Biodiesel production from sewage sludge using supported heteropolyacid as heterogeneous acid catalyst.

Phosphotungstic acid (HPW) and silicotungstic acid (HSiW) were tested as homogeneous and as heterogeneous catalysts (after immobilized on different supports as high surface area graphite -HSAG500-, montmorillonite -MMT- and alumina -Al2O3-) for the in situ transesterification of sewage sludge lipids. Both catalysts exhibited similar performance in homogeneous phase, with slightly higher biodiesel yield for HPW. When the different supports were tested with HPW, the maximum yield obtained follow the trend: MMT > HSAG500 > Al2O3, but a greater leaching of the heteropolyacid (HPA) was observed with MMT. Therefore, HSAG500 showed the best results with a good FAMEs profile. The percentage of active phase was optimized from 1 to 40%, reaching the optimum at 10%. A more heterogeneous surface is obtained with larger quantities, also favouring the HPA leaching. The reaction temperature and the use of sonication as pre-treatment were also optimized. The best results were obtained after sonication with HPW-HSAG500 (10%) as catalyst, catalyst/sludge ratio 1:2, MeOH/sludge ratio 33:1, 120 °C and 21 h of reaction time with a maximum biodiesel yield of 31.1 % (FAMEs/lipids). In view of the results obtained HPW supports on HSAG500 offers a novel alternative as heterogeneous acid catalyst for in situ transesterification using sewage sludge as raw material.

Biodiesel production from eggshells derived bio-nano CaO catalyst-Microemulsion fuel blends for up-gradation of biodiesel.

The utilization of bio-oil derived from biomass presents a promising alternative to fossil fuels, though it faces challenges when directly applied in diesel engines. Microemulsification has emerged as a viable strategy to enhance bio-oil properties, facilitating its use in hybrid fuels. This study explores the microemulsification of Jatropha bio-oil with ethanol, aided by a surfactant, to formulate a hybrid liquid fuel. Additionally, a bio-nano CaO heterogeneous catalyst synthesized from eggshells is employed to catalyse the production of Jatropha biodiesel from the microemulsified fuel using microwave irradiation. The catalyst is characterized through UV-Vis, XRD, and SEM analysis. The investigation reveals a significant reduction in CO, CO2, and NOX emissions with the utilization of microemulsion-based biodiesel blends. Various blends of conventional diesel, Jatropha biodiesel, and ethanol are prepared with different ethanol concentrations (5, 10, and 20 wt%). Engine performance parameters, including fuel consumption, NOX emission, and brake specific fuel consumption, are analyzed. Results indicate that the conventional diesel/Jatropha biodiesel/ethanol (10 wt%) blend exhibits superior performance compared to conventional diesel, Jatropha biodiesel, and other blends. The fuel consumption of the conventional diesel/Jatropha biodiesel/ethanol (10 wt%) blend is measured at 554.6 g/h, surpassing that of conventional diesel and other biodiesel blends. The presence of water (0.14 %) in the blend reduces the heating value, consequently increasing the energy requirement. CO and CO2 emissions for the conventional diesel/Jatropha biodiesel/ethanol (10 wt%) blend are notably lower compared to conventional C-18 hydrocarbons and various biodiesel blends. These findings accentuate the efficacy of the microemulsion process in enhancing fuel characteristics and reducing emissions. Further investigations could explore optimizing the emulsifying agents and their impact on engine performance and emission characteristics, contributing to the advancement of sustainable fuel technologies.

Intensification of valorization of cooked rice water through energy-efficient synthesis of drop-in biofuel (butyl levulinate): engine performance, emission profile, and environmental impact assessments.

For the first time, an energy-efficient and eco-friendly technology for the conversion of abundantly available kitchen waste, specifically waste cooked rice water (WCRW) to drop-in- biofuels, namely, butyl levulinate (BL), has been explored. The synthesis of BL was accomplished employing butyl alcohol (BA) and WCRW in an energy-efficient UV (5W each UVA and UVB)-near-infrared (100W) irradiation assisted spinning (120 rpm) batch reactor (UVNIRSR) in the presence of TiO2-Amberlyst 15 (TA15) photo-acidic catalyst system (PACS). The optimal 95.81% yield of BL (YBL) could be achieved at 10 wt% catalyst concentration, 60 °C reaction temperature, 80 min time, and 1:10 WCRW: BA concentration as per Taguchi statistical design. Moreover, additional combination of different PACS such as TiO2-Amberlyst 16, TiO2-Amberlyst 36, and TiO2-Amberlite IRC120 H rendered 86.72% YBL, 90.04% YBL, and 93.47% YBL, respectively, proving superior efficacy compared to individual activity of the acidic catalysts and photocatalysts. The heterogeneous reaction kinetics study for TA15 PACS suggested Langmuir-Hinshelwood model to be the best fitted model. A significant 63.33% energy could be saved by UVNIRSR as compared to conventional heated reactor at the optimized experimental condition using PACS TA15. An overall alleviation in environmental pollution with 59.259% reduction in GWP, 15.254% decline in terrestrial ecotoxicity, 18.238% diminution in marine ecotoxicity, 17.25% decrease in ozone formation affecting human health, 5.865% reduction in human non-carcinogenic toxicity, 18.65% diminution in ozone formation affecting terrestrial ecosystem, 55.17% significant decrease in terrestrial acidification, and 25.619% mitigation in fresh water ecotoxicity could be observed. Furthermore, BL-biodiesel-diesel blends (3% BL, 7% biodiesel, and 90% diesel) exhibited significant reduction (25.45% and 36%, respectively, for CO and HC) in harmful engine exhaust emissions demonstrating environmental sustainability of the overall process.

CaO -catalyzed trans-esterification of brassica carinata seed oil for biodiesel production.

Brassica carinata seed is a non-edible oil containing crop grown for oil-based product development like biodiesel synthesis. However, recently technical challenges such as availability of feedstock, type of catalyst, cost, and quality of biodiesel hindered the feasibility and utilization of biodiesel. Thus, this study addressed those problems under the production of fatty acid methyl ester through trans-esterification reaction in the presence of heterogeneous catalyst ( CaO ), and methanol alcohol from Ethiopian brassica carinata seed oil. The synergetic and antagonistic effects of selected parameters (temperature, methanol to oil molar ratio, and amount of catalyst) on the yield of FAME were analyzed. Box-Behnken response surface methodology statistical analysis was applied to examine the parametric interaction effect, and optimization of reaction conditions. Accordingly, 90 % of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield was achieved at the optimum value of 65 °C temperature, 14.85: 1 methanol to oil molar ratio, and 13.77 % catalyst load. The fuel properties of the resulted biodiesel were determined following standard procedures, and the results were within the standard limits (ASTM D6751). This implies that brassica carinata oil over heterogeneous catalyzed reaction medium under optimum reaction conditions provides higher biodiesel yield.

Comparative Study of ImmobilizedBiolipasa-R for Second Generation Biodiesel Production from an Acid Oil.

The primary objective of this work is to develop a sustainable biocatalytic transesterification process for low-grade oils, aligning with EU green technology requirements for the shift to second generation biodiesel. Thus, we investigated the immobilization and subsequent application of the lipase Biolipasa-R on transesterification processes to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) from both a sunflower oil and an acid oil which is a bioproduct of the biodiesel industry. The lipase was immobilized on biomaterials, such as diatomaceous earth, with a yield of 60%, and commercial carriers such as methacrylic resins with a yield of 100%. The enzyme demonstrated superior activity when immobilized on diatomaceous earth, particularly in reactions involving the acid oil, outperforming the benchmark enzyme Novozym® 435 (95.1% and 35% conversion respectively). This work highlights the potential of Biolipasa-R as a cost-effective and efficient biocatalyst for biodiesel production and emphasizes the environmental benefits of utilizing industrial byproducts and eco-friendly immobilization techniques. The findings suggest that Biolipasa-R is a promising candidate for industrial applications in biodiesel production, offering a sustainable solution for waste management and energy generation.

Dataset of NIR, MIR and FIR spectroscopy of fuels in maritime cases and biodiesel-diesel blends B7 and B10 from Malaysia.

The dataset contains Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis of fuels in maritime cases and biodiesel-diesel blends B7 and B10 from Malaysia. Fuels in maritime cases were donated by Agensi Penguatkuasaan Maritim Malaysia (APMM) in March 2023. The crime-related oil samples originated from maritime crime scenes located within Terengganu and Johor, Malaysia. Meanwhile, B7(DE5) and B10(D0) samples were obtained from pump stations in 2021. They are fuels used in Malaysian transportation system. The FTIR analysis was acquired in the full regions of FTIR (6000-80 cm-1) which are near-infrared (NIR), mid-infrared (MIR), and far-infrared (FIR). The IR spectra were recorded using Bruker Invenio-R (Universiti Putra Malaysia) spectrometer equipped with attenuated total reflection (ATR) (2 mm) diamond with an accumulation of 64 scans at a spectral resolution of 4 cm-1. Spectral analysis was carried out by OPUS 8.7.41. The data highlights the potential of NIR, MIR, and FIR spectroscopy as a powerful tool for forensic analysis in maritime crime investigations. This includes the potential of utilizing the Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) to discriminate between type of fuels in forensic cases.

Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium of Sesame Fatty Acid (Ethyl and Methyl) Ester + Glycerol + Ethanol/Methanol Mixtures at Different Temperatures.

This study aimed to investigate the liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) behavior of sesame fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) and methyl ester (FAME) in combination with glycerol and the co-solvents ethanol and methanol. FAEE and FAME were produced through the transesterification of mechanically extracted and purified sesame oil, using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a homogeneous base catalyst. The reactions were conducted in ethanol and methanol to produce FAEE and FAME, respectively. Post-reaction, the products were separated and purified, followed by an analysis of the LLE behavior at 313.15 K and 323.15 K under atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa). The experimental process for the miscibility analysis utilized a jacketed glass cell adapted for this study. Miscibility limits or binodal curves were determined using the turbidity-point method. Tie lines were constructed by preparing mixtures of known concentrations within the two-phase region, which allowed the phases to separate after agitation. Samples from both phases were analyzed to determine their composition. This study revealed that higher temperatures promoted greater phase separation and enhanced the biodiesel purification process. The NRTL model effectively correlated the activity coefficients with the experimental data, showing good agreement, with a root-mean-square deviation of 3.5%. Additionally, the data quality was validated using Marcilla's method, which yielded an R2 value close to 1. Attraction factors and distribution coefficients were also calculated to evaluate the efficiency of the co-solvents as extraction agents. The findings indicated higher selectivity for methanol than for ethanol, with varying degrees of distribution among the co-solvents. These results offer significant insights into enhancing biodiesel production processes by considering the effects of co-solvents on the LLE properties of mixtures, ultimately contributing to more efficient and cost-effective biodiesel production.

The Biosynthesis Pattern and Transcriptome Analysis of Sapindus saponaria Oil.

The Sapindus saponaria (soapberry) kernel is rich in oil that has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, promotes cell proliferation, cell migration, and stimulates skin wound-healing effects. S. saponaria oil has excellent lubricating properties and is a high-quality raw material for biodiesel and premium lubricants, showing great potential in industrial and medical applications. Metabolite and transcriptome analysis revealed patterns of oil accumulation and composition and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during seed development. Morphological observations of soapberry fruits at different developmental stages were conducted, and the oil content and fatty acid composition of the kernels were determined. Transcriptome sequencing was performed on kernels at 70, 100, and 130 days after flowering (DAF). The oil content of soapberry kernels was lowest at 60 DAF (5%) and peaked at 130 DAF (31%). Following soapberry fruit-ripening, the primary fatty acids in the kernels were C18:1 (oleic acid) and C18:3 (linolenic acid), accounting for an average proportion of 62% and 18%, respectively. The average contents of unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in the kernel were 86% and 14%, respectively. Through the dynamic changes in fatty acid composition and DEGs analysis of soapberry kernels, FATA, KCR1, ECR, FAD2 and FAD3 were identified as candidate genes contributing to a high proportion of C18:1 and C18:3, while DGAT3 emerged as a key candidate gene for TAG biosynthesis. The combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolism unveiled the molecular mechanism of oil accumulation, leading to the creation of a metabolic pathway pattern diagram for oil biosynthesis in S. saponaria kernels. The study of soapberry fruit development, kernel oil accumulation, and the molecular mechanism of oil biosynthesis holds great significance in increasing oil yield and improving oil quality.

Efficient Expression and Application of a Modified Rhizomucor miehei Lipase for Simultaneous Production of Biodiesel and Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Ester from Nannochloropsis Oil.

Few reports exist on one-step enzymatic methods for the simultaneous production of biodiesel and eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA-EE), a high-value pharmaceutical compound. This study aimed to efficiently express Rhizomucor miehei lipase (pRML) in Pichia pastoris X-33 via propeptide mutation and high-copy strain screening. The mutated enzyme was then used to simultaneously catalyze the production of both biodiesel and EPA-EE. The P46N mutation in the propeptide (P46N-pRML) significantly boosted its production, with the four-copy strain increasing enzyme yield by 3.7-fold, reaching 3425 U/mL. Meanwhile, its optimal temperature increased to 45-50 °C, pH expanded to 7.0-8.0, specific activity doubled, Km reduced to one-third, and kcat/Km increased 7-fold. Notably, P46N-pRML efficiently converts Nannochloropsis gaditana oil's eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Under optimal conditions, it achieves up to 93% biodiesel and 92% EPA-EE yields in 9 h. Our study introduces a novel, efficient one-step green method to produce both biodiesel and EPA-EE using this advanced enzyme.

Stabilization of Eversa® Transform 2.0 lipase with sorbitol to enhance the efficiency of ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production.

Ultrasound technology has emerged as a promising tool for enhancing enzymatic biodiesel production, yet the cavitation effect induced can compromise enzyme stability. This study explored the efficiency of polyols in enhancing lipase stability under ultrasound conditions to further improve biodiesel yield. The incorporation of sorbitol resulted in the highest fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content in the ultrasound-assisted biodiesel production catalyzed by Eversa® Transform 2.0 among the investigated polyols. Furthermore, sorbitol enhanced the stability of the lipase, allowing it to tolerate up to 100 % ultrasound amplitude, compared to 60 % amplitude in its absence. Enzyme activity assays revealed that sorbitol preserved 99 % of the lipase activity, in contrast to 84 % retention observed without sorbitol under an 80 % ultrasound amplitude. Circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy analyses confirmed that sorbitol enhanced lipase rigidity and preserved its conformational structure under ultrasound exposure. Furthermore, employing a stepwise methanol addition strategy in ultrasound-assisted reactions with sorbitol achieved an 81.2 wt% FAME content in 8 h with only 0.2 wt% enzyme concentration. This promising result highlights the potential of sorbitol as a stabilizing agent in ultrasound-assisted enzymatic biodiesel production, offering a viable approach for enhancing biodiesel yield and enzyme stability in industrial applications.

Contribution of Malang quartzite-based silica in K2O/zeolite Y catalyst for methyl ester synthesis of off grade crude palm oil.

Malang quartzite contains a highly silica content. The silica changes the structural composition of Zeolite Y. Currently, a heterogeneous catalyst is developed to optimize transesterification of Off Grade CPO (Crude Palm Oil). The aims of this study are: (1) synthesize K2O/Zeolite Y using silica from Malang quartzite, (2) synthesize methyl esters from Off Grade CPO using K2O/Zeolite Y catalyst, and (3) to evaluate quartzite based-silica contribution in Zeolite Y for the reaction activity via GC-MS analysis. The experimental stages were: the oil preparation, esterification of the prepared oil, preparation of K2O/zeolite Y catalyst, and the transesterification. This study applied variations of [KOH] in Zeolite Y (10, 20, and 30 % w/w) and the concentration of the transesterification catalyst (2, 3, and 4 % w/w). The K2O/Zeolite Y catalyst was successfully synthesized by impregnation method. Methyl esters of Off Grade CPO resulted the highest yield of 95.05 % with 4 wt% of 30-K2O/Zeolite Y (30 % KOH impregnation). The synthesized methyl esters have a density of 0.877 g/mL, a viscosity of 4.6 cSt, a refractive index of 1.445 and an acid number of 0.384 mg/g according to the standard (SNI 7182:2015). The main components of the methyl ester based on GC-MS results were methyl octanoate, methyl decanoate, methyl dodecanoate, methyl 9-octadecanoate, methyl octadecanoate and methyl tetracosanoate. Using quartzite-based silica, a co-activity of the reaction has occurred.

Investigation of bionano additives in red algae Cyanidioschyzon merolae ultrasonified MgO/MWCNT catalyzed biodiesel in optimized engine performance.

Renewable energy research is burgeoning with the anticipation of finding neat liquid fuel. Ultra sonification assisted biodiesel was derived from red algae Cyanidioschyzon merolae, with biodiesel yield of 98.9%. The results of GC MS of the prepared biodiesel showed higher concentration of methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, and stearate. This composition is appreciable, as this plays significance in desirable pour & cloud point properties. NMR spectrum revealed the ester linkages, presence of olefins, and α methyl position in olefins. Mixture of 30 wt% of biodiesel in diesel exhibited work efficiency, and also exhibited low pour point and, lower viscosity values. CeO2 and Fe2O3 nano particles were bio reduced, and were added as nano additive in biodiesel. 1:1 ratio of CeO2 and Fe2O3 added to biodiesel maximised the combustion ability of fuel owing to the oxygen storage capacity of CeO2. Further, this combination produced a satisfactory calorific value. Imbalanced ratios disrupted the catalytic and oxygen storage effects, reduced the overall energy release and calorific value of the biodiesel blend. Pour point and cetane number value of biodiesel blend ultrasonifacted with 1:1 mass ratio of Fe2O3 and CeO2 was observed to be around -7 °C and 53 °C respectively, and was better than other compositions. 1:1 mass ratio of NPS blended with 30 wt% BD in diesel showed tremendous increase in brake thermal efficiency, torque, and power. HC, NOX, and SOX emissions were reduced by 42.8%, 19.3%, and 57% respectively with 1:1 Fe2O3 and CeO2 mixed biodiesel blend. CeO2 favourably improved the oxygen storage capacity of the fuel, whereas Fe2O3 showed decrease in formation of gums and sediments in biodiesel.

Effect of solar powered MgO/graphene nano catalysed biodiesel production from Scomber scombrus.

The aim of the work is to find the efficiency of solar power in biodiesel preparation from mackerel fish. The paper also focusses on the ability of MgO/graphene prepared by one-pot synthesis using combustion methodology. The physicochemical properties of the material were analysed by XRD, N2 sorption studies, BET sorption analysis and SEM. The adsorption studies revealed the porosity of the graphene is intact, and the morphology studies indicated that MgO is uniformly distributed on the graphene surface. The highest biodiesel yield of 98.95% was obtained using the solar-powered Fresnel solar concentrator at 12.30 p.m in 6 min reaction time using 3 wt% MgO/GO catalyst at 65 °C. Conventional heating produced only 75% biodiesel at the same reaction condition, consuming25 min to complete. The solar assisted biodiesel had better HHV of 37.81 MJ/Kg, viscosity of 4.3 mm2/s, pour point of -15 °C, and a density of 0.875 g/mL. The optimized catalyst showed a shelf life of 5 cycles. The results portray the efficacy of natural energy source in alternative liquid fuel production.

Efficient Preparation of Biodiesel Using Sulfonated Camellia oleifera Shell Biochar as a Catalyst.

This study prepared sulfonated Camellia oleifera shell biochar using Camellia oleifera shell agricultural waste as a carbon source, and evaluated its performance as a catalyst for preparing biodiesel. The biochar obtained from carbonizing Camellia oleifera shells at 500 °C for 2 h serves as the carbon skeleton, and then the biochar is sulfonated with chlorosulfonic acid. The sulfonic acid groups are mainly grafted onto the surface of Camellia oleifera shell biochar through covalent bonding to obtain sulfonic acid type biochar catalysts. The catalysts were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Nitrogen adsorption-desorption Brunel-Emmett-Taylor Theory (BET), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The acid density of the sulfonated Camellia oleifera fruit shell biochar catalyst is 2.86 mmol/g, and the specific surface area is 2.67 m2/g, indicating high catalytic activity. The optimal reaction conditions are 4 wt% catalyst with a 6:1 alcohol to oil ratio. After esterification at 70 °C for 2 h, the yield of biodiesel was 91.4%. Under the optimal reaction conditions, after four repeated uses of the catalyst, the yield of biodiesel still reached 90%. Therefore, sulfonated Camellia oleifera shell biochar is a low-cost, green, non-homogeneous catalyst with great potential for biodiesel production by esterification reaction in future development.

The Influence of Basicity/Acidity of Lanthanum Systems on the Activity and Selectivity of the Transesterification Process.

The impact of heterogeneous catalytic systems, which are based on rare earth metals, on the properties of biodiesel produced via the transesterification process in a stationary reactor (autoclave) was thoroughly investigated. The physicochemical attributes, including the specific surface area, were analyzed employing the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The basicity and acidity levels of the catalytic systems were evaluated through temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia and carbon dioxide (TPD-NH3, TPD-CO2), respectively. Furthermore, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis facilitated the assessment of triglyceride conversion and the determination of methyl ester (FAME) selectivity within these processes. Our findings indicate that catalytic systems augmented with lanthanum showcased superior performance. A significant correlation was discerned between the conversion and selectivity to methyl esters and both the specific surface area and the acidity and basicity properties of the catalytic systems under study. These results underscore the crucial role that the physicochemical characteristics of catalytic systems play in optimizing the transesterification process, thereby enhancing the quality of the produced biodiesel. This study contributes valuable insights into the development of more efficient and effective biodiesel production methodologies, highlighting the potential of rare earth metal-based catalysts in renewable energy technologies.

Morpho-Physiological Traits and Oil Quality in Drought-Tolerant Raphanus sativus L. Used for Biofuel Production.

Raphanus sativus L. is a potential source of raw material for biodiesel fuel due to the high oil content in its grains. In Brazil, this species is cultivated in the low rainfall off-season, which limits the productivity of the crop. The present study investigated the effects of water restriction on the physiological and biochemical responses, production components, and oil quality of R. sativus at different development stages. The treatments consisted of 100% water replacement (control), 66%, and 33% of field capacity during the phenological stages of vegetative growth, flowering, and grain filling. We evaluated characteristics of water relations, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, chloroplast pigment, proline, and sugar content. The production components and chemical properties of the oil were also determined at the end of the harvest cycle. Drought tolerance of R. sativus was found to be mediated primarily during the vegetative growth stage by changes in photosynthetic metabolism, stability of photochemical efficiency, increased proline concentrations, and maintenance of tissue hydration. Grain filling was most sensitive to water limitation and showed a reduction in yield and oil content. However, the chemical composition of the oil was not altered by the water deficit. Our data suggest that R. sativus is a drought-tolerant species.

Synergistic effect of selenium and gibberellic acid for enhanced biomass, lipid and improved biodiesel quality from Tetradesmus obliquus through response surface methodology.

Biodiesel production from microalgae presents an innovative solution for renewable energy. This study investigates biodiesel production using Tetradesmus obliquus ON506010.1 by optimizing substrates, selenium and gibberellic acid. Using 15 µg/L selenium, lipid content and biomass productivity reached 35.45 %±0.92 and 0.178 g/L/day ± 0.051. With 50 µM gibberellic acid, biomass productivity and lipid content peaked at 0.785 ± 0.101 g/L/day and 38.95 %±0.35, surpassing the control. Fatty acid composition, biodiesel properties, and mRNA expression of lipid synthesis enzymes (acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid desaturase (FAD)) correlated. Combining 10 µg/L selenium with 75 µM gibberellic acid with response surface methodology (RSM) increased lipid content (42.80 % ±0.11) and biomass productivity (0.964 g/L/day ± 0.128). ACC and FAD upregulation validated this enhancement, with a 4.4-fold increase in FAD expression. Fatty acid composition and most biodiesel properties met international standards demonstrating Tetradesmus obliquus ON506010.1's potential for sustainable biodiesel production with better cold flow property and oxidative stability.

Clarifying Glycerol Electrooxidation Studies on Pd-Based Catalysts: Insights Into Catalytic Performance and Practical Challenges.

Escalating biodiesel production led to a surplus of glycerol, prompting its exploration as a valuable resource in industrial applications. Electrochemical systems have been studied, specifically employing noble metal catalysts like palladium for glycerol electrooxidation. Despite numerous studies on Pd-based catalysts for glycerol electrooxidation, a comprehensive analysis addressing critical questions related to the economic feasibility, global sourcing of Pd, and the thematic cohesion of publications in this field is lacking. Moreover, a standardized framework for comparing the results of various studies is absent, hindering progress on glycerol technologies. This critical overview navigates the evolution of Pd-based catalysts for glycerol electrooxidation, examining catalytic activity, stability, and potential applications. It critically addresses the geographical sources of Pd, the motivation behind glycerol technology exploration, thematic coherence in existing publications, and the meaningful comparison of results. It correlates the use of Pd-based catalysts with the natural source of Pd and the origin of glycerol derived from biodiesel. The proposed standardized approach for comparing electrochemical parameters and establishing experimental protocols provides a foundation for meaningful study comparisons. This critical overview underscores the need to address fundamental questions to accelerate the transition of glycerol technologies from laboratories to practical applications.

Evaluating the effect of diethyl ether and moringa oleifera antioxidant additives on the performance and emission characteristics of jatropha biodiesel-diesel blended fuel on CI engine - An experimental investigation.

Alternative fuels can be produced from both non-edible feedstocks and edible crops. The higher production costs and contaminating nature of vegetable biofuels, which cause engine component failure, make it conceivable to encourage the synthesis of biodiesel from non-edible sources. One of the most widely utilized alternative fuels is Jatropha biofuel, which has performance levels comparable to diesel fuels and can be used with CI (Compression Ignition) engines without any modifications. However when it comes to oxidative stability properties that impact shelf life and commercialization, the majority of biodiesels-including Jatropha-are lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to enhance the oxidative stability and other physicochemical parameters, such performance and emission characteristics, of Jatropha biodiesel with diesel blends by adding additives like DEE (diethyl ether) and MA (moringa oleifera antioxidant). The seeds of jatropha and moringa were harvested by hand and then mechanically extracted with a screw press. A conical flask containing the precisely weighed amount of oil is filled with 50 mL of neutral alcohol. The combination is then heated for an hour using a water condenser over a bath. Using phenolphthalein indicator, the contents are titrated with KOH solution after cooling. Weight of oil taken (w)/volume of KOH used (mL) × normality of KOH is the formula used to determine the acidity value of jatropha oil. It is therefore below the minimum level set by ASTM D 675, which is 2.5 mg KOH/g. Methanol was used in the transesterification process to produce biodiesel, and potassium hydroxide (KOH) was used as a catalyst. Then, using 5 % DEE and 10 % MA additives, the physicochemical properties of jatropha biodiesel-such as density, kinematics viscosity, calorific value, and oxidative stability-were characterized. The percentage of improvement of the biodiesel's mentioned properties with these additives was 0.68 %, 2.8 %, 0.73 %, and 33.8 %, respectively. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of B40MA10DEE05D45 increased by 8.52 % whereas the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of B50MA10DEE05D35, which is Made up of 44 % diesel, 50 % jatropha biodiesel, 5 % DEE, and 10 % MA fuels, declined by 5.14 %. As a result of these additions, the blended fuel's CO, HC, and NOx emissions were reduced by 3.51 %, 2.25 %, and 8.64 %, respectively. Therefore, a 20 % blend of Jatropha biodiesel and diesel containing antioxidants from Moringa can be used in compression ignition engines without the need for engine modifications and with high oxidation stability.

Facile synthesis of iron nanoparticles from Camellia Sinensis leaves catalysed for biodiesel synthesis from Azolla filiculoides.

Recent years have seen an increase in research on biodiesel, an environmentally benign and renewable fuel alternative for traditional fossil fuels. Biodiesel might become more cost-effective and competitive with diesel if a solid heterogeneous catalyst is used in its production. One way to make biodiesel more affordable and competitive with diesel is to employ a solid heterogeneous catalyst in its manufacturing. Based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the researchers in this study proved their hypothesis that iron oxide core-shell nanoparticles were generated during the green synthesis of iron-based nanoparticles (FeNPs) from Camellia Sinensis leaves. The fabrication of spherical iron nanoparticles was successfully confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a heterogeneous catalyst, the synthesised catalyst has shown potential in facilitating the conversion of algae oil into biodiesel. With the optimal parameters (0.5 weight percent catalytic load, 1:6 oil-methanol ratio, 60 °C reaction temperature, and 1 h and 30 min reaction duration), a 93.33% yield was attained. This may be due to its acid-base property, chemical stability, stronger metal support interaction. Furthermore, the catalyst was employed for transesterification reactions five times after regeneration with n-hexane washing followed by calcination at 650 °C for 3 h.