As vozes dos usuários participantes de grupos de ouvidores de vozes / Voices of users participating in voice hearing groups / Voix d'utilisateurs participant à des groupes entendeurs de voix / Las voces de los usuarios que participan en grupos de oyentes de voz

O objetivo deste artigo é investigar as vivências e possíveis efeitos da participação em grupos de Ouvidores de Vozes. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo com participantes acima de 18 anos, que concordaram em fazer parte do estudo e frequentaram os grupos por um período mínimo de três meses. Foram realizadas 14 entrevistas até obtenção de saturação em grupos de Centros de Atenção Psicossocial, em seguida transcritas e analisadas usando a hermenêutica Gadameriana. A análise evidenciou cinco núcleos argumentais: a chegada no grupo; modo de funcionamento; uso de medicamentos; sentidos e efeitos. Demonstrou-se que os grupos podem ser uma das estratégias de cuidado e recuperação dos indivíduos, permitindo com que as suas experiências sejam reconhecidas e ressignificadas, promovendo, além da melhora clínica, acolhimento, compartilhamento entre pares e socialização.

This qualitative study investigates the experiences and possible effects of taking part in Voice-hearing Groups. Participants over the age of 18 who agreed to participate and attended the groups for at least 3 months were included in the research. Fourteen interviews were carried out in groups at Psychosocial Support Centers until saturation, and then transcribed and analyzed using Gadamerian hermeneutics. The analysis highlighted five argument cores: arrival in the group; mode of operation; use of medication; and meanings and effects. Results shown that these groups can be a strategy for the care and recovery of individuals, allowing their experiences to be recognized and reframed, promoting clinical improvement, user embracement, sharing among peers, and socialization.

Cette étude qualitative examine les expériences vécues et les effets possibles de la participation à des groupes d'entendeurs de voix. Les participants âgés de plus de 18 ans qui ont accepté de participer et ont participé aux groupes pendant au moins trois mois. Quatorze entretiens ont été réalisés dans des centres de soutien psychosocial jusqu'à saturation, puis transcrits et analysés selon l'herméneutique gadamérienne. L'analyse a mise en évidence cinq noyaux thématiques: l'arrivée dans le groupe; le mode de fonctionnement; l'utilisation de médicaments; les significations et les effets. Les résults montrent que ces groupes peuvent constituer une stratégie de soins et de rétablissement pour les individus, permettant de reconnaître et de recadrer leurs expériences, favorisant l'amélioration clinique, l'adhésion des utilisateurs, le partage entre pairs et la socialisation.

El objetivo de este artículo es identificar las experiencias y los posibles efectos de la participación en los Grupos de Oyentes de Voces. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo con participantes mayores de 18 años, que aceptaron participar del estudio y asistieron al grupo durante al menos tres meses. Se realizaron 14 entrevistas hasta que se obtuvo la saturación en grupos de Centros de Apoyo Psicosocial, luego se las transcribieron y analizaron utilizando la hermenéutica gadameriana. El análisis mostró cinco focos de discusión: la llegada al grupo; el modo operativo; el uso de medicamentos; y los sentidos y efectos. En cuanto a los resultados, se ha demostrado que los grupos pueden ser una de las estrategias de atención y recuperación de los individuos, permitiendo que sus experiencias sean reconocidas y replanteadas, y promoviendo la acogida del usuario, el intercambio entre pares y la socialización, además de la mejora clínica.

White Matter Microstructural Abnormalities in the Broca's-Wernicke's-Putamen "Hoffman Hallucination Circuit" and Auditory Transcallosal Fibers in First-Episode Psychosis With Auditory Hallucinations.

BACKGROUND: Functional connectivity abnormalities between Broca's and Wernicke's areas and the putamen revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are related to auditory hallucinations (AH). In long-term schizophrenia, reduced white matter structural integrity revealed by diffusion imaging in left arcuate fasciculus (connecting Broca's and Wernicke's areas) is likely related to AH. The structural integrity of connections with putamen and their relation to AH are unknown. Little is known about this relationship in first-episode psychosis (FEP), although auditory transcallosal connections were reported to play a role. White matter in the Broca's-Wernicke's-putamen language-related circuit and auditory transcallosal fibers was examined to investigate associations with AH in FEP. METHODS: White matter connectivity was measured in 40 FEP and 32 matched HC using generalized fractional anisotropy (gFA) derived from diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI). RESULTS: FEP and HC did not differ in gFA in any fiber bundle. In FEP, AH severity was significantly inversely related to gFA in auditory transcallosal fibers and left arcuate fasciculus. Although the right hemisphere arcuate fasciculus-AH association did not attain significance, the left and right arcuate fasciculus associations were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Despite overall normal gFA in FEP, AH severity was significantly related to gFA in transcallosal auditory fibers and the left hemisphere connection between Broca's and Wernicke's areas. Other bilateral tracts' gFA were weakly associated with AH. At the first psychotic episode, AH are more robustly associated with left hemisphere arcuate fasciculus and interhemispheric auditory fibers microstructural deficits, likely reflecting mistiming of information flow between language-related cortical centers.

Hearing voices: From the Experience Qualification to the Possibility of Care / Escutar (as) Vozes: Da Qualificação da Experiência à Possibilidade de Cuidado

Abstract This article aimed to analyze hearing voices experiences in patients of a Psychosocial Care Center. In this regard, ten people were interviewed. The qualitative method was used, with content analysis. Four categories were chosen: "origin" of voices, phenomenology of voices, coping strategies, and family support. Hallucinatory experiences have emerged in contexts of violence and isolation. Topographic variables of the voices indicate possibilities of understanding the phenomenon. The movement is a basic condition to deal with the experiences. Family support is key to cope with difficulties. It is necessary to qualify the auditory hallucination as a meaningful experience, which must be respected in any intervention that intends care.

Resumo Este artigo teve como objetivo analisar experiências de audição de vozes de pacientes de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial. Para isso, foram entrevistadas dez pessoas. Foi utilizado o método qualitativo, com análise de conteúdo. Foram eleitas quatro categorias: "origem" das vozes, fenomenologia das vozes, estratégias de lida, e suporte familiar. Observou-se que as vivências alucinatórias surgiram em meio a contextos de violência e isolamento. Variáveis topográficas que constituem as vozes indicam possibilidades de compreender o fenômeno. Movimentar-se apresentou-se como condição básica para a lida com as experiências. O suporte familiar mostrou-se essencial para o enfrentamento das dificuldades. Conclui-se que é necessária uma qualificação da alucinação auditiva como experiência plena de sentido, a qual deve ser respeitada em qualquer intervenção que se proponha ao cuidado.

Ocho aportaciones clínicas de Freud sobre la voz / Oito contribuições clínicas Freud na voz / Eight clinical Freud's contributions of voice / Huit apports cliniques de Freud sur la voix

El objetivo de este texto es mostrar los avances de una investigación sobre la voz. En este caso se trata de exponer algunos de los aportes y observaciones clínicos de Freud. En la medida que no hizo de la voz un concepto Freud oscila entre la noción de voz como fenómeno y la noción de voz como resto irrepresentable y por tanto separado de la palabra. Agrupamos las observaciones de Freud en ocho apartados. Se subraya la importancia de la voz para que resuene en el cuerpo, generalmente comprometida con los afectos y desligada en un primer tiempo de la palabra. La voz será indispensable para la constitución de la pulsión.

O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar o progresso de uma investigação sobre a voz. Aqui se trata de apresentar algumas das contribuições e observações clínicas de Freud. Como ele não considerou a voz um conceito ele oscila entre a noção de voz como um fenômeno e a noção de voz como um resto irrepresentável e, portanto, separado da palavra. Agrupamos as contribuições de Freud em oito seções. Se enfatiza a importância da voz enquanto ressonante no corpo, geralmente comprometida com os afetos e separada, em um primeiro momento, da palavra. A voz será essencial para a formação da pulsão.

The goal of this text is to highlight the progress of an investigation on voice. This is exposing some of the clinical Freud's observations. As he did not theorize this notion, he oscillated between considering the voice sometimes as a phenomenon and in other occasions as a remainder, and therefore impossible to be represented. The voice will remain separated from the word. Freud's contributions were classified into eight sections. The importance of voice is emphasized because it resonates in the body; it is usually committed with the affections and detached from the word in the first time of the judgment. The voice will be essential for the formation of the drive.

Le but de cet article est de mettre en évidence les progrès d'une recherche sur la voix. Dans ce cas, on expose quelques-unes des observations cliniques de Freud. Comme il n'a pas conceptualisé la notion de la voix, Freud oscille entre la notion de la voix comme un phénomène, objective, et la notion de la voix comme un reste et donc irreprésentable, séparé de la parole dans un première temps. On regroupés les apports de Freud en huit sections. On remarque l'importance de la voix parce qu'elle résonne dans le corps, généralement engagé avec les affections et détaché de la parole dans un premier temps du jugement. La voix est essentielle pour la constitution de la pulsion.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for auditory hallucinations treatment in refractory schizophrenic patients.

BACKGROUND: The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) remains a promising therapeutic tool in the treatment of schizophrenia. Symptoms such as auditory hallucinations (AH) find contradictory results in many studies. Here we present an up-to-date systematic review and meta-analysis of rTMS in the treatment of AH in schizophrenia. METHODS: We searched Pubmed-MEDLINE from 1999 to 2013 for double-blinded randomized sham-controlled trials that applied slow rTMS on the left temporoparietal cortex and assessed the outcome results using Hallucination Change Scale or Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale or Scale for Auditory Hallucinations (SAH). We identified 10 studies suitable for the meta-analysis. RESULTS: We found a positive sized effect in favor of rTMS [random-effects model Hedges' g = 0.011, I-squared = 58.1%]. There was some variability between study effect sizes, but the sensitivity analysis concluded that none of them had sufficient weight to singularly alter the results of our meta-analysis. DISCUSSION: rTMS appears to be an effective treatment for AH. The left temporoparietal cortex seems to be the area in which rTMS is effective. Although meta-analysis is a powerful analytical tool, more studies must be conducted in order to obtain a more expressive sample size to perform a more accurate analytical approach.

Musical hallucination associated with hearing loss / Alucinações musicais associadas a perda auditiva

In spite of the fact that musical hallucination have a significant impact on patients' lives, they have received very little attention of experts. Some researchers agree on a combination of peripheral and central dysfunctions as the mechanism that causes hallucination. The most accepted physiopathology of musical hallucination associated to hearing loss (caused by cochlear lesion, cochlear nerve lesion or by interruption of mesencephalon or pontine auditory information) is the disinhibition of auditory memory circuits due to sensory deprivation. Concerning the cortical area involved in musical hallucination, there is evidence that the excitatory mechanism of the superior temporal gyrus, as in epilepsies, is responsible for musical hallucination. In musical release hallucination there is also activation of the auditory association cortex. Finally, considering the laterality, functional studies with musical perception and imagery in normal individuals showed that songs with words cause bilateral temporal activation and melodies activate only the right lobe. The effect of hearing aids on the improvement of musical hallucination as a result of the hearing loss improvement is well documented. It happens because auditory hallucination may be influenced by the external acoustical environment. Neuroleptics, antidepressants and anticonvulsants have been used in the treatment of musical hallucination. Cases of improvement with the administration of carbamazepine, meclobemide and donepezil were reported, but the results obtained were not consistent.

Apesar das alucinações musicais causarem grandes repercussões na vida dos pacientes, sempre foram pouco valorizadas e estudadas pelos profissionais. Alguns investigadores sugerem uma combinação de disfunções periféricas e centrais como o mecanismo causador das alucinações. A fisiopatologia mais aceita entre os pesquisadores de alucinação musical associada à hipoacusia ou anacusia (causada por lesão coclear, de nervo coclear ou interrupção de informação na ponte ou mesencéfalo) é a desibinição de circuitos de memória auditiva devido à deprivação sensorial. Em relação às áreas corticais envolvidas na alucinação musical, há evidência de que um mecanismo excitatório no córtex temporal superior, como nas epilepsias, seja responsável pela alucinação musical. Finalmente, considerando a lateralidade, estudos funcionais de percepção e imagética em indivíduos normais mostraram que canções com letras levam a ativação temporal bilateral e melodias ativam apenas o lobo temporal direito. É bem documentado o efeito de aparelhos auditivos na alucinação musical através de uma melhora da perda auditiva. Neurolépticos, antidepressivos e anticonvulsivantes têm sido usados no tratamento de alucinação musical na experiência clínica, mas não há eficácia comprovada na maioria dos casos. Há casos descritos na literatura com melhora das alucinações musicais com uso de carbamazepina, meclobemide e donepezil, entretanto sem resultados consistentes.