Influence of Anode Immersion Speed on Current and Power in Plasma Electrolytic Polishing.

Plasma electrolytic polishing (PeP) is mainly used to improve the surface quality and thus the performance of electrically conductive parts. It is usually used as an anodic process, i.e., the workpiece is positively charged. However, the process is susceptible to high current peaks during the formation of the vapour-gaseous envelope, especially when polishing workpieces with a large surface area. In this study, the influence of the anode immersion speed on the current peaks and the average power during the initialisation of the PeP process is investigated for an anode the size of a microreactor mould insert. Through systematic experimentation and analysis, this work provides insights into the control of the initialisation process by modulating the anode immersion speed. The results clarify the relationship between immersion speed, peak current, and average power and provide a novel approach to improve process efficiency in PeP. The highest peak current and average power occur when the electrolyte splashes over the top of the anode and not, as expected, when the anode touches the electrolyte. By immersion of the anode while the voltage is applied to the anode and counterelectrode, the reduction of both parameters is over 80%.

Coherent beam combining of two all-PM thulium-doped fiber chirped pulse amplifiers.

In this paper, we report a coherent beam combining (CBC) system that involves two thulium-doped all-polarization maintaining (PM) fiber chirped pulse amplifiers. Through phase-locking the two channels via a fiber stretcher by using the stochastic parallel gradient descent (SPGD) algorithm, a maximum average power of 265 W is obtained, with a CBC efficiency of 81% and a residual phase error of λ/17. After de-chirping by a pair of diffraction gratings, the duration of the combined laser pulse is compressed to 690 fs. Taking into account the compression efficiency of 90% and the main peak energy proportion of 91%, the corresponding peak power is calculated to be 4 MW. The laser noise characteristics before and after CBC are examined, and the results indicate that the CBC would degrade the low frequency relative intensity noise (RIN), of which the integration is 1.74% in [100 Hz, 2 MHz] at the maximum combined output power. In addition, the effects of the nonlinear spectrum broadening during chirped pulse amplification on the CBC efficiency are also investigated, showing that a higher extent of pulse stretching is effective in alleviating the spectrum broadening and realizing a higher output power with decent combining efficiency.

Analysis of hydraulic losses in the series from 1990 to 2022 at the Retiro small hydroelectric power plant.

Hydraulic losses are a crucial variable in hydroelectric ventures as they can cause significant reductions in power generation. This article analyses the impact of hydraulic losses on the Retiro Small Hydroelectric Power Plant (SHPP), investigating their effect on monthly average power and, consequently, the efficiency of electricity generation. This study examines the historical series of load losses at the Retiro SHPP from 1990 to 2022. The calculations are based on flow data available in HidroWeb. The study considered the maximum and minimum flow rates in the historical flow series as constraints for hydropower generation. We used a multivariable function to calculate the efficiency of the hydraulic turbine, relating the turbine flow rate and the net water head. We developed mathematical relationships for head losses that occur in the grid, at the water intake, and due to friction from the intake to the turbine of the Retiro SHPP. The article presents a comparison between the actual monthly average power of the Small Hydroelectric Power Plant (SHPP) and the simulated monthly average power. We normalized the data for turbine flow and load loss to conduct statistical analysis. Kernel probability density was applied to understand the distribution shape of the data. Findings show that average monthly capacity is lowest in September, at approximately 0.81 MW. In March, the highest power occurs, approximately 14.19 MW. During the high flow period, the simulated average power, which accounts for load losses, closely matched the actual average power generated at the Retiro SHPP. In the months from July to October, despite being the period with the lowest head losses, it is the time when there is a greater opportunity to maximize energy generation at the power plant. An inefficient power generation system experiences significant load losses during specific periods of the year. To minimize this effect, it is crucial to understand the behavior of hydraulic losses and consider implementing mitigating measures.

Clipping Noise Compensation for Overlapped Time Domain Multiplexing toward Low Peak-to-Average Power Ratio.

Overlapped Time Domain Multiplexing (OvTDM) is a high-rate transmission technology that employs the idea of superposition coded modulation (SCM) scheme for signal generation, aiming to achieve maximum channel capacity sharing. Meanwhile, it is also widely considered as a promising technique toward physical layer security. As a main drawback of such system, a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) issue in this system, arising from multi-layer superposition, can be addressed through intentional clipping. However, the detection at the receiver side is vulnerable to nonlinear distortion caused by clipping, which can degrade the performance. To mitigate this distortion, this paper proposed an iterative scheme for estimating and partially canceling clipping distortion at the receiver. We managed to mitigate the impact of clipping noise as much as possible and minimize the cost of optimizing PAPR, thereby improving the transmission performance of OvTDM in the context of amplitude clipping.

The Efficacy of Chlorella Supplementation on Multiple Indices of Cycling Performance.

This study investigated the effects of chlorella supplementation on submaximal endurance, time trial performance, lactate threshold, and power indices during a repeated sprint performance test by fourteen male trained cyclists. Participants ingested 6 g/day of chlorella or placebo for 21-days in a double-blinded randomized counter-balanced cross-over design, with a fourteen-day washout period between trials. Each completed a 2-day testing period comprising a 1-hour submaximal endurance test at 55% external power output max and a 16.1 km time trial (Day-1), followed by a lactate threshold (Dmax) and repeated sprint performance tests (3 X 20 s sprints interspersed by 4-mins) (Day-2). Heart rate (b.min-1), RER, V̇O2 (ml·kg-1·min-1), lactate and glucose (mmol/L), time (secs), power output (W/kg), and hemoglobin (g/L) were compared across conditions. Following chlorella supplementation (chlorella vs. placebo for each measurement) average lactate and heart rate were significantly lower (p < 0.05) during submaximal endurance tests (1.68 ± 0.50 mmol/L vs. 1.91 ± 0.65 mmol/L & 138 ± 11b.min-1 vs. 144 ± 10b.min-1), average power and peak power (W/kg) were significantly higher during repeated sprint bouts (9.5 ± 0.7 W/kg vs. 9.0 ± 0.7 W/kg & 12.0 ± 1.2 W/kg vs. 11.4 ± 1.4 W/kg), hemoglobin significantly increased (149.1 ± 10.3 g/L) in comparison to placebo (143.4 ± 8.7 g/L) (p = 0.05). No differences existed between conditions for all oxygen consumption values, 16.1 km time trial measures and lactate threshold tests (p > 0.05). In conclusion, chlorella may pose as an additional supplement for cyclists to consider, particularly for those cyclists who want to improve their sprinting.

Comparing the Effects of Static Stretching Alone and in Combination with Post-Activation Performance Enhancement on Squat Jump Performance at Different Knee Starting Angles.

We aimed to investigate the impact of isolated static stretching (4 sets of 30 seconds) and its combined form with 10 repetitive drop jumps on lower limb performance during squat jumps at different knee joint starting angles (60°, 90°, and 120°). Thirteen participants completed three randomly ordered experimental visits, each including a standardized warm-up and squat jumps at three angles, apart from the intervention or control. Information was gathered through a three-dimensional movement tracking system, electromyography system, and force platform. The electromyography data underwent wavelet analysis to compute the energy values across the four wavelet frequency bands. The average power (Pavg), peak power (Ppeak), peak ground reaction force (GRFpeak), peak center of mass velocity (Vpeak), and force-velocity relationship at peak power (SFv) were extracted from the force and velocity-time data. The results revealed no significant influence of isolated static stretching, or its combined form with drop jumps, on the energy values across the frequency bands of the gastrocnemius, biceps femoris and rectus femoris, or the Pavg or Ppeak (P > 0.05). However, at 120°, static stretching reduced the GRFpeak (P = 0.001, d = 0.86) and SFv (P < 0.001, d = 1.12), and increased the Vpeak (P = 0.001, d = 0.5). The GRFpeak, Pavg, Ppeak, and SFv increased with an increase in the joint angle (P < 0.05), whereas the Vpeak decreased (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that static stretching does not diminish power output during squat jumps at the three angles; however, it alters GRFpeak, Vpeak, and the relative contributions of force and velocity to peak power at 120°, which can be eliminated by post-activation performance enhancement. Moreover, compared to 60° and 90°, 120° was more favorable for power and peak force output.

Time Reduction for SLM OFDM PAPR Based on Adaptive Genetic Algorithm in 5G IoT Networks.

In this paper, a new peak average power and time reduction (PAPTR) based on the adaptive genetic algorithm (AGA) strategy is used in order to improve both the time reduction and PAPR value reduction for the SLM OFDM and the conventional genetic algorithm (GA) SLM-OFDM. The simulation results demonstrate that the recommended AGA technique reduces PAPR by about 3.87 dB in comparison to SLM-OFDM. Comparing the suggested AGA SLM-OFDM to the traditional GA SLM-OFDM using the same settings, a significant learning time reduction of roughly 95.56% is achieved. The PAPR of the proposed AGA SLM-OFDM is enhanced by around 3.87 dB in comparison to traditional OFDM. Also, the PAPR of the proposed AGA SLM-OFDM is roughly 0.12 dB worse than that of the conventional GA SLM-OFDM.

Analyzing Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Characteristics in Multi-Channel Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection Flexible Transceivers Deploying Inverse Fast Fourier Transform/Fast Fourier Transform-Based Processing.

Cascaded inverse fast Fourier transform/fast Fourier transform (IFFT/FFT)-based multi-channel aggregation/de-aggregation offers a promising solution in constructing highly desirable flexible optical transceivers for considerably improving optical networks' elasticity, flexibility, and adaptability. However, the multi-channel aggregation operation unavoidably results in generated signals having high peak-to-average power ratios (PAPRs). To solve this technical challenge, this paper first explores the PAPR characteristics of the corresponding flexible transceivers in optical back-to-back (B2B) and 20 km intensity modulation and direct detection (IMDD) transmission systems, and then numerically investigates the feasibility and effectiveness of utilizing the conventional clipping techniques in reducing their PAPR reductions. The results show that the last IFFT operation size is the primary factor determining the PAPRs rather than the channel count and modulation format. For a given last IFFT operation size, the optimal clipping ratio can be identified, which is independent of channel count. With the identified optimal clipping ratio, when the channel count is >4, every two-channel increase in the channel count can only lead to <1.2 Gb/s decreases in the maximum aggregated signal transmission capacity.

Temperature changes in the pulp chamber and bleaching gel during tooth bleaching assisted by diode laser (445 nm) using different power settings.

The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the safety of using blue diode laser (445 nm) for tooth bleaching with regard to intrapulpal temperature increase operating at different average power and time settings. Fifty human mandibular incisors (n = 10) were used for evaluating temperature rise inside the pulp chamber and in the bleaching gel during laser-assisted tooth bleaching. The change in temperature was recorded using K thermocouples for the five experimental groups (without laser, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 W) at each point of time (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 s). As the average power of the diode laser increases, the temperature inside the pulp chamber also increases and that of the bleaching gel was significantly higher in all the experimental groups (p < 0.05). However, the intrapulpal temperature rise was below the threshold for irreversible thermal damage of the pulp (5.6 °C). Average power of a diode laser (445 nm) ranging between 0.5-2 W and irradiation time between 10-60 s should be considered safe regarding the pulp health when a red-colored bleaching gel is used. Clinical studies should confirm the safety and effectiveness of such tooth bleaching treatments. The outcomes of the present study could be a useful guide for dental clinicians, who utilize diode lasers (445 nm) for in-office tooth bleaching treatments in order to select appropriate power parameters and duration of laser irradiation without jeopardizing the safety of the pulp.

Robust Low-Sidelobe Transmit Beamforming under Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio Constraint.

Transmit beamforming (TBF) provides the capability of focusing illuminating power in the desired directions while reducing the emitting power in undesired directions. It is significantly important in low-altitude and slow-speed small (LSS) radar, which usually suffers from heavy clutter and rapidly changing interference on the near-ground side. Due to nonideal factors such as an inaccurate target direction and array gain-phase error, the robustness of TBF is also necessary to consider in practical applications. In this paper, we provide a robust TBF method that enables sidelobe control in preset regions and possesses high transmit efficiency in virtue of the peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) constraint on transmit weights. To achieve robustness, a norm upper bound is introduced to limit the fluctuation of transmit weights, and the steering vector mismatch is also considered by using a spherical uncertainty set surrounding the nominal steering vector. As the proposed robust TBF is nonconvex because of the nonconvexity of both the objective function and constraints, we translate it into a series of convex subproblems via several kinds of convex relaxation schemes. In particular, based on the special structure of the objective function and constraints, the translation of the nonconvex problem into a tractable SOCP problem is realized by using the combination of the triangle inequality and Cauchy-Schwartz inequality. Numerical results demonstrate the improvement in the efficiency and robustness of the proposed TBF method in comparison with traditional TBF methods.

Characterization of Static Strength, Vertical Jumping, and Isokinetic Strength in Soccer Players According to Age, Competitive Level, and Field Position.

Muscular strength is strongly related to speed and agility tasks, which have been described as the most decisive actions preceding goals in the soccer game. This study aimed to characterize the players' strength indicators and to analyze the variation associated with age, competition level, and positional role. Eighty-three male soccer players from A team (n = 22), B team (n = 17), U-23 (n = 19), and U-19 (n = 25) participated in this study. Handgrip strength was assessed using a hand dynamometer (Jamar Plus+), countermovement jump (CMJ) and the squat jump (SJ) were evaluated using Optojump Next, and a Biodex System 4 Pro Dynamometer was used to assess the isokinetic strength of knee extension/flexion. Team A players showed increased lower-body strength compared to their peers, mainly through their increased vertical jumping capacity (i.e., CMJ and SJ; ps < 0.019), and superior performance in isokinetic assessments (i.e., peak torque, total work, and average power). Overall, older players outperformed their younger peers regarding vertical jumping, static strength, and average power in isokinetic strength (ps < 0.005). This study emphasizes the superior strength levels of professional soccer players compared with their lower-division peers, even after controlling by age. This information is of great value to sports agents and coaches, underlining the need to design and include strength-specific content during soccer training.

A Novel Low Complexity Two-Stage Tone Reservation Scheme for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems.

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has the characteristics of high spectrum efficiency and excellent anti-multipath interference ability. It is the most popular and mature technology currently in wireless communication. However, OFDM is a multi-carrier system, which inevitably has the problem of a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), and s signal with too high PAPR is prone to distortion when passing through an amplifier due to nonlinearity. To address the troubles caused by high PAPR, we proposed an improved tone reservation (I-TR) algorithm to alleviate the above native phenomenon, which will pay some modest pre-calculations to estimate the rough proportion of peak reduction tone (PRT) to determine the appropriate output power allocation threshold then utilize a few iterations to converge to the near-optimal PAPR. Furthermore, our proposed scheme significantly outperforms previous works in terms of PAPR performance and computational complexity, such as selective mapping (SLM), partial transmission sequence (PTS), TR, tone injection (TI), etc. The simulation results show that in our proposed scheme, the PAPR is appreciably reduced by about 6.44 dB compared with the original OFDM technique at complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) equal to 10-3, and the complexity of I-TR has reduced by approximately 96% compared to TR. Besides, as for bit error rate (BER), our proposed method always outperforms the original OFDM without any sacrifice.

Statistical Degree Distribution Design for Using Fountain Codes to Control the Peak-To-Average Power Ratio in an OFDM System.

Utilizing fountain codes to control the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is a classic scheme in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) wireless communication systems. However, because the robust soliton distribution (RSD) produces large-degree values, the decoding performance is severely reduced. In this paper, we design statistical degree distribution (SD) under a scenario that utilizes fountain codes to control the PAPR. The probability of the PAPR produced is combined with RSD to design PRSD, which enhances the smaller degree value produced. Subsequently, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to search the optimal degree value between the binary exponential distribution (BED) and PRSD distribution according to the minimum average degree principle. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms other relevant degree distributions in the same controlled PAPR threshold, and the average degree value and decoding efficiency are remarkably improved.

The Repeated Curve Sprint Test Appears To Be an Appropriate Tool for Estimating Anaerobic Fitness in Young Trained Male Futsal Players.

This study aimed to determine the magnitude of correlation between the repeated curve sprint test (RCST), the running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST) and the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) in elite male futsal players to determine whether the field test can be a futsal-specific alternative assessment tool compared to the other tests. Fifteen trained futsal players (20±3 yrs) performed the RCST, RAST and WAnT in a crossover design over three weeks. Peak power (PP), average power (AP) and the fatigue index (FI) were obtained from the tests. Finger-prick blood-lactate measurements were performed before and after the tests, and heart rate loading was recorded. To assess the magnitude and direction of the relationship between variables the Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was calculated. In respect of AP, there was a significant correlation between the RCST and both the WAnT (r=0.63, p=0.012) and the RAST (r=0.67, p=0.006). In respect of PP, the RCST only correlated with the RAST (r=0.71, p=0.003). In respect of the FI, the RCST did not correlate with either the RAST or the WAnT (p>0.05). Post-test heart rate values in the RCST correlated with those in both the WAnT (r=0.88, p=0.001) and the RAST (r=0.77, p=0.001). Also, post-test blood-lactate levels in the RCST correlated with those in both the RAST (r=0.58, p=0.025) and the WAnT (r=0.54, p=0.039). In conclusion, the RCST can be a valid and practical field test for measuring anaerobic fitness in competitive futsal players.

Average Power Handling Capability of Corrugated Slow-Wave Transmission Lines.

In this article, the average power handling capability (APHC) of corrugated slow-wave transmission lines (SWTLs) is investigated. Firstly, the attenuation constants of conductor and dielectric are extracted by the multiline method. Secondly, the thermal resistance of corrugated SWTLs is analyzed based on the constant-angle model. To deal with the non-uniform corrugated structure of SWTLs, the concept of average heat-spreading width (AHSW) is introduced. Finally, the APHC of the corrugated SWTL is calculated using the attenuation constant and the thermal resistance. In addition, the APHC considering the temperature-dependent resistivity of metal conductor is also presented. For validation, the APHCs of SWTLs with different geometric parameters are evaluated. The results agree well with those obtained by the commercial software.

A Hybrid PAPR Reduction Scheme in OFDM-IM Using Phase Rotation Factors and Dither Signals on Partial Sub-Carriers.

As a multi-carrier modulation technique, a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is a common issue suffered by orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation (OFDM-IM) due to its system structure. High PAPR may cause signal distortion, which affects correct symbol transmission. This paper tries to inject dither signals to the inactive (idle) sub-carriers, which is a unique transmission structure of OFDM-IM, to reduce PAPR. Unlike the previous works, which utilize all idle sub-carriers, the proposed PAPR reduction scheme utilizes selected partial sub-carriers. This method performs well in terms of bit error rate (BER) performance and energy efficiency, which are obvious drawbacks of the previous PAPR reduction works due to the introduction of dither signals. In addition, in this paper, phase rotation factors are combined with the dither signals to compensate for the PAPR reduction performance degradation due to the insufficient use of partial idle sub-carriers. Moreover, an energy detection scheme is designed and proposed in this paper in order to distinguish the index of phase rotation factor used for transmission. It is shown by extensive simulation results that the proposed hybrid PAPR reduction scheme is able to implement an impressive PAPR reduction performance among existing dither signa-based schemes as well as classical distortion-less PAPR reduction schemes. In addition, the proposed method obtains better error performance and energy efficiency than that of the previous works. At the error probability 10-4, the proposed method can achieve around 5 dB gain compared to the conventional dither signal-based schemes.

When high PAPR reduction meets CNN: A PRD framework.

One of the most important factors limiting the performance of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system is high PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio). Great efforts have been made in suppressing PAPR, but their implementation often requires pre-processing all input signals, leading to excessive calculation overhead. When the transmission speed is high, much more time will be taken to process the input signal with the traditional methods, which will reduce the performance of the system. In this background, this paper firstly presents an algorithm, called PRD, to identify the high PAPR sequence without IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) operations, in which a CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) for identifying PAPR sequences is trained first before applying further PAPR reduction schemes. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can identify the high PAPR sequences with 92.3% accuracy and reduce PAPR with extremely low calculations.

Twenty-one days of spirulina supplementation lowers heart rate during submaximal cycling and augments power output during repeated sprints in trained cyclists.

Spirulina supplementation has been reported to improve time to exhaustion and maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max). However, there is limited information on its influence over the multiple intensities experienced by cyclists during training and competition. Fifteen trained males (age 40 ± 8 years, V̇O2max 51.14 ± 6.43 mL/min/kg) ingested 6 g/day of spirulina or placebo for 21 days in a double-blinded randomised crossover design, with a 14-day washout period between trials. Participants completed a 1-hour submaximal endurance test at 55% external power output max and a 16.1-km time trial (day 1), followed by a lactate threshold test and repeated sprint performance tests (RSPTs) (day 2). Heart rate (bpm), respiratory exchange ratio, oxygen consumption (mL/min/kg), lactate and glucose (mmol/L), time (seconds), power output (W), and hemoglobin (g/L) were compared across conditions. Following spirulina supplementation, lactate and heart rate were significantly lower (P < 0.05) during submaximal endurance tests (2.05 ± 0.80 mmol/L vs 2.39 ± 0.89 mmol/L and 139 ± 11 bpm vs 144 ± 12 bpm), hemoglobin was significantly higher (152.6 ± 9.0 g/L) than placebo (143.2 ± 8.5 g/L), and peak and average power were significantly higher during RSPTs (968 ± 177 W vs 929 ± 149 W and 770 ± 117 W vs 738 ± 86 W). No differences existed between conditions for all oxygen consumption values, 16.1-km time trial measures, and lactate threshold tests (P > 0.05). Spirulina supplementation reduces homeostatic disturbances during submaximal exercise and augments power output during RSPTs. Novelty: Spirulina supplementation lowers heart rate and blood lactate during ∼1-hour submaximal cycling. Spirulina supplementation elicits significant augmentations in hemoglobin and power outputs during RSPTs.

Noise Radar Technology: Waveforms Design and Field Trials.

Performance of continuous emission noise radar systems are affected by the sidelobes of the output of the matched filter, with significant effects on detection and dynamic range. Hence, the sidelobe level has to be controlled by a careful design of the transmitted waveform and of the transmit/receive parts of the radar. In this context, the average transmitted power has to be optimized by choosing waveforms with a peak-to-average power ratio as close to the unity as possible. However, after coherent demodulation and acquisition of the received signal and of the reference signal at the transmitting antenna port, the goodness (low sidelobes) of the output from the matched filter can be considerably reduced by the deleterious effects due to the radar hardware, including the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). This paper aims to solve the above problems from both the theoretical and the practical viewpoint and recommends the use of tailored waveforms for mitigating the dynamic range issues. The new findings are corroborated by the results from two noise radar demonstrators operating in Germany (rural environment) and in Turkey (coast and sea environment) and the related lessons learnt.

A Novel Hybrid Precoding-Companding Technique for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction in 5G and beyond.

Several high-speed wireless systems use Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) due to its advantages. 5G has adopted OFDM and is expected to be considered beyond 5G (B5G). Meanwhile, OFDM has a high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) problem. Hybridization between two PAPR reduction techniques gains the two techniques' advantages. Hybrid precoding-companding techniques are attractive as they require small computational complexity to achieve high PAPR reduction gain. Many precoding-companding techniques were introduced to increasing the PAPR reduction gain. However, reducing Bit Error Rate (BER) and out-of-band (OOB) radiation are more significant than increasing PAPR reduction gain. This paper proposes a new precoding-companding technique to better reduce the BER and OOB radiation than previous precoding-companding techniques. Results showed that the proposed technique outperforms all previous precoding-companding techniques in BER enhancement and OOB radiation reduction. The proposed technique reduces the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) by 15 dB compared with 10 dB for the best previous technique. Additionally, the proposed technique increases high power amplifier efficiency (HPA) by 11.4%, while the best previous technique increased HPA efficiency by 9.8%. Moreover, our proposal achieves PAPR reduction gain better than the most known powerful PAPR reduction technique with a 99% reduction in required computational complexity.