicas desenvolvidas na escola são as principais fontes dos relatos de experiência e, pelo que parece, começam a ganhar espaço em congressos e periódicos científicos (AU).

This article aims to analyze the academic production of Conbrace and the School Physical Education Seminar, on the teaching of athletics at school. A literature review was carried out in the annals of these events (2017; 2019) and 29 studies were selected. The results point to a prevalence in the publications of experience reports (86.20%) and little empirical research. The basic education school is pointed out as a suitable place for carrying out research, especially the public school where 79.31% of the studies took place. Pedagogical practices developed at school are the main sources of experience reports, and it seems that they are beginning to gain space in scientific conferences and journals (AU).

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la producción académica del Conbrace y del Seminario de Educación Física Escolar, sobre la enseñanza del atletismo en la escuela. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en los anales de estos eventos (2017; 2019) y se seleccionaron 29 estudios. Los resultados indican un predominio en las publicaciones de relatos de experiencia (86,20%) y poca investigación empírica. La escuela de educación básica es señalada como un lugar propicio para la realización de la investigación, en especial la escuela pública donde se cursaron el 79,31% de los estudios. Las prácticas pedagógicas desarrolladas en la escuela son las principales fuentes de relatos de experiencia, y parece que empiezan a ganar espacio en congresos y revistas científicas (AU).

DOCÊNCIA EM EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA NA INTERFACE COM O ATLETISMO: percursos (auto)biográficos / TEACHING IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AT THE INTERFACE WITH THE ATHLETICS: (auto)biographical courses / ENSEÑANZA EN EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA EN INTERFAZ CON ATLETISMO: cursos (auto) biográficos

Este artigo tem por objetivo dialogar com a constituição docente em Educação Física na relação com o atletismo. A metodologia pauta-se na narrativa (auto)biográfica. Apresenta experiências construídas na e com a Educação Básica, bem como apropria-se de documentos pessoais como fontes. Resultou em três eixos de discussão: a) o atletismo e a docência em Educação Física; b) o atletismo nas séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental; e c) percursos de/na "volta" ao Ensino Médio. Denota-se que, na relação com o conteúdo tematizado, revela-se uma professora curiosa, que aprende para ensinar e ao ensinar. A constituição docente é marcada, portanto, pela incessante busca por saberes, pela resiliência e pela potência das relações interpessoais estabelecidas nos diversos espaços e tempos.

This article aims to dialogue with the constitution of Physical Education teachers in relation to athletics. The methodology is based on the (auto)biographical narrative. It presents experiences built in and with Basic Education, as well as appropriating personal documents as sources. It resulted in three axes of discussion: a) athletics and teaching in Physical Education; b) athletics in the early grades of elementary school; and c) routes to/from "back" to High School. It is noted that, in relation to the thematized content, she reveals herself as a curious teacher, who learns to teach and while teaching. The teaching constitution is marked, therefore, by the incessant search for knowledge, for resilience and for the power of interpersonal relationships established in different spaces.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo dialogar con la constitución de los profesores de Educación Física en relación al atletismo. La metodología se basa en la narrativa (auto) biográfica. Presenta experiencias integradas en y con la Educación Básica, además de apropiarse de documentos personales como fuentes. El resultado fue tres ejes de discusión: a) atletismo y docencia en Educación Física; b) atletismo en los primeros grados de la escuela primaria; y c) rutas de ida y vuelta a la escuela secundaria. Se nota que, en relación al contenido tematizado, se revela como una maestra curiosa, que aprende a enseñar y mientras enseña. La constitución docente está marcada, por tanto, por la búsqueda incesante del conocimiento, de la resiliencia y del poder de las relaciones interpersonales.

Análise da produção de atletismo do Conbrace e do Seminário de Educação Física Escolar / Analysis of Conbrace's athletic production and of the School Physical Education Seminar / Análisis de producción atlética de Conbrace y del Seminario de Educación Física Escolar

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a produção acadêmica do Conbrace e do Seminário de Educação Física Escolar sobre o ensino do atletismo na escola. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica nos anais dos referidos eventos (2017; 2019) e selecionados 29 estudos. Os resultados apontam uma prevalência nas publicações de relatos de experiência (86,20%) e pouca pesquisa empírica. A escola de educação básica é apontada como um lugar propício para a realização das pesquisas, principalmente a escola pública, onde ocorreram 79,31% dos estudos. As práticas pedagógicas desenvolvidas na escola são as principais fontes dos relatos de experiência e, pelo que parece, começam a ganhar espaço em congressos e periódicos científicos.

This article aims to analyze the academic production of Conbrace and the School Physical Education Seminar, on the teaching of athletics at school. A literature review was carried out in the annals of these events (2017; 2019) and 29 studies were selected. The results point to a prevalence in the publications of experience reports (86.20%) and little empirical research. The basic education school is pointed out as a suitable place for carrying out research, especially the public school where 79.31% of the studies took place. Pedagogical practices developed at school are the main sources of experience reports, and it seems that they are beginning to gain space in scientific conferences and journals.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la producción académica del Conbrace y del Seminario de Educación Física Escolar, sobre la enseñanza del atletismo en la escuela. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en los anales de estos eventos (2017; 2019) y se seleccionaron 29 estudios. Los resultados indican un predominio en las publicaciones de relatos de experiencia (86,20%) y poca investigación empírica. La escuela de educación básica es señalada como un lugar propicio para la realización de la investigación, en especial la escuela pública donde se cursaron el 79,31% de los estudios. Las prácticas pedagógicas desarrolladas en la escuela son las principales fuentes de relatos de experiencia, y parece que empiezan a ganar espacio en congresos y revistas científicas.

Relationships between take-off speed and performance in F-44 and F-46 paralympic discus throwers / Relações entre a velocidade de decolagem e desempenho em lançadores de disco paraolímpicos da classe F-44 e F-46 / Relaciones entre la velocidad de despegue y el rendimiento en los lanzadores de discos paralímpicos de las clases F-44 y F-46

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze discus throwing in Paralympic athletes from two functional classes (FCs). Seven athletes from two classes F-44 (N=4) and F-46 (N=3) performed three throws each during a regional competition and were evaluated through 3D kinemetry. The assessed athletes presented a similar throwing technique, with a preparation movement opposite to the throw preceding the shot. Class F-44 showed a weak correlation between take-off speed and range (r= 0.15; p>0.05). F-46 showed a strong correlation between take-off speed and range (r=0.77; p=0.014). We conclude that athletes from the assessed FCs present important differences in terms of performance.

RESUMO O presente estudo teve como objetivo a análise do lançamento de disco em atletas paralímpicos de duas classes funcionais (CFs). Sete atletas de duas classes F-44 (N=4) e F-46 (N=3) executaram 3 lançamentos cada durante uma competição regional, e foram avaliados por meio de cinemetria 3D. Os atletas avaliados apresentaram uma técnica de lançamento semelhante, com movimento de preparação em direção oposta ao lançamento que antecedia o arremate. Na classe F-44 houve uma fraca correlação entre a velocidade de decolagem e o alcance do disco (r= 0,15; p>0,05). Na F-46 houve forte correlação entre a velocidade de decolagem e o alcance (r= 0,77; p=0,014). Conclui-se que atletas das CFs avaliadas apresentam diferenças importantes em termos de desempenho.

RESUMEN El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el lanzamiento de disco en atletas paralímpicos de dos clases funcionales (FC). Siete atletas de dos clases F-44 (N = 4) y F-46 (N = 3) realizaron 3 lanzamientos cada uno durante una competencia regional, y fueron evaluados usando cinemetría 3D. Los deportistas evaluados presentaron una técnica de lanzamiento similar, con un movimiento de preparación en sentido contrario al lanzamiento que precedió al tiro. En la clase F-44 hubo una correlación débil entre la velocidad de despegue y el alcance del disco (r = 0,15; p> 0,05). En el F-46 hubo una fuerte correlación entre la velocidad de despegue y el alcance (r = 0,77; p = 0,014). Se concluye que los deportistas de los CF evaluados presentan importantes diferencias en cuanto a rendimiento.

A rede nacional de treinamento e a política esportiva brasileira - mais do mesmo? / The national training network and the Brazilian sports policy - more of the same? / La red nacional de entrenamiento y la política deportiva brasileña - ¿más de lo mismo?

A realização dos Jogos Olímpicos do Rio de Janeiro em 2016 teve investimentos, principalmente no atletismo, que estão distribuídos em todo o território nacional. A Rede Nacional de Treinamento é uma política pública anunciada como legado esportivo dos Jogos. Identificamos o convênio (n° 813831/2014), oriundo de uma chamada pública em 2013, firmado entre a Confederação Brasileira de Atletismo (CBAt) e o Ministério do Esporte como central nesta implementação. Utilizando a dependência de trajetória (path dependence) analisamos documentos, realizamos entrevistas e cotejamos com o debate conceitual do esporte e suas relações como negócio e consumo. Ao final, conclui-se que a Rede Nacional de Treinamento se coloca com uma proposta inovadora, que veste a mesma roupagem da política esportiva brasileira. Ou seja, não há ruptura com o velho modelo piramidal e o investimento que chega sempre para o topo e é irrisório para as categorias que mais precisariam deste incentivo.(AU)

The Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games in 2016 had investments, mainly in athletics, which are distributed throughout the national territory. The National Training Network is a public policy announced as a sporting legacy of the Games. We identified the agreement (n° 813831/2014), arising from a public call in 2013, signed between the Brazilian Athletics Confederation (CBAt) and the Ministry of Sport as central to this implementation. Using path dependence we analyzed documents, conducted interviews and compared them with the conceptual debate of sport and its relations as business and consumption. In the end, it is concluded that the National Training Network presents an innovative proposal, which uses the same approach as the Brazilian sports policy. In other words, there is no rupture with the old pyramidal model and the investment that always reaches the top and is negligible for the categories that would most need this incentive.(AU)

La realización de los Juegos Olímpicos de Río de Janeiro en 2016 contó con inversiones, principalmente en atletismo, que están distribuidas en todo el territorio nacional. La Red Nacional de Entrenamiento es una política pública anunciada como legado deportivo de los Juegos. Identificamos el convenio (n° 813831/2014), derivado de una convocatoria pública en 2013, firmado entre la Confederación Brasileña de Atletismo (CBAt) y el Ministerio del Deporte como factor central para esta implementación. Utilizando la dependencia de trayectoria (path dependence) analizamos documentos, realizamos entrevistas y cotejamos con el debate conceptual del deporte y sus relaciones como negocio y consumo. Al final, se concluye que la Red Nacional de Entrenamiento presenta una propuesta innovadora, que se alinea con la política deportiva brasileña. En otras palabras, no hay ruptura con el viejo modelo piramidal, y la inversión siempre llega a la cima, mientras que es ínfima para las categorías que más necesitarían este incentivo.(AU)

Relación entre asimetrías en diferentes pruebas de salto y lesiones musculoesqueléticas en futbolistas profesionales de Colombia / Relation between asymmetries in different jump tests and musculoskeletal injuries in professional football players in Colombia

Objetivo:el objetivo del estudio fue identificar la relación entre los resultados de las pruebas saltabilidad horizontal y vertical con la incidencia las lesiones musculoesqueléticas de miembros inferiores en futbolistas de un club de la liga profesional colombiana. Materiales y métodos:se realizó un estudio analítico, exploratorio, en 30 futbolistas de la nómina profesional del Club Deportivo Atlético Junior F.C. Al inicio de la temporada se evaluaron las características antropométricas, así mismo como la saltabilidad y asimetrías funcionales de las extremidades inferiores a través de pruebas de saltos verticales (CMJ y CMJs) y horizontales (3-Hop Test). El análisis consistió en la comparación los registros de las variables estudiadas entre los futbolistas con (lesionados n=11) y sin lesión (no lesionados n=19) en el transcurso del primer semestre dela temporada 2019. Resultados:en los hallazgos no se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre los grupos en las características biológicas, antropométricas y de composición corporal (p>0,05). Derivado de los hallazgos en la saltabilidad vertical, no se observaron diferencias significativas en las asimetrías funcionales entre grupos (p>0,05), sin embargo, si se encontraron diferencias en las pruebas de saltabilidad horizontal entre lesionados y no lesionados (p<0,01). Conclusión:de este estudio podemos concluir que, en comparación a los futbolistas profesionales sin lesiones, se encontraron significativamente mayores asimetrías funcionales detectadas a través de la prueba de saltabilidad horizontal en los deportistas con lesión.

Objetives:the goal of the study was to identify the relationship between horizontal and vertical jumping tests with the incidence of lower limb musculoskeletal injuries in soccer players of a professional league club in Colombia. Materials and methods:an analytical, prospective study was carried out on 30 players from the professional roster of Club Deportivo Atlético Junior F.C. At the beginning of the season the anthropometric characteristics and body composition were evaluated, as well as jumping and functional asymmetries of the lower extremities through vertical (CMJ and CMJs) and horizontal (3-Hop-Test) jumping tests. The analysis consisted in comparing the records of the variables studied between the players with (injured n=11) and without injury (not-injured n=19) during the first semester of the 2019 season. Results:no statistical differences were found between the groups in the biological, anthropometric and body composition characteristics (p> 0.05). Derived from the vertical jumping findings, no significant differences were observed in the asymmetries between groups (p> 0.05), however, significant asymmetries were found in the horizontal jumping tests between injured and uninjured players (p <0.01). Conclusion: from this studywe can conclude that unlike uninjured professional soccer players, there were significantly greater functional asymmetries identified through the horizontal jumping test in athletes with injuries

Utilização das TIC nas aulas de Educação Física escolar em unidades didáticas de atletismo e dança / Use of ict in school Physical Education classes in teaching and teaching dynamic units / Utilización de las tics en las clases de Educación Física escolar en unidades didácticas de atletismo y danza

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa foi elaborar, implementar e avaliar unidades didáticas de atletismo e dança no 6° ano do ensino fundamental, por meio das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) em uma escola pública. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, com enfoque colaborativo, tendo a participação de uma professora e uma turma do 6° ano. Os alunos demonstraram interesse e domínio das tecnologias e foram os protagonistas nas aulas. Quanto à professora, o estudo contribuiu para uma percepção diferente desta no uso das TIC, e de novas metodologias de ensino nas aulas de Educação Física escolar (EFE). Conclui-se que as tecnologias podem ser aliadas na prática pedagógica do professor de Educação Física desde que ocorra intervenção pedagógica na sua utilização.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to design, implement, and evaluate didactic units of athletics and dance in the 6th year of elementary school, through Information and Communication Technologies in a public school. It is a qualitative research, with a collaborative focus, with the participation of a teacher and a class from the 6th year. The students showed interest and mastery of the technologies and were the protagonists in the classes. As for the teacher, the study contributed to a different perception of this in the use of ICT, and new teaching methodologies in school Physical Education (EFE) classes. It is concluded that the technologies can be combined in the pedagogical practice of the Physical Education teacher as long as there is a pedagogical intervention in its use.

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación fue elaborar, implementar y evaluar unidades didácticas de atletismo y danza en el sexto año de la escuela primaria, a través de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación en una escuela pública. Fue una investigación de abordaje cualitativa que tuvo un enfoque colaborativo con la participación de una profesora y una clase del sexto año. Los alumnos mostraron interés, dominio de las tecnologías y fueron los protagonistas de las clases mientras que para la profesora, el estudio contribuyó a una percepción diferente del uso de las TIC así como de nuevas metodologías de enseñanza en las clases de Educación Física. Se concluye que las tecnologías pueden combinarse en la práctica pedagógica del maestro de Educación Física siempre que haya una intervención pedagógica en su uso

Relative age effects in elite Brazilian track and field athletes are modulated by sex, age category, and event type

Abstract Aim: This study investigated the Relative Age Effect (RAE) in Brazilian track and field athletes based on sex, age category (U-16, U-18, U-20, U-23 and senior), and event type (sprints/hurdles, middle distance, long-distance, jumps, throws). Methods: Data from 2.259 male and 1.776 female elite track and field athletes, ranked top-50 in events held by the Brazilian Track and Field Confederation in 2019 were analyzed. To determine RAE athletes were divided into four quarters based on their months of birth, considering January 1st the cut-off date. The influence of sex, age category, and event types in the pervasion of RAE in Brazilian track and field athletes was assessed through Chi-squared tests. Results: Athletes born closer to the cut-off date were more frequent than athletes born further from this date were in male youth categories. This effect reduced as categories increased, even reversing in the senior category. Finally, RAE was more frequent in events in which athletic performance relies more on strength, speed, and power, which is the case of sprints/hurdles, jumps, and throws. Conclusion: RAE is particularly prevalent in young male Brazilian track and field athletes, which indicates that many potentially talented athletes are overlooked in youth tryouts because they were born months away from the cut-off date. Policies that reduce the disadvantages faced by relatively younger athletes are warranted in order to avoid the loss of potential sports talents.

The sex differences in the 10,000 m race strategy

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to compare the running strategy between men and women in the 10,000 m race. Methods: Data from one-hundred and twenty-nine athletes who competed the 10,000 m final of the 2015, 2017 and 2019 world championship were grouped according to gender: 1) male group (n= 63; age= 25.9±4.4), and 2) female group (n= 66; age= 27.3±4.8). The running strategy was determined by assessing velocity over each kilometer. The velocity was calculated from the times available on the official website of the International Athletics Federation. Results: Men decreased running velocity after the first kilometer and kept the speed stable until km 9 and the kilometer 10 was greater when compared with 6-9 kilometer, while women increase running velocity until km 2 and kept the speed stable until km 9. The kilometer 10 velocity was greater when compared with 1-9 kilometer. (p< 0.001). In addition, women showed a greater average velocity variation when compared to men (p< 0.001). Conclusion: Our findings show a sex differences in the 10,000 m race strategy between world-class.

Correlation between handgrip and isokinetic strength of shoulder muscles in elite sitting volleyball players.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between isometric handgrip (HG) strength and isokinetic strength data of the glenohumeral rotator muscles. Twelve (Female = 50%) Brazilian Sitting Volleyball (SV) national team players volunteered. Measures of maximal grip strength were obtained by a HG dynamometer Jamar® and isokinetic measures of peak torque (PT) and total work (TW) during shoulder rotations movements were obtained with a Biodex isokinetic dynamometer at speed of 60°/s and 180°/s. Pearson correlation coefficients between isometric HG and isokinetic strength data ranged between 0.23 and 0.72 for the PT and between 0.3 and 0.76 for the isokinetic TW. Results presented positive relationships between HG isometric strength and isokinetic strength of external rotators of the shoulder in SV players. We can suggest that in the absence of isokinetic dynamometers, HG isometric strength measurements could be used to measure strength levels of the external rotator muscles of elite SV players' shoulder, particularly in the TW values.

Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy in the 1500 m Run: An Analysis of Performance and Individual Responsiveness.

Objective: The aims of this study were to verify the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on time trial run performance over 1500 m, as well as on individual responsiveness of recreative runners. Materials and methods: Nineteen recreationally trained runners participated in a randomized, crossover, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The study was divided in four sessions: (1) incremental maximal running test; (2) 1500 m run control (without placebo or PBMT); and (3, 4) PBMT or placebo before 1500 m run. PBMT or placebo was applied over 14 sites per lower limb immediately before time trial run using a mixed wavelength device (33 diodes: 5 LASERs of 850 nm, 12 LEDs of 670 nm, 8 LEDs of 880 nm, and 8 LEDs with 950 nm). PBMT delivered 30 J per site, with a total energy dose of 840 J. Physiological variables [maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX), velocity associated to VO2MAX (vVO2MAX), peak of velocity, and respiratory compensation point (RCP)] were assessed during incremental maximal test. During 1500 m races we accessed the following: time, heart rate, and lower limb rate perception exertion per lap, total time, and blood lactate concentration ([Lac]). Results: PBMT had no significant difference and likely trivial effect for performance in the total time trial run over 1500 m compared to placebo. In the responsiveness analyses, 10 participants positively responded to PBMT, whereas total time reduced for responders (-10.6 sec; -3.18%) and increased for nonresponders (+6.0 sec; +1.73%). Responders presented higher aerobic parameters (VO2MAX and RCP) than nonresponders. Moreover, responders had lower time per lap and [Lac] (1 and 3 min) when PBMT was applied. Conclusions: PBMT applied immediately before running in noncontrolled environment was not able to improve the 1500 m performance of recreationally trained runners. However, responders to PBMT presented higher aerobic capacity than nonresponders.

Kinanthropometric assessment of individual, collective and fight sport players from the Spanish national sport technification program / Evaluación cineantropométrica en deportistas individuales, colectivos y de lucha, del programa nacional español de tecnificación deportiva

Nowadays, the study of kinanthropometric parameters is an important tool for both early talent selection and for evaluating the efficacy of a training program. This study aimed to determine the anthropometric characteristics, body composition indicators and somatotype components of individual (athletics, swimming and triathlon), collective (handball and volleyball) and fight (karate and taekwondo) sportsmen and sportswomen from the Valencian Sports Technification Centre. This study involved a total of 62 men and 56 women, they were divided in three subgroups, including individual (athletics, swimming and triathlon), collective (handball and volleyball) and fight (karate and taekwondo) sports. The assessment was carried out according to the one established by the International Society for Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). For men, the highest value of femur breath, ectomorphy and medial calf and front thigh skinfolds are obtained for triathletes, athletics, volleyball and karate, respectively. The highest values of triceps, biceps and abdominal skinfolds, relaxed arm girth, endomorphy and body fat percentage are shown for taekwondo, while the other highest values are obtained with handball. For women, the highest value of ectomorphy is obtained for athletics. The identified kinanthropometric parameters are useful when comparing between sports and sports subgroups for the selection of subjects and to help in their performance assessment.

En la actualidad, el estudio de los parámetros cineantropométricos es una herramienta importante tanto para la selección temprana del talento como para evaluar la eficacia de un programa de capacitación. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las características antropométricas, los indicadores de composición corporal y los componentes somatotípicos de deportistas y deportistas individuales (atletismo, natación y triatlón), colectivos (balonmano y voleibol) y de lucha (karate y taekwondo) del Centro Valenciano de Tecnificación Deportiva. Este estudio involucró a un total de 62 hombres y 56 mujeres, se dividieron en tres subgrupos, que incluyen deportes individuales (atletismo, natación y triatlón), colectivos (balonmano y voleibol) y peleas (karate y taekwondo). La evaluación se realizó de acuerdo con la establecida por la Sociedad Internacional para el Avance de la Cineantropometría (ISAK). Para los hombres, el valor más alto de la respiración del fémur, la ectomorfia y los pliegues de la pantorrilla y el muslo frontal se obtienen para triatletas, atletismo, voleibol y karate, respectivamente. Los valores más altos de tríceps, bíceps y pliegues abdominales, circunferencia relajada del brazo, endomorfia y porcentaje de grasa corporal se muestran para el taekwondo, mientras que los otros valores más altos se obtienen con balonmano. Para las mujeres, el mayor valor de la ectomorfía se obtiene para el atletismo. Los parámetros cineantropométricos identificados son útiles cuando se comparan entre deportes y subgrupos deportivos para la selección de sujetos y para ayudar en su evaluación del rendimiento.