Adoption of the cardiopulmonary exercise test in the exercise ability and cardiopulmonary function rehabilitation of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore the application of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, evaluate its impact on exercise ability and cardiopulmonary function in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), and promote the application of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in CAD management. METHODS: Fifty CHD patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were recruited and randomly enrolled into the control (Ctrl) group and intervention (Int) group. Routine health education and health education combined with RT training were carried out for the two groups. Blood lipid levels and lung function were compared between the two groups after intervention. Cardiac function was evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography, and cardiopulmonary fitness and exercise ability were evaluated by a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). The self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) were employed to evaluate negative emotions. The 36-item short-form (SF-36) was adopted to evaluate quality of life. RESULT: Compared with those in the Ctrl group, the levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) decreased in the Int group, while the levels of high-density lipoprotein increased (P < 0.05). The quantitative load results showed that compared with the Ctrl group, the heart rate (HR) and self-perceived fatigue degree of the Int group decreased, and the ST segment increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the Ctrl group, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), forced expiratory volume at 1 s (FEV1), ratio of forced expiratory volume to forced vital volume (FEV1/FVC%), and maximum chase volume (MVV) increased in the Int group, while the left ventricular end diastolic diameter and left ventricular end contractile diameter decreased (P < 0.05). The results of the CPET showed that compared with the Ctrl group, minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production slope, VE/VCO2 - Peak, anaerobic threshold (AT), peak oxygen pulse (VO2/HR peak), oxygen uptake efficiency platform (OUEP), increasing power exercise time (IPEt), HR recovery 1 min after exercise, peak load power (Watt peak), and value metabolic equivalent (Watt peak) increased in the Int group (P < 0.05). Compared with the Ctrl group, the SAS and SDS scores in the Int group decreased (P < 0.05). The results of the quality of life evaluation showed that compared with the Ctrl group, the score of the SF-36 dimensions increased in the Int group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: RT training can reduce postoperative blood lipid and quantitative load levels in CAD patients and improve adverse mood. Furthermore, it can improve patients' cardiopulmonary function, cardiopulmonary fitness, exercise ability, and quality of life.

Comment on Flatscher et al. Impact of Mediterranean Diet on Lipid Composition in the Colaus-PsyColaus Study. Nutrients 2023, 15, 4659.

With great interest, we read the article by Flatscher et al [...].

Blood lipid levels mediating the effects of sex hormone-binding globulin on coronary heart disease: Mendelian randomization and mediation analysis.

Observational studies indicate that serum sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels are inversely correlated with blood lipid levels and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Given that dyslipidemia is an established risk factor for CHD, we aim to employ Mendelian randomization (MR) in conjunction with mediation analysis to confirm the mediating role of blood lipid levels in the association between SHBG and CHD. First, we assessed the causality between serum SHBG levels and five cardiovascular diseases using univariable MR. The results revealed causality between SHBG levels and reduced risk of CHD, myocardial infarction, as well as hypertension. Specifically, the most significant reduction was observed in CHD risk, with an odds ratio of 0.73 (95% CI 0.63-0.86) for each one-standard-deviation increase in SHBG. The summary-level data of serum SHBG levels and CHD are derived from a sex-specific genome-wide association study (GWAS) conducted by UK Biobank (sample size = 368,929) and a large-scale GWAS meta-analysis (60,801 cases and 123,504 controls), respectively. Subsequently, we further investigated the mediating role of blood lipid level in the association between SHBG and CHD. Mediation analysis clarified the mediation proportions for four mediators: high cholesterol (48%), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (25.1%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (18.5%), and triglycerides (44.3%). Summary-level data for each mediator were sourced from the UK Biobank and publicly available GWAS. The above results confirm negative causality between serum SHBG levels and the risk of CHD, myocardial infarction, and hypertension, with the causal effect on reducing CHD risk largely mediated by the improvement of blood lipid profiles.

Association between Serum Phytosterols and Lipid Levels in a Population-Based Study.

The association between phytosterols and lipid levels remains poorly assessed at a population level. We assessed the associations between serum levels of six phytosterols (campesterol, campestanol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, sitostanol and brassicasterol) and of lipids [total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)- and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipopoprotein A-IV and lipoprotein Lp(a)] in two cross-sectional surveys of a population-based, prospective study. Data from 910 participants (59.1% women, 70.4 ± 4.7 years) for the first survey (2009-2012) and from 721 participants (60.2% women, 75.1 ± 4.7 years) for the second survey (2014-2017) were used. After multivariable adjustment, all phytosterols were positively associated with total cholesterol: slope and (95% confidence interval) 1.594 (1.273-1.915); 0.073 (0.058-0.088); 0.060 (0.044-0.076); 2.333 (1.836-2.830); 0.049 (0.033-0.064) and 0.022 (0.017-0.028) for campesterol, campestanol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, sitostanol and brassicasterol, respectively, in the first survey, and 1.257 (0.965-1.548); 0.066 (0.052-0.079); 0.049 (0.034-0.063); 1.834 (1.382-2.285); 0.043 (0.029-0.057) and 0.018 (0.012-0.023) in the second survey, all p < 0.05. Similar positive associations were found between all phytosterols and LDL cholesterol. Positive associations were found between campesterol and sitosterol and HDL-cholesterol: slope and (95% CI) 0.269 (0.134-0.405) and 0.393 (0.184-0.602) for campesterol and sitosterol, respectively, in the first survey, and 1.301 (0.999-1.604) and 0.588 (0.327-0.849) in the second survey, all p < 0.05. No associations were found between phytosterols and triglyceride or lipoprotein Lp(a) levels, while a positive association between campesterol and apolipoprotein A-IV levels was found: 2.138 (0.454-3.822). Upon normal dietary intakes, serum phytosterol levels were positively associated with total and LDL cholesterol levels, while no consistent association with other lipid markers was found.

Effect of exercise intervention using mobile healthcare on blood lipid level and health-related physical fitness in obese women: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 12 weeks of non-face-to-face exercise intervention using mobile health (mHealth) on blood lipid levels and health-related physical fitness in obese women. METHODS: Thirty obese women (aged: 39.40 ± 11.07 years, percent body fat: 37.05 ± 5.15%) were enrolled, and all completed the study. Non-face-to-face exercises were performed for 12 weeks using a mHealth and smart tracker (Charge 4, Fitbit, USA). Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental (EXP) or control (CON) group. The 12-week exercise program using mHealth included resistance (twice a week for 60 min), aerobics (five times a week for 50 min), and flexibility (five times a week for 10 min). RESULTS: The results showed that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Post - Pre: 9.07 mg·dL-1, p < 0.001) and ratio of low-density to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Post - Pre: -0.71 mg·dL-1, p < 0.05) significantly changed during the intervention period in EXP. There were significant increases in sit-ups (Post - Pre: 7.73 numbers, p < 0.001), grip strength (Post - Pre: 2.92 kg, p < 0.001), and sit and reach (Post - Pre: 2.51 cm, p < 0.01) in EXP. CONCLUSION: Non-face-to-face exercise using mHealth for 12 weeks improved blood lipid levels and health-related physical fitness; therefore, it can help improve compliance through self-monitoring and lifestyle changes by increasing physical activity.

Persistent dyslipidemia increases the longitudinal changes in telomere length.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) as a 'biological clock' of aging is closely related to human health, its association with an aging-related disease, dyslipidemia, has been less studied and mainly focused on cross-sectional investigations. METHODS: Two rounds of information and blood collections were conducted on a cohort of 1624 individuals residing in rural Ningxia, located in northwest China, with an average time gap of 9.8 years. The relative telomere length (RTL) of peripheral blood leukocytes was assessed using real-time quantitative PCR. To investigate the association between dyslipidemia, blood lipid levels, and alterations in RTL, multiple linear regression and generalized linear models were employed. RESULTS: After conducting the follow-up analysis, it was observed that 83.3% of the participants in the study exhibited a reduction in telomere length, while 16.7% experienced an increase in telomere length. The results suggested that dyslipidemia at baseline or follow-up may increase longitudinal changes in telomere length, but it was more significant in the healthy group, especially in those aged ≥ 60 years. Furthermore, HDL-C levels in baseline and follow-up were found to be associated with longitudinal changes in telomere length, and lower HDL-C levels may be associated with increased longitudinal changes in telomere length. CONCLUSIONS: The change in telomere length is correlated with dyslipidemia and its lipid indicators especially HDL-C. Persistent dyslipidemia and a reduction in HDL-C levels may be associated with elevated longitudinal fluctuations in telomere length.

Residential greenness and dyslipidemia risk: Dose-response relations and mediation through BMI and air pollution.

BACKGROUND: Evidence on associations of residential greenness with dyslipidemia is limited, particularly regarding dose-response relations and mediation. OBJECTIVES: To investigate associations between greenness and dyslipidemia, non-linear dose-response relationships and mediators. METHODS: This cross-sectional study draws on the 2018 Fujian Behavior and Disease Surveillance (FBDS) cohort that used multi-stage stratified random sampling from the general population of Fujian Province, China. Participants with one or more abnormities in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were classified as having dyslipidemia. Residential greenness was operationalized as 3-year average of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI500m) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI500m). A doubly robust approach was used for effect quantification. Dose-response relations were studied with natural cubic splines. Mediation via physical activity (PA), body mass index (BMI), PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and NO2 was also examined. RESULTS: Data from 43,183 participants were analyzed. Increases in NDVI500m and EVI500m residential greenness were associated with decreased dyslipidemia risk and improved blood lipids. Non-linear dose response relationships were discovered. Significant reduction of dyslipidemia risk was observed at levels of EVI500m > 0.48 and NDVI500m > 0.65. Joint mediation effects of PA, BMI, PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and SO2 on the associations of NDVI500m and EVI500m with dyslipidemia risk were 49.74% and 44.64%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Increased residential exposure to greenness was associated with decreased risk of dyslipidemia. A non-linear dose-response relationship between greenness and dyslipidemia suggests that specific thresholds of greenness need to be reached in order to achieve effects. BMI, PM2.5, and PM10 partially mediated the association.

Exploring potential shared genetic influences between rheumatoid arthritis and blood lipid levels.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and blood lipid levels has often been described as paradoxical, despite the strong association between RA and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We aimed to clarify the genetic architecture that would explain the relationship between RA and blood-lipid levels, while considering inflammation as measured by C-reactive protein (CRP). METHODS: Genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics were collected from the CHARGE Consortium and Global Lipids Genetics Consortium. Blood-lipid levels includes HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC). Causality was examined by assessing Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis. Pleiotropy, the identification of shared causal variants between traits, was assessed by conducting colocalization analyses. RESULTS: Using the MR Egger method, RA did not appear to causally predict alterations in lipid factors, rather the MR Egger intercept revealed that the genetic relationship between RA and HDL-C, LDL-C and TC may be explained by horizontal pleiotropy (p=0.003, 0.006, and 0.018, respectively). MR was suggestive of a horizontally pleiotropic relationship between CRP and lipid factors, while a causal relationship could not be ruled out. Recurring genes arising from shared causal genetic variants between RA and varying lipid factors included NAT2/PSD3, FADS2/FADS1, SH2B3, and YDJC. CONCLUSIONS: Horizontal pleiotropy appears to explain the genetic relationship between RA and blood-lipid levels. In addition, blood-lipid levels appear to suggest a horizontally pleiotropic relationship to CRP, if not mediated through RA as well. Consideration of the pleiotropic genes between RA and blood lipid levels may aid in enhancing diagnostic means to predict CVD.

Association Between Blood Lipid Levels and Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

ObjectsTo investigate the potential clinical significance between blood lipid levels and lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (LEDVT). Methods: This cohort study included 500 participants, contains 246 patients with LEDVT and 254 patients without LEDVT. The characteristics including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), disease course, ill position, smoking history, history of current illness, drug administration were collected. And blood lipid levels and other clinical parameters including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thromboplastin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), and fibrinogen (FIB), neutrophils (NEUT), platelet (PLT), lymphocyte count (LY) were observed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied. In the present study we particularly focused on the potential associations between blood lipid levels and LEDVT. Results: The risk of LEDVT in participants with HDL-C levels of 0.965 to 1.14 mmol/L, 1.14 to 1.36 mmol/L, and >1.36 mmol/L were 0.366, 0.183, 0.203 times than in controls (<0.965 mmol/L), respectively. Compared to individuals with ApoA1 <1.06 mmol/L, individuals with ApoA1 levels of 1.06 to 1.22 mmol/L, 1.22 to 1.38 mmol/L, and >1.38 mmol/L were related to a decreased risk of LEDVT. The risk of LEDVT in patients with TG levels of 0.985 to 1.37 mmol/L, 1.37 to 1.91 mmol/L, and >1.91 mmol/L were 2.243, 2.224, and 2.540 times higher than that of those with TG <0.985 mmol/L, respectively. The risk of LEDVT in subjects with 4.57< TC <5.17 mmol/L was 0.471-fold than that of those with TC <3.97 mmol/L. Conclusion: The present study indicates that higher levesl of HDL-C and ApoA1 could be associated with a decreased risk of LEDVT, while higher TG levels might be associated with an increased risk of LEDVT. In addition, within the normal range, high TC levels were associated with decreased risk of LEDVT. These findings may help clinicals to identify early and treat those patients with a high-risk of LEDVT at proper time, which could improve patients' life quality.

Nonlinear associations between environmental factors and lipid levels in middle-aged and elderly population in China: A national cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Blood lipid is an important factor affecting cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and elderly people. At present, the associations between environmental factors and blood lipid level in elderly people has been controversial, and the nonlinear effect of their relationship is lack of research. METHODS: This study used data from a national cross-sectional survey of blood lipid levels in 13,354 subjects and data from environmental monitoring sites. Logistic regression was used to measure the relationship between the basic characteristics of the study population and blood lipid levels. After controlling the confounding factors, the nonlinear associations between environmental factors and blood lipid levels of middle-aged and elderly people in different geographical regions were studied by random forest model. RESULTS: The risk of dyslipidemia is significantly higher in middle-aged women, obese people, elderly people, and urban people. Smoking and alcohol consumption increase the risk. The associations between environmental factors and lipid levels of middle-aged and elderly people are nonlinear, the correlation effect between air pollutants and blood lipid level is mainly shown in northern China, and the correlation between meteorological factors and blood lipid level is more obvious in southern China. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the associations between environmental factors and lipid levels in middle-aged and elderly population are nonlinear and have regional differences. Therefore it should be considered in optimizing the allocation of public health resources and preventing and controlling environmental exposure of middle-aged and elderly population.

Application of a Novel Prediction Model for Predicting 2-Year Risk of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Non-Obese Population with Normal Blood Lipid Levels: A Large Prospective Cohort Study from China.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a nomogram to better assess the 2-year risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in non-obese population with normal blood lipid levels. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was a secondary analysis of a prospective study. We included 3659 non-obese adults with normal blood lipid levels without NAFLD at baseline. A total of 2744 participants were included in the development cohort and 915 participants were included in the validation cohort. The least absolute contraction selection operator (LASSO) regression model was used to identify the best risk factors. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to construct the prediction model. The performance of the prediction model was assessed using Harrell's consistency index (C-index), area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve and calibration curve. Decision curve analysis was applied to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the prediction model. RESULTS: After LASSO regression analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis on the development cohort, BMI, TG, DBIL, ALT and GGT were found to be risk predictors and were integrated into the nomogram. The C-index of development cohort and validation cohort was 0.819 (95% CI, 0.798 to 0.840) and 0.815 (95% CI, 0.781 to 0.849), respectively. The AUROC of 2-year NAFLD risk in the development cohort and validation cohort was 0.831 (95% CI, 0.811 to 0.851) and 0.797 (95% CI, 0.765 to 0.829), respectively. From calibration curves, the nomogram showed a good agreement between predicted and actual probabilities. The decision curve analysis indicated that application of the nomogram is more effective than the intervention-for-all-patients scheme. CONCLUSION: We developed and validated a nomogram for predicting 2-year risk of NAFLD in the non-obese population with normal blood lipid levels.

Relationships between Maternal Dietary Patterns and Blood Lipid Levels during Pregnancy: A Prospective Cohort Study in Shanghai, China.

The relationships between maternal dietary patterns and blood lipid profile during pregnancy have not been well understood. We aimed to analyze the dietary patterns of pregnant women and their associations with blood lipid concentrations during pregnancy. A cohort of 1008 Chinese pregnant women were followed from 10-15 weeks of gestation to delivery. Their dietary patterns were identified using a principal component analysis. The relationships between dietary pattern score and maternal blood lipid concentrations were assessed using both multivariate linear regression models and generalized estimating equation (GEE) models. Five different dietary patterns were identified. GEE showed that a high score for the fish-shrimps pattern was associated with higher concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) (ß = 0.11), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (ß = 0.07), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (ß = 0.03), with all p values < 0.001. In contrast, a high tubers-fruit-vegetables pattern score was associated with lower concentrations of TC (ß = -0.12), LDL-C (ß = -0.07), and HDL-C (ß = -0.03), with all p values < 0.001. In addition, dietary protein, carbohydrate, and cholesterol intake significantly contributed to the associations between the fish-shrimps dietary pattern and blood lipid concentrations. Predominant seafood consumption is associated with higher cholesterol concentrations, whereas predominant tuber, fruit, and vegetable consumptions are associated with lower cholesterol concentrations during pregnancy.

Association between fasting plasma glucose and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a nonobese Chinese population with normal blood lipid levels: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) is an easily quantifiable and inexpensive metabolic marker, which is often used to assess cardiovascular disease and diabetes. However, there have been limited studies on the association between FPG and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk in nonobese people, especially in Chinese individuals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between FPG and NAFLD in nonobese Chinese people with normal blood lipid levels. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, 9767 nonobese participants with normal blood lipid levels without NAFLD were recruited and prospectively followed for 5 years. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate the risk factors of NAFLD. Moreover, a Cox model with cubic spline functions and smooth curve fitting (the cubic spline smoothing) were used to identify the nonlinear association between FPG and NAFLD. RESULTS: During the 5-year follow-up, 841 (8.61%) participants were diagnosed with NAFLD. The good functional results (without NAFLD) estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method for 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, and 5 years were 98.84, 95.35, 91.67%, 87.57 and 74.86%, respectively. Additionally, through the Cox proportional hazard model, after adjusting for other covariates, there was an independent positive correlation between FPG and increased NAFLD risk (HR:1.21, 95% CI:1.15-1.28, P < 0.0001), and the NAFLD risk was incrementally higher with the rising FPG quartile. The nonlinear association between FPG and NAFLD was visualized by cubic spline smoothing technique. It was calculated that the inflection point of FPG was 5.54. When FPG ≤ 5.54, there was a positive correlation between FPG and the risk of NAFLD (HR:2.20, 95% CI:1.78-2.73, P < 0.0001). When FPG > 5.54, the risk of NAFLD increased by 50% (HR:1.10, 95% CI:1.02-1.18, P = 0.0159) compared with the left side of the inflection point and gradually leveled off. CONCLUSIONS: In a nonobese Chinese population with normal lipid levels, there is an independent nonlinear association between FPG and NAFLD, and the increase in FPG may indicate an increased risk of NAFLD. Additionally, this independent association is more obvious in the short stature population.

Study on the correlation between pterygium and single blood lipid and its ratio / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To study the serum lipids changes and lipid ratiosin patients with pterygium. <p>METHODS: Based on the retrospective study, 500 pterygium patients who were admitted to the department of ophthalmology and had finished physical examination in the physical examination center of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University from January 2016 to February 2019 were included. As well as 500 people who underwent health examination and were matched in age and gender at the same time. The serum levels of triglycerides(TG), total cholesterol(TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), were measured by professionals in hospital. TG/HDL, TC/HDL, LDL/HDL were calculated and analyzed statistically between the two groups.<p>RESULTS: Among the 500 patients with pterygium, abnormal serum lipid content accounted for 68.2%(341/500). TG, TC, LDL-C level and TG/HDL, TC/HDL and LDL/HDL were higher in pterygium group than control, and with statistically significant differences(<i>P</i><0.001). While serum HDL level was lower than that in control group and with no statistically significant differences(<i>P</i>>0.05). According to Logistic analysis, TG(<i>OR</i>=4.132), TC(<i>OR</i>=2.194), TG/HDL(<i>OR</i>=2.184)and TC/HDL(<i>OR</i>=2.007)were risk factors for pterygium(<i>P</i><0.05). <p>CONCLUSION: Dyslipidemia is an important factor in the pathogenesis of pterygium. It is very necessary for the patients with pterygium to control the level of blood lipids because it has important clinical significance for the attack and treatment of them.

ε3/4 genotype of the apolipoprotein E is associated with higher risk of Alzheimer's disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

As a progressive and chronic disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia with rising prevalence worldwide. The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene may be risk factor of severe peripheral neuropathy in T2DM patients. The association of ApoE polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in T2DM patients remains largely unknown. Totally 156 T2DM patients with AD and 145 T2DM patients were included. The genotypes and allele frequency of ApoE were analyzed to explore the role of ApoE in AD in T2DM patients. The levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyeride (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) were detected to further investigate mechanism of ApoE. Genotype frequency ratio of genotype ε3/4, ε4/4 and allele ε4 among the T2DM patients with AD was obviously increased. The TC, TG and LDL-C levels of T2DM patients with ε3/4 genotype were higher than those with ε3/3 or ε2/3 genotype and the ε3/4 genotype, while the HDL-C level was on the contrary, suggesting that ε3/4 genotype elevated blood lipid levels in T2DM patients with AD, thus increasing the risk of AD in T2DM patients. ApoE polymorphism was associated with AD in T2DM patients. ApoE ε3/4 genotype was possibly to serve as a risk factor for AD in T2DM patients by enhancing the blood lipid levels.

The association between population density and blood lipid levels in Dutch blood donors.

BACKGROUND: In low and middle-income countries (LMIC), the total and LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels of residents of urban areas are reported to be higher than those of rural areas. This may be due to differences in lifestyle behaviors between residents of urban areas and rural areas in LMIC. In this study, our aims were to (1) examine whether or not LDL cholesterol, total/HDL ratios and triglyceride levels of individuals in densely populated areas are higher than those of individuals living in less-densely populated areas in a high-income country (HIC) and (2) investigate the potential mediating roles of physical activity and sedentary behavior. METHODS: We used cross-sectional data from 2547 Dutch blood donors that participated in Donor InSight-III. Linear regression was used to analyze the association between population density and LDL cholesterol, total/HDL cholesterol ratio and HDL cholesterol. The mediating roles of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary behavior were investigated in a subsample (n = 740) for which objectively measured MVPA/sedentary behavior data was available. Multiple mediation with linear regression analyses were performed and the product-of-coefficients method was used to calculate direct and indirect effects. RESULTS: Mean LDL cholesterol and median total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio and triglyceride levels were 2.89, 3.43 and 1.29 mmol/L, respectively. Population density was not associated with LDL cholesterol [ß 0.00 (- 0.01; 0.01)], log transformed total/HDL cholesterol ratio [ß 1.00 (1.00; 1.00)] and triglyceride levels [ß 1.00 (0.99; 1.00)]. No statistically significant direct or indirect effects were found. CONCLUSION: Contrary to previous findings in LMIC, no evidence was found that population density is associated with blood lipid levels in blood donors in the Netherlands or that MVPA and sedentary behavior mediate this association. This may be the result of socioeconomic differences and, in part, may be due to the good health of the study population and the relatively high population density in the Netherlands. Also, compared to LMIC, differences in physical activity levels in more versus less populated areas may be less pronounced in HIC.

Revealing a Novel Landscape of the Association Between Blood Lipid Levels and Alzheimer's Disease: A Meta-Analysis of a Case-Control Study.

Objectives: Blood lipid profiles have been ambiguously reported as biomarkers of AD in recent years. This study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between blood lipid levels and AD in later-life and to explore the effectiveness and reliability of blood lipid profiles as biomarkers of AD. Methods: Database searching was conducted using PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Medline. This study was designed following the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) criteria. Review Manager 5.3 (RevMan 5.3) software was adopted to perform meta-analysis evaluating the standard mean difference (SMD) with its 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: A total of 5,286 participants were enrolled from 27 case-control studies in this meta-analysis. The pooled results demonstrated that total cholesterol (TC) level was significantly associated with AD in late-life (SMD = 0.17, 95% CI: [0.01, 0.32], P = 0.03), especially in the subgroup under 70 years old (SMD: 0.45, 95% CI: [0.11, 0.79], P = 0.01) and the subgroup of Western population (SMD: 0.29, 95% CI: [0.04, 0.53], P = 0.02). In the subgroup under 70 years old, the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level (SMD = -0.50, 95% CI: [-0.76, -0.25], P = 0.0001) and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level (SMD = 0.59, 95% CI: [0.02, 1.16], P = 0.04) in the AD group were significantly lower and higher than in the control group, respectively. In the subgroup with a sample size larger than 100 subjects, the LDL-C level was significantly higher in AD patients than in the control elderly group (SMD = 0.31, 95% CI: [0.05, 0.56], P = 0.02). There was no significant association between triglyceride (TG) levels and AD in later-life (SMD = -0.00, 95% CI: [-0.12, 0.12], P = 1.00). Conclusion: TC can be a new predictive biomarker of AD or cognitive decline in later-life. Increased TC levels are found to be associated with an elevated risk of AD. Decreased HDL-C levels and increased LDL-C levels may relate to an elevated risk of AD in subjects aged 60-70. Further comprehensive researches will be necessary in the future.

Effect of Baduanjin exercises on elevated blood lipid levels of middle-aged and elderly individuals: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and effect on elevated blood lipid levels of Baduanjin exercises in middle-aged and elderly individuals. METHODS: A systematic literature search for articles up to March 2017 will be conducted using seven databases: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Science and Technology Periodicals Database, Chinese BioMedical Database and Wanfang Data. Inclusion criteria are randomised controlled trials of Baduanjin exercises that examine blood lipid levels in middle-aged and elderly individuals. The primary outcome measures will be total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Stata V.13.0 software will be used for data synthesis, sensitivity analysis, metaregression, subgroup analysis and risk of bias assessment. A funnel plot will be developed to evaluate reporting bias and Begg and Egger tests will be used to assess funnel plot symmetries. We will use the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system to assess the quality of evidence. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This systematic review will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. Our findings will provide information about the safety of Baduanjin exercises for middle-aged and elderly individuals and their effect on elevated blood lipid levels. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD 42017060613.