Comparative effects of lifelong moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training on blood lipid levels and mental well-being in naturally ageing mice.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the impact of lifelong exercise, including both moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training, on blood lipid levels and mental behaviour in naturally ageing mice to identify effective exercise strategies for ageing-related health issues. METHODS: Six-week-old male BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to one of four groups: young control (YC), natural ageing control (OC), lifelong moderate-intensity continuous exercise (EM), and lifelong high-intensity interval exercise (EH) groups. The EM group was trained at a speed corresponding to 70 % of the maximum running speed, while the EH group was trained at a running speed alternating between 50 % of the maximum running speed, 70 % of the maximum running speed, and 90 % of the maximum running speed. All exercise sessions were conducted three times per week, with each session lasting 50 min. Behavioural tests and blood sample collection were conducted at 72 weeks of age. RESULTS: Ageing in mice led to changes in muscle and fat mass. Both the EM and EH groups showed greater muscle mass and lower fat mass than did the OC group. Ageing was associated with elevated anxiety (fewer open arm entries, time spent in the central region) and depression (lower sucrose preference) indicators. However, these changes were reversed in both exercise groups, with no differences between the two exercise groups. Blood lipid levels, including total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and free fatty acid (FFA) levels, were greater in the OC group than in the YC group. Additionally, the OC group exhibited lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. However, both the EM and EH groups exhibited improved lipid profiles compared to those of the YC group. CONCLUSION: Lifelong exercise, whether moderate-intensity continuous or high-intensity interval training, can preserve body health during ageing, prevent anxiety and depression, and maintain stable blood lipid levels. Both exercise types are equally effective, suggesting that exercise intensity may not be the critical factor underlying these beneficial adaptations.

Effects of physical activity on blood lipids and HbA1c in healthy pregnant women: the FitMum randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: Maternal blood lipid and glucose concentrations during pregnancy affect fetal growth and the risk of pregnancy and delivery complications. We aimed to investigate the effects of physical activity (PA) during pregnancy on maternal blood lipid and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) concentrations. We hypothesized that higher PA was associated with improved lipid profile and glycemic control. METHODS: In a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial, we included 216 pregnant women before week 15+0 and tested the effects of two different PA interventions throughout pregnancy compared to standard care on maternal blood lipid and HbA1c concentrations. Additionally, we investigated the effect of PA per se measured by an activity tracker. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride, and HbA1c concentrations were measured at week ≤15+0, 28+0-6, 34+0-6, and at delivery (week 32+1 to 42+0). Effects of the interventions and PA per se were tested using linear mixed effects models and linear regression analyses, respectively. RESULTS: No effects of the PA interventions were detected on maternal lipids or HbA1c during pregnancy. In PA per se analyses, more minutes per week of moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA were associated with less increase in TC (-1.3E-04, p=0.020) and LDL-C (-8.5E-05, p=0.035) as pregnancy progresses. More active kilocalories were associated with less increase in TC (-5.5E-05, p<0.001), HDL-C (-9.5E-06, p=0.024), and LDL-C (-3.2E-05, p=0.005). CONCLUSION: Whilst there were no effects of offering PA interventions, higher PA was associated with reduced increases in total cholesterol, HDL-C, and LDL-C as pregnancy progressed.

Effects of Different Aerobic Exercises on Blood Lipid Levels in Middle-Aged and Elderly People: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis Based on Randomized Controlled Trials.

With increasing age, dyslipidemia becomes a common health problem in the middle-aged and elderly population, posing a significant risk of cardiovascular disease. Aerobic exercise, as a non-pharmacological intervention, is considered to be effective in improving blood lipid levels, but the extent to which different types of aerobic exercise affect blood lipids is not clear. This study aims to investigate the effects of 12 different aerobic exercises on total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in middle-aged and elderly people aged 45 years and over through systematic review and Bayesian network Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. We systematically searched relevant databases and included eligible randomized controlled trials. Bayesian network meta-analysis was used to compare the effects of 12 types of aerobic exercise on lipid levels. A total of 487 randomized controlled trials involving middle-aged and elderly people over 45 years old were included. The results of the network meta-analysis showed that all types of aerobic exercise could reduce blood lipid levels compared with no intervention in middle-aged and elderly people. In terms of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, swimming had the most significant effect. For HDL cholesterol, dance showed a better effect. Studies have shown that swimming and dancing have a positive effect on improving blood lipid levels in middle-aged and elderly people. It is recommended to choose the appropriate type of exercise according to personal preference and physical condition.

Effects of different HIIT protocols on exercise performance, metabolic adaptation, and fat loss in middle-aged and older adults with overweight.

Introduction: There is evidence that aging and obesity are associated with increased oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) may be superior to moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) in anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity benefits. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine which HIIT prescriptions will be more effective in reducing fat accumulation, inflammation, and improving metabolic adaptation and exercise performance in middle-aged and older overweight adults. Methods: Thirty-six middle-aged with overweight adults were divided into one of three groups: 1. L-HIIT group: the long-interval HIIT group (4 × 4 min Exercise/4 min Rest), 2. M-HIIT group: the medium-interval HIIT group (8 × 2 min Exercise/2 min Rest), 3. Control group: no exercise training intervention. All groups underwent the training stage for eight weeks (three sessions per week), followed by a detraining stage of four weeks in order to investigate the effects induced by different HIIT interventions on inflammation, metabolic adaptation, anti-fatigue and exercise performance, and fat loss Results: There was a significant physiological response in the change rate of heart rate (HR) after an acute L-HIIT session compared with an acute M-HIIT session (ΔHR: ↑49.66±16.09% vs ↑33.22±14.37%, p=0.02); furthermore, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) decreased significantly following a single L-HIIT session. After an eight-week training stage, the L-HIIT and M-HIIT groups exhibited a significant increase in aerobic capacity (ΔVO2peak), with values of +27.93±16.79% (p<0.001) and +18.39±8.12% (p<0.001), respectively, in comparison to the control group. Furthermore, in the L-HIIT group, the anaerobic power of relative mean power (RMP) exhibited a significant increase (p=0.019). However, following a four-week detraining stage, the adiponectin concentration remained 1.78 times higher in the L-HIIT group than in the control group (p=0.033). The results of blood sugar, blood lipids, body composition, and inflammatory markers did not indicate any improved it did not indicate any improvements from the two different HIIT protocols. Conclusions: The results indicate that an eight-week L-HIIT or M-HIIT intervention (three sessions per week, 32 minutes per session) may be an effective approach for improving aerobic capacity. It can be posited that L-HIIT may be a more advantageous mode than M-HIIT for enhancing anaerobic power, adipokine levels, and improving blood pressure in an aged and overweight population due to the induced physiological responses.

Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Foods on Lipids and Oxidative Stress Status in Patients with Hyperlipidemia: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: Hyperlipidemia has been demonstrated to be an autonomous predictor of numerous cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ailments, and research indicates that polyphenols have preventive and therapeutic effects on hyperlipidemia. Nevertheless, the impact of polyphenol-rich foods on blood lipids and oxidative stress status in patients with hyperlipidemia remains inconclusive. Objective: To examine the impact of polyphenol-rich foods on lipid levels and oxidative stress in individuals with hyperlipidemia. Methods: To retrieve papers published from the establishment of the database through October 9, 2023, eight databases were searched: the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, the China Biomedical Literature Database, the Wanfang Database, the China Science and Technology Journal Database, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and the Web of Science. The quality of include studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias in Randomized Trials tool, v2. Results: The study involved 13 surveys encompassing 640 patients diagnosed with hyperlipidemia. The scope of the food surveys included 12 commonly consumed food groups and medicinal and food homologous substances. All 13 studies reported the effects of polyphenol-rich foods on blood lipids, with significant improvements observed in blood lipid levels for 9 types of foods. Eight studies examined the impact on oxidative stress, and six foods demonstrated a significant reduction in oxidative stress levels. The observed effects were found to be influenced by factors such as dosage, duration of intervention, and gender. Conclusion: Foods abundant in polyphenols play a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia by counteracting oxidative stress and regulating metabolic disorders. The confirmation of certain positive effects by several studies notwithstanding, discrepancies in results arise from various factors, necessitating further large-scale, prospective, well-designed randomized controlled studies to address this issue.

Type 3 resistant starch from Canna edulis reduce lipid levels in patients with mild hyperlipidemia through altering gut microbiome: A double- blind randomized controlled trial.

Type 3 resistant starch from Canna edulis (Ce-RS3) is an insoluble dietary fiber which could improve blood lipids in animals, but clinically robust evidence is still lacking. We performed a double-blind randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of Ce-RS3 on lipids in mild hyperlipidemia. One hundred and fifteen patients were included followed the recruitment criteria, and were randomly allocated to receive Ce-RS3 or placebo (native starch from Canna edulis) for 12 weeks (20 g/day). In addition to serum lipids, complete blood counts, serum inflammatory factors, antioxidant indexes, and dietary survey, 16 S rRNA sequencing technique was utilized to analyze the gut microbiota alterations. Targeted quantitative metabolomics (TQM) was used to detect metabolite changes. Compared with the placebo, Ce- RS3 significantly decreased levels of total cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol, and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased the glutathione peroxidase. Based on the 16 S rRNA sequencing, TQM, the correlation analysis, as well as the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes (KEGG) and Genomes and Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) analysis, we found that Ce-RS3 could increase the abundances of genera Faecalibacterium and Agathobacter, while reduce the abundances of genera norank_f_Ruminococcaceae and Christensenellaceae_R-7_ group to regulate phenylalanine metabolism, which could reduce the fatty acid biosynthesis and fatty acid elongation in the mitochondria to lower blood lipids. Conclusively, we firstly confirmed the feasibility of Ce-RS3 for clinical application, which presents a novel, effective therapy for the mild hyperlipidemia. (Chictr. org. cn. Clinical study on anti-mild hyperlipidemia of Canna edulis RS3 resistant starch, ID Number: ChiCTR2200062871).

Effects of high-quality protein supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with metabolic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Uncertainties still existed about the effect of high-quality protein supplementation on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, although high-quality proteins such as soy and milk proteins have proposed to be beneficial for cardiometabolic health. METHODS: A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Embase was conducted to quantify the impact of high-quality protein on CVD risk factors. RESULTS: 63 RCTs on 4 types of high-quality protein including soy protein, milk protein, whey, and casein were evaluated. Soy protein supplementation decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP, -1.42 [-2.68, -0.17] mmHg), total cholesterol (TC, -0.18 [-0.30, -0.07] mmol/L), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, -0.16 [-0.27, -0.05] mmol/L). Milk protein supplementation decreased SBP (-2.30 [-3.45, -1.15] mmHg) and total cholesterol (-0.27 [-0.51, -0.03] mmol/L). Whey supplementation decreased SBP (-2.20 [-3.89, -0.51] mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (DBP, -1.07 [-1.98, -0.16] mmHg), triglycerides (-0.10 [-0.17, -0.03] mmol/L), TC (-0.18 [-0.35, -0.01] mmol/L), LDL-C (-0.09 [-0.16, -0.01] mmol/L) and fasting blood insulin (FBI, -2.02 [-3.75, -0.29] pmol/L). Casein supplementation decreased SBP (-4.10 [-8.05, -0.14] mmHg). In the pooled analysis of four high-quality proteins, differential effects were seen in individuals with different health status. In hypertensive individuals, high-quality proteins decreased both SBP (-2.69 [-3.50, -1.87] mmHg) and DBP (-1.34 [-2.09, -0.60] mmHg). In overweight/obese individuals, high-quality proteins improved SBP (-1.40 [-2.22, -0.59] mmHg), DBP (-2.59 [-3.20, -1.98] mmHg), triglycerides (-0.09 [-0.15, -0.02] mmol/L), TC (-0.14 [-0.22, -0.05] mmol/L), LDL-C (-0.12 [-0.16, -0.07] mmol/L), and HDL-C levels (0.02 [0.01, 0.04] mmol/L). According to the benefits on CVD risks factors, whey ranked top for improving cardiometabolic health in hypertensive or overweight/obese individuals. CONCLUSION: Our study supports a beneficial role of high-quality protein supplementation to reduce CVD risk factors. Further studies are still warranted to investigate the effects of different high-quality proteins on CVD risks in individuals with cardiometabolic disorders.

The association between telomere length and blood lipids: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Background: Observational studies suggest an association between telomere length (TL) and blood lipid (BL) levels. Nevertheless, the causal connections between these two traits remain unclear. We aimed to elucidate whether genetically predicted TL is associated with BL levels via Mendelian randomization (MR) and vice versa. Methods: We obtained genetic instruments associated with TL, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) from large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs). The causal relationships between TL and BL were investigated via bidirectional MR, multivariable MR and mediation analysis methods. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was employed as the principal methodology, complemented by several other estimators to enhance the robustness of the analysis. Results: In the forward MR analyses, we identified significant positive correlation between genetically predicted TL and the levels of TG (ß=0.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01 to 0.06, p = 0.003). In the reverse MR analysis, TG (ß=0.02, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.03, p = 0.004), LDL-C (ß=0.03, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.04, p = 0.001) and ApoB (ß=0.03, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.04, p = 9.71×10-5) were significantly positively associated with TL, although this relationship was not observed in the multivariate MR analysis. The mediation analysis via two-step MR showed no significant mediation effects acting through obesity-related phenotypes in analysis of TL with TG, while the effect of LDL-C on TL was partially mediated by body mass index (BMI) in the reverse direction, with mediated proportion of 12.83% (95% CI: 0.62% to 25.04%). Conclusions: Our study indicated that longer TL were associated with higher TG levels, while conversely, higher TG, LDL-C, and ApoB levels predicted longer TL, with BMI partially mediating these effects. Our findings present valuable insights into the development of preventive strategies and interventions that specifically target TL-related aging and age-related diseases.

Association between maternal blood lipids and neonatal hypoglycaemia in pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevalence is on the rise globally. Offspring of diabetic mothers face increased risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia (NH), and women with GDM have abnormal lipid profiles. However, there is no consensus on the link between maternal blood lipids and NH in infants from mothers with GDM. This study aimed to explore how maternal blood lipids affect NH. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. Information on participants' baseline characteristics and maternal metabolic profiles of glucose and lipids was collected. Significant variables from the univariate analysis were included in logistic regression, which was used to construct the predictive model for NH. A nomogram was constructed for visualizing the model and assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). RESULTS: Neonatal capillary blood glucose (CBG) decreased rapidly in the first hour after birth, increased gradually from the first to the second hour, and then remained stable. In the NH group, 86.11% (502/583) of hypoglycaemia cases occurred within the first two hours after birth. Multivariate logistic regression suggested that the lipid indices of maternal apoprotein B/apoprotein A1 (Apo-B/Apo-A1) (odds ratio (OR) = 1.36, 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 1.049-1.764, P = 0.02) and apoprotein E (Apo-E) (OR = 1.014, 95% CIs: 1.004-1.024, P = 0.004) were positively associated with NH in neonates from mothers with GDM. Triglycerides (TGs) (OR = 0.883, 95% CIs: 0.788-0.986, P = 0.028) were inversely associated with NH. Maternal glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), age, twin pregnancy and caesarean delivery also had predictive value of NH. The AUC of the nomogram derived from these factors for the prediction model of NH was 0.657 (95% CIs: 0.630-0.684). CONCLUSIONS: The present study revealed that the Apo-B/Apo-A1 and Apo-E levels were associated with an increased risk of NH. A nomogram was developed to forecast the risk of NH in babies born to mothers with GDM, incorporating maternal blood lipids, HbA1c, age, twin pregnancy, and caesarean section. The trajectory of glycaemia for neonates indicates the need for intensive CBG monitoring within 2 h of birth for neonates from mothers with GDM.

Dual stimulus-responsive renewable nanoadsorbent for selective adsorption of low-density lipoprotein in serum.

Selective removal of ultra-high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from the blood of hyperlipemia patients using hemoperfusion is considered an efficient method to prevent the deterioration of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Based on the exceptional structure-function properties of multistimulus-responsive materials, we developed a magnetic photorenewable nanoadsorbent (Fe3O4@SiO2@Azo-COOH) with outstanding selectivity and regenerative characteristics, featuring functionalized azobenzene as the ligand. The dual-stimulus response endowed Fe3O4@SiO2@Azo-COOH with rapid separation and photoregenerative properties. The adsorbent demonstrated excellent removal efficiency of LDL with an adsorption capacity of 15.06 mg/g, and highly repetitive adsorption performance (≥5 cycles) under irradiation. Fe3O4@SiO2@Azo-COOH also exhibited remarkable adsorption properties and selectivity in human serum, with adsorption capacities of 10.93, 21.26 and 9.80 mg/g for LDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides and only 0.77 mg/g for high-density lipoprotein (HDL), resulting in a 93% selective adsorption difference (LDL/HDL). Complete green regeneration of the nanoadsorbent was achieved through a simple regeneration process, maintaining a recovery rate of 99.4% after five regeneration experiments. By combining dynamic perfusion experiment with micromagnetic microfluidics, the LDL content decreased by 16.6%. Due to its superior adsorption capacity and regenerative properties, the dual stimulus-responsive nanosorbent is considered a potential hemoperfusion adsorbent.

Association between blood lipids and diabetes mellitus in older Chinese adults aged 65 years or older: a cross-sectional analysis of residents' electronic health records.

AIM: This study aimed to investigate how blood lipids are associated with diabetes among older Chinese adults. METHODS: 3,268,928 older Chinese adults without known diabetes were included. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were conducted to study associations between blood lipids (total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TG], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]) and diabetes. RESULTS: 202,832 diabetes cases were included. Compared with the lowest quintiles, TC, TG, and LDL-C in the highest quintiles showed a higher diabetes prevalence risk and HDL-C presented a lower risk in multivariate-adjusted logistic regression models. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the highest quintiles of TC, TG, and HDL-C were 1.39 (1.37-1.41), 2.56 (2.52-2.60), and 0.73 (0.72-0.74), respectively. For LDL-C, 3-5% lower risk was found in the second and third quintiles, and 4-23% higher risk was found in the fourth and fifth quintiles. RCS curves showed a non-linear relationship between each blood lipid parameters and diabetes (P-non-linear < 0.001). TG and HDL-C curves presented monotonically increasing and L-shaped patterns, respectively, whereas TC and LDL-C curves exhibited a J-shaped pattern. When TC < 4.04 mmol/L or LDL-C < 2.33 mmol/L, ORs of diabetes increased with the decrease of corresponding indexes. However, after excluding participants with lower LDL-C, the J-shaped association with TC disappeared. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates non-linear associations between lipids and diabetes. Low cholesterol levels are associated with a high risk of diabetes. The cholesterol paradox should be considered during lipid-lowering treatments.

Morning physical activity may be more beneficial for blood lipids than afternoon physical activity in older adults: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The effect of differences in daily physical activity patterns on blood lipids has not been determined. This study examines the effects of the differences in free-living daily physical activity patterns (amount and intensity) on blood lipid levels in older adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 51 older participants (71.8 ± 0.6 years, men = 8, women = 43). A triaxial accelerometer was used to assess physical activity patterns. The time from awakening to bedtime for each participant was used for group classification based on the amount (number of steps) and intensity (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, MVPA) of physical activity. The morning step group (M Step) was defined as those who took more steps in the morning, and the afternoon step group (A Step) was defined as those who took more steps in the afternoon. The same method was used for MVPA (morning MVPA: M MVPA; afternoon MVPA: A MVPA). Blood samples were collected at the start of the study to determine blood lipid levels. RESULTS: Number of steps taken showed a trend toward lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in the M Step group compared with the A Step group. The LDL/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio was significantly lower in the M Step group than the A Step group (p < 0.05). The M MVPA group also had higher HDL-C levels and significantly lower LDL/HDL ratios than the A MVPA group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that compared with afternoon physical activity, daily morning physical activity (amount and intensity) is more effective in improving blood lipid levels.

The impact of androgen levels on serum metabolic profiles in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the impact of serum androgen levels on metabolic profiles in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: We included 216 patients with PCOS and 216 healthy individuals selected as the control group. According to the measured serum androgen levels, patients with PCOS were divided into the hyperandrogenism group and non-hyperandrogenism group. Clinical metabolic indicators were assessed and compared between the two groups. Additionally, we assessed the correlation between androgen levels and clinical metabolic indicators. RESULTS: The body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, mF-G score, and acne score, as well as T, LH, LSH/FSH, FPG, Cr, UA, TG, TC, and LDL-C levels were significantly higher in the PCOS group than in the control group. The incidence of hyperandrogenism and clinical hyperandrogenism in the PCOS group was significantly higher than that in the control group. Regarding clinical hyperandrogenism, hirsutism, acne, and acanthosis nigricans were significantly more common in the PCOS group than in the control group. Serum androgen levels were significantly correlated with the mF-G score, acne score, FSH, glucose concentration at 30 min, glucose concentration at 60 min, glucose concentration at 120 min, FINS, N120, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, AUCG, UA, TG, and hHDL-Clevels. CONCLUSION: Elevated serum androgen levels are commonly observed in patients with PCOS and are associated with multiple metabolic abnormalities. Therefore, it is recommended to regularly monitor glucose and lipid metabolism-related indicators in patients with PCOS who have elevated androgen levels.

Short-Term Panax Ginseng Extract Supplementation Reduces Fasting Blood Triacylglycerides and Oxygen Consumption during Sub-Maximal Aerobic Exercise in Male Recreational Athletes.

Ginseng, a popular herbal supplement among athletes, is believed to enhance exercise capacity and performance. This study investigated the short-term effects of Panax ginseng extract (PG) on aerobic capacity, lipid profile, and cytokines. In a 14-day randomized, double-blind trial, male participants took 500 mg of PG daily. Two experiments were conducted: one in 10 km races (n = 31) and another in a laboratory-controlled aerobic capacity test (n = 20). Blood lipid and cytokine profile, ventilation, oxygen consumption, hemodynamic and fatigue parameters, and race time were evaluated. PG supplementation led to reduced total blood lipid levels, particularly in triacylglycerides (10 km races -7.5 mg/dL (95% CI -42 to 28); sub-maximal aerobic test -14.2 mg/dL (95% CI -52 to 23)), while post-exercise blood IL-10 levels were increased (10 km 34.0 pg/mL (95% CI -2.1 to 70.1); sub-maximal aerobic test 4.1 pg/mL (95% CI -2.8 to 11.0)), and oxygen consumption decreased during the sub-maximal aerobic test (VO2: -1.4 mL/min/kg (95% CI -5.8 to -0.6)). No significant differences were noted in race time, hemodynamic, or fatigue parameters. Overall, PG supplementation for 2 weeks showed benefits in blood lipid profile and energy consumption during exercise among recreational athletes. This suggests a potential role for PG in enhancing exercise performance and metabolic health in this population.

Effects of Nigella sativa supplementation on lipid profiles in adults: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Several experiments have suggested that Nigella sativa (N. sativa) supplementation may have a beneficial effect on the lipid profile. However, the results from these trials have been inconclusive. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the impact of N. sativa supplementation on the lipid profile of adult participants. METHODS: We searched Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases until December 2022. Random effects models were used, and pooled data were determined as standardized mean differences with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The findings of 34 studies with 2278 participants revealed that N. sativa supplementation significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC) (SMD: -1.78; 95% CI: -2.20, -1.37, p < 0.001), triglycerides (TG) (SMD: -1.2725; 95% CI: -1.67, -0.83, p < 0.001), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (SMD: -2.45; 95% CI: -3.06, -1.85; p < 0.001) compared to control groups. However, a significant increase was found in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (SMD: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.38, 1.20, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: N. sativa has improved effects on TG, LDL-C, TC, and HDL-C levels. Overall, N. sativa may be suggested as an adjuvant anti-hyperlipidemic agent.

Two-Month Consumption of Orange Juice Enriched with Vitamin D3 and Probiotics Decreases Body Weight, Insulin Resistance, Blood Lipids, and Arterial Blood Pressure in High-Cardiometabolic-Risk Patients on a Westernized Type Diet: Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial.

This study examined the effects of orange juice (OJ) supplemented with vitamin D3 (2000 IU) and probiotics (Lacticaseibacillus casei Shirota and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, 108 cfu/mL) on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults following a Westernized-type diet. Fifty-three high-risk individuals were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Over 8 weeks, one group consumed a vitamin D3 and probiotic-enriched OJ and the other regular OJ (control). Diets remained unchanged and were documented through food diaries. Measures of metabolic and inflammatory markers and blood pressure were measured at the start and end of the study. Post-intervention, the enriched OJ group showed the following significant metabolic improvements (without changes in triglycerides, inflammation, or central blood pressure): reduced fasting insulin, peripheral blood pressure, body weight (-1.4 kg 95% CI: -2.4, -0.4), energy (-270 kcal 95% CI: -553.2, -13.7), macronutrient (dietary fat -238 kcal 95% CI: -11.9, -1.0; carbohydrates -155 kcal 95% CI: -282.4, -27.3; sugars -16.1 g 95% CI: -11.9, -1.0) intake, and better lipid profiles (total cholesterol -10.3 mg/dL 95% CI: -21.4, 0.9; LDL-C -7 mg/dL 95% CI: -13.5, -0.5). The enriched OJ led to weight loss, less energy/macronutrient consumption, improved lipid profiles, and increased insulin sensitivity after 8 weeks in those following a Westernized diet, thus indicating potential benefits for cardiometabolic risk. This study was a part of FunJuice-T2EDK-01922, which was funded by the EU Regional Development Fund and Greek National Resources.

New findings on the risk of hypertension from organophosphorus exposure under different glycemic statuses: The key role of lipids?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Considering the widespread use of organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) and the global prevalence of hypertension (HTN), as well as studies indicating that different glycemic statuses may respond differently to the biological effects of OPs. Therefore, this study, based on the Henan rural cohort, aims to investigate the association between OPs exposure and HTN, and further explores whether lipids mediate these associations. METHODS: We measured the plasma levels of OPs in 2730 participants under different glycemic statuses using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). A generalized linear model, Quantile g-computation (QGC), adaptive elastic net (AENET), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to assess the impact of OPs exposure on HTN, with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) penalty regression identifying main OPs. Mediation models were used to evaluate the intermediary role of blood lipids in the OPs-HTN relationship. RESULTS: The detection rates for all OPs were high, ranging from 76.35 % to 99.17 %. In the normal glucose tolerance (NGT) population, single exposure models indicated that malathion and phenthoate were associated with an increased incidence of HTN (P-FDR < 0.05), with corresponding odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of 1.624 (1.167,2.260) and 1.290 (1.072,1.553), respectively. QGC demonstrated a positive association between OP mixtures and HTN, with malathion and phenthoate being the primary contributors. Additionally, the AENET model's Exposure Response Score (ERS) suggested that the risk of HTN increases with higher ERS (P < 0.001). Furthermore, BKMR revealed that co-exposure to OPs increases HTN risk, with phenthoate having a significant impact. Furthermore, triglycerides (TG) mediated 6.55 % of the association between phenthoate and HTN. However, no association was observed in the impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) populations. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that in the NGT population, OPs may significantly contribute to the development of HTN, proposing TG as a potential novel target for HTN prevention.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Changes in Gut Microbiota and Blood Lipids.

Background and Aims: The global prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is 25%. This study aimed to explore differences in the gut microbial community and blood lipids between normal livers and those affected by NAFLD using 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing. Methods: Gut microbiome profiles of 40 NAFLD and 20 non-NAFLD controls were analyzed. Information about four blood lipids and 13 other clinical features was collected. Patients were divided into three groups by ultrasound and FibroScan, those with a normal liver, mild FL (FL1), and moderate-to-severe FL (FL2). FL1 and FL2 patients were divided into two groups, those with either hyperlipidemia or non-hyperlipidemia based on their blood lipids. Potential keystone species within the groups were identified using univariate analysis and a specificity-occupancy plot. Significant difference in biochemical parameters ion NAFLD patients and healthy individuals were identified by detrended correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis. Results: Decreased gut bacterial diversity was found in patients with NAFLD. Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes decreased as NAFLD progressed. Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus 2 were the most representative fatty-related bacteria. Glutamate pyruvic transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and white blood cell count were selected as the most significant biochemical indexes. Calculation of areas under the curve identified two microbiomes combined with the three biochemical indexes that identified normal liver and FL2 very well but performed poorly in diagnosing FL1. Conclusions: Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcus 2, combined with glutamate pyruvic transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and white blood cell count distinguished NAFLD. We speculate that regulating the health of gut microbiota may release NAFLD, in addition to providing new targets for clinicians to treat NAFLD.

Effects of Supplementation with Microalgae Extract from Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Mi136) to Support Benefits from a Weight Management Intervention in Overweight Women.

BACKGROUND: Microalgae like Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PT) contain the carotenoid, fucoxanthin, which has been purported to promote fat loss, lower blood lipids, and improve glucose management. This study examined whether dietary supplementation with microalgae extracts from PT containing 4.4 mg/d of fucoxanthin affects changes in body composition or health markers in overweight women during an exercise and diet intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 37 females (28.6 ± 7.9 years, 80.2 ± 14.9 kg, 29.6 ± 3.8 kg/m², 41.4 ± 4.2% fat) fasted for 12 h, donated a fasting blood sample, completed health and mood state inventories, and undertook body composition, health, and exercise assessments. In a counterbalanced, randomized, and double-blind manner, participants ingested a placebo (PL), or microalgae extract of Phaeodactylum tricornutum standardized to 4.4 mg of fucoxanthin (FX) for 12 weeks while participating in a supervised exercise program that included resistance-training and walking (3 days/week) with encouragement to accumulate 10,000 steps/day on remaining days of the week. The diet intervention involved reducing energy intake by about -300 kcal/d (i.e., ≈1400-1600 kcals/d, 55% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 15% protein) to promote a -500 kcal/d energy deficit with exercise. Follow-up testing was performed at 6 and 12 weeks. A general linear model (GLM) with repeated measures statistical analysis was used to analyze group responses and changes from baseline with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Dietary supplementation with microalgae extract from PT containing fucoxanthin for 12 weeks did not promote additional weight loss or fat loss in overweight but otherwise healthy females initiating an exercise and diet intervention designed to promote modest weight loss. However, fucoxanthin supplementation preserved bone mass, increased bone density, and saw greater improvements in walking steps/day, resting heart rate, aerobic capacity, blood lipid profiles, adherence to diet goals, functional activity tolerance, and measures of quality of life. Consequently, there appears to be some benefit to supplementing microalgae extract from PT containing fucoxanthin during a diet and exercise program. Registered clinical trial #NCT04761406.