The use of sugar beet pulp in pig diet to control skatole analysed by HPLC quantification method

This study aimed to determine the efficacy of a finishing diet added with sugar beet pulp to reduce backfat skatole of entire male pigs, using the optimised high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method. The study comprised 72 males Pietrain (Large White × Landrace), divided into two groups of 36 animals each. Pigs in group A (treatment) were fed a supplemented formula (addition of 10 % beet pulp). while animals in group B (control) received a commercial feed, both for a period of 14 days before slaughter. The isocratic HPLC method achieved the chromatographic separation of indolic compounds in approximately 3 min. Skatole was significantly lower ( p = 0.002) in group A, showing that beet root supplementation reduced skatole levels in pig fat. In addition, the optimised HPLC method was reliable, less time-consuming, and showed a resolution suitable for small amounts of skatole.(AU)

On the Road to End Pig Pain: Knowledge and Attitudes of Brazilian Citizens Regarding Castration.

We explored the attitudes of Brazilians towards different methods to deal with boar taint in pork (surgical castration without pain control, SC; surgical castration with pain control, SC+PC; immunocastration, IC; raising entire males, EM). Two surveys (Sv1, n = 441 and Sv2, n = 768) containing closed and open questions were conducted. Nearly 70% of Sv1 and Sv2 participants were unaware that meat of entire males may have boar taint and that SC is widely used in pig production in Brazil. In Sv1, acceptability of SC+PC (63%) and IC (53%) was greater than of SC (15%). In Sv2, acceptability of IC (55%) and EM (52%) was greater than of SC (18%). Open-ended responses indicated that participants objected to inflicting pain to pigs to attain a production goal, and were concerned with organoleptic traits and risks of exogenous residues in pork. Participants' views regarding the potential increases in the cost of meat due to adoption of alternative methods varied; some argued that avoiding pain justifies an increase in the price of pork and others that this would impact especially lower income citizens. Our findings indicate that participants opposed surgical castration without pain control, and supported alternative methods. However, the concern with potential risks of presence of residues in meat, expressed by a few participants, may need to be addressed among consumers.

Immunocastration / Inmunocastración / Imunocastração

Immunocastration (IC) of pigs during their finishing phase avoids the traumatic castration surgery (Q) still practiced in many countries to prevent boar taint in pork. We have not found reports on IC evaluated on culled adult boars. In this study we evaluated boar taint, spermatogenesis, and weight loss of adult boars after castration by IC versus Q. A total of 21 boars were used (age: 29 months). The IC boars (n: 12) were injected with Innosure® (Pfizer Inc), with repetition four weeks later. The Q boars (n: 9) were castrated when the IC boars were first injected. Both groups were weighted one month later and slaughtered five weeks after the second injection. Testes of IC slaughtered boars were sampled and compared with the Q group. Odor panels were conducted to test all carcasses and pork. The Q boars lost 0.172 kg BW/animal/ day (p = 0.016), while IC boars did not lose weight (p = 0.359). None of the boars (IC or Q) resulted in tainted pork. The IC testes had lower spermatogenesis compared to Q. It is concluded that IC effectively prevented boar taint through testicle atrophy, and it also resulted in no weight loss after castration. The IC thus becomes an effective and humane castration alternative for these animals.

Durante los primeros días de vida se suele castrar quirúrgicamente a los lechones machos para prevenir el desagradable “olor sexual” de la carne del animal entero una vez sacrificado al final de la ceba. Se sabe que la inmunocastración (IC) en la etapa de ceba es eficaz para evitar la dolorosa, traumática, y riesgosa castración quirúrgica (Q). No hemos encontrado reportes sobre la aplicación de la IC en verracos adultos de descarte, cuyo metabolismo es más lento, y no se sabe cuánto tiempo tomaría eliminar su olor sexual. En este estudio se evaluó olor sexual, espermatogénesis y pérdida de peso de verracos mediante un protocolo de IC de nueve semanas. Veintiún reproductores fueron utilizados (edad: 29 meses). Los verracos IC (n: 12) fueron castrados mediante inyección (2 cc) de Innosure® , con repetición cuatro semanas más tarde. El grupo Q (n: 9) fue castrado el mismo día en que se inyecto la primera dosis de Innosure® al otro grupo. Ambos grupos fueron pesados al inicio del experimento, un mes más tarde y al sacrificio (nueve semanas luego de comenzar el experimento). Los testículos de los IC se colectaron al sacrificio y se compararon con los Q. Se realizaron paneles de olor para las canales y muestras de carne. Los Q perdieron 0.172 kg de peso corporal / animal / día durante las 9 semanas (p=0.016), mientras que los IC no perdieron peso (p= 0.359). En ninguno de los verracos (IC o Q) se detectaron canales o carne con olor sexual. Los testículos IC mostraron menor nivel de espermatogénesis en comparación con los Q. Se concluye que a la dosis aplicada y usando el protocolo de vacunación ensayado, la IC actúa bien en esta etapa fisiológica generando atrofia testicular suficiente para eliminar el olor sexual. La IC se convierte así en una alternativa eficaz y más humana que la Q para estos animales.

A Imunocastração (IC) de suínos durante a fase de terminação substitui o uso de castração cirúrgica (Q) ainda praticada em muitos países para evitar o odor de macho inteiro na carne suína. Não foram encontrados relatórios de uso de Imunocastração para machos adultos de descarte. Neste estudo avaliamos odor de macho inteiro, espermatogênese e perda de peso em cachaços adultos após IC ou Q. Um total de 21 cachaços foram utilizados (idade média de 29 meses). Os cachaços IC (n = 12) receberam Innosure® (Pfizer Inc) intra muscular com uma repetição de injeção após 4 semanas. Os cachaços Q (n-9) foram castrados quando os cachaços IC receberam a primeira dose de Innosure® . Ambos grupos foram pesados um mês após e abatidos cinco semanas após a segunda dose de Innosure®. Os testículos dos cachaços IC foram coletados e comparados com o grupo Q. Painéis de odor foram conduzidos para testar todas carcaças e carne suína. Os cachacos Q perderam 0.172 kg de peso vivo/animal/dia (p= 0.016), enquanto cachaços IC não perderam peso (p=0.359). Odor de macho inteiro não foi detectado em nenhum dos cachaços (IC ou Q). Os testículos do grupo IC mostraram espermatogênese reduzida comparada com grupo Q. Concluímos que IC efetivamente preveniu o odor através de atrofia testicular e também resultou em manutenção do peso após a castração. Ic então se torna uma forma efetiva e uma alternativa humana de castração para estes animais.