Begerowomyces aurantius sp. nov., a novel yeast isolated from koalas' habitat in a Japanese zoological park.

Koalas are iconic mammals indigenous to Australia. These rare animals and their habitats are occasionally associated with pathogenic fungi, including species of Cryptococcus, and consequently, monitoring the mycobiota of areas inhabited by koalas is of considerable importance. In this report, we describe a novel basidiomycetous yeast isolated from a site in Kanazawa Zoo, Japan, associated with captive koalas. Swab samples were collected from koala breeding environments, from which we isolated a novel unencapsulated yeast characterized by ovoid to ellipsoidal cells (3.2-4.9 × 3.5-5 µm). These cells were observed to undergo polar budding and grow as parent bud pairs, with an optimal growth temperature of 28°C. Colonies grown on yeast extract peptone dextrose agar at 28°C have a characteristic coral pink color. On the basis of physiological, morphological, and molecular characters, the new species was placed in the genus Begerowomyces, and the name Begerowomyces aurantius JCM33898T(LSEM1333T=CBS16241T) is proposed.

Occurrence of polychlorinated naphthalenes in dairy cow farms in proximity to an iron smelting plant in China: A preliminary study.

Animal derived foods are the primary pathway for human exposure to polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), and various foodstuffs have been reported to contain PCNs. However, information on how PCN emission sources affect surrounding animal farms is scarce. The present study determined PCN levels in cow's milk, excrement, feed, plant and soil samples collected from four dairy farms situated within 10 km of an iron smelting plant in China. PCN concentrations in the milk samples from all four farms were in the range from 470 to 797 pg/g lipid weight while the PCN concentrations in the other specimens decreased in the order: plant > soil > excrement > feed. Higher PCN concentrations appeared in silage than in other feedstuffs, and the relationships between PCNs in milk, excrement and feed were closer than those in plant and soil. Human exposure risk to PCNs by consuming milk from this region was relatively higher than in less polluted areas.

Utilization of black-tailed gull (Larus crassirostris) eggs for monitoring of mercury levels in coastal areas of South Korea: Preliminary study.

Studies on the monitoring of mercury accumulation using high trophic-level predators of the marine ecosystem have been scarce in South Korea. In this study, we compared the mercury concentrations of the eggs of the black-tailed gulls, a higher-order predator, breeding in two coastal areas. Breeding sites with varying mercury concentrations in land-origin freshwater fish and freshwater and marine sediments were selected in the southeastern (Hongdo Island) and western (Baengnyeongdo Island) seas. The 5-year mean total mercury concentration in eggs collected during the breeding seasons from 2012 to 2016 was higher in those collected from Hongdo than in those collected from Baengnyeongdo. This difference in mercury concentration in eggs was observed for each year. In addition, the total mercury concentration in eggs was consistently higher on Hongdo, which also had higher mercury pollution, than on Baengnyeongdo Island. These results support the suitability of black-tailed gull eggs for monitoring of mercury pollution.

[Seasonal variation of microflora in Sinonovacula constricta and its aquacultural pond based on high-throughput sequencing]. / åŸºäºŽé«˜é€šé‡æµ‹åºçš„ç¼¢è›åŠå ¶å »æ®–æ± å¡˜èŒç¾¤ç»“æž„çš„å­£èŠ‚å˜åŒ–.

In order to explore the seasonal changes of the bacterial community structure and the interaction of environmental factors in Sinonovacula constricta ponds, we used high throughput sequencing technology to examine the bacteria of water, sediment, and viscera. The results showed that microflora structure of water samples in winter was significantly different from that in spring, summer and autumn, while there was no significant difference in bacterial community structure of sediment and viscera in different seasons. There was no significant difference of Shannon diversity index in water across different seasons. The Shannon diversity index of sediment and viscera was the lowest in summer and the highest in winter. At the phylum level, Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria and Tenericutes were the most predominant bacteria in water, sediment, and viscera, respectively. At the genus level, NS3a_marine_group was predominant in winter water, and Synechococcus in the other three seasons. By contrast, dominant bacteria in sediments were norank_f_Anaerolineacea and Nitrospira, and Mycoplasma and Arcobacter were the most abundant bacterial genera in viscera. Synechococcus had a positive correlation with water temperature, COD, PO4--P, NH4+-N, pH, and transparency. The norank_f_Anaerolineacea was positively correlated with water temperature, COD, and TP. Mycoplasma was positively correlated with water temperature, PO4--P, NH4+-N, pH, and transparency. Our results suggest that there were significant differences in the composition and diversity of microflora of S. constricta and ponds in different seasons. Bacteria in water was obviously affected by various environmental factors, especially water temperature and the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus.

From Pig Breeding Environment to Subsequently Produced Pork: Comparative Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Bacterial Community Composition.

It is well verified that pig farms are an important reservoir and supplier of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, little is known about the transmission of ARGs between the breeding environment and subsequently produced pork. This study was conducted to investigate if ARGs and associated host bacteria spread from the breeding environment onto the meat through the food production chain. We thus analyzed the occurrence and abundance of ARGs, as well as comparing both ARG and bacterial community compositions in farm soil, pig feces and pork samples from a large-scale pig farm located in Xiamen, People's Republic of China. Among the 26 target ARGs, genes conferring resistance to sulfonamide, trimethoprim, aminoglycoside, chloramphenicol, macrolide, florfenicol, and tetracycline were observed at high frequency in both the pig breeding environment and pork. The prevalence of ARGs in pork was surprisingly consistent with breeding environments, especially between the pork and feces. The relative abundance of 10 representative ARGs conferring resistance to six classes of antibiotics ranged from 3.01 × 10-1 to 1.55 × 10-6 copies/16S rRNA copies. The ARGs conferring resistance to sulfanilamide (sulI and sulII), aminoglycoside (aadA), and tetracycline [tet(A) and tet(M)] were most highly abundant across most samples. Samples from feces and meat possessed a higher similarity in ARG compositions than samples from the farms soil. Enterobacteriaceae found on the meat samples were further identical with previously isolated multidrug-resistant bacteria from the same pig farm. Our results strongly indicate that ARGs can be potentially spreading from pig breeding environment to meat via the pork industry chain, such as feed supply, pig feeding and pork production.

[Preliminary study on pathogen of Whitmania pigra disease in high temperature environment].

In this paper, on the contrast of healthy leech, the bacterial diversities were analyzed by 16S rDNA sequence analysis of the bacteria of muscle and intestinal tract of Whitmania pigra, the environment water and sediment of cultivating the diseased Wh. pigra in high temperature by high-throughput sequencing to determine the possible pathogenic bacteria of bacterial diseases of Leech in high temperature. The results showed that the original sequence reached over 83 000, and the effective sequences accounted for more than 87%. The GC contents ranged from 52% to 54% and the bacterial diversities were abundant. Bacterial relative abundance analysis showed that the bacterial content of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes was the most abundant in all treatments. Compared with healthy leech muscles and intestines, the muscle and intestinal tract of pathogenic leech relative abundance of Bacteroides, Pseudomonas, and Desulfovibrio was significantly increased, and it was abundant in water and sediment of diseased leeches, Lead to the possibility that the pathogenic bacteria of this bacterial disease may be Bacteroides, Pseudomonas, Desulfovibrio.

[Antibiotic resistance in environment of animal farms].

World Health Organization has recognized antibiotic resistance is one of the serious threats to public health and food-safety in the 21st century. Recently, the antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) has been widely considered as a new pollutant. Now, many studies suggested that animal farm is one of the major reservoirs of ARGs. Antibiotic resistance bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes enter the environment along with animal excrement, accelerating the spread of ARGs in the environment. In the livestock and poultry breeding environment, ARGs and antibiotic resistant bacteria could be transmitted to humans through the food chain, water or air, posing a great threat to public health. This review highlights the prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistant genes in livestock-breeding environment, the retention and spread of ARGs and the method used to study the antibiotic resistance, which will provide certain support for risk assessment of antimicrobial resistance in food animal breeding environment.

Antibiotic resistance in environment of animal farms / 生物工程学报

World Health Organization has recognized antibiotic resistance is one of the serious threats to public health and food-safety in the 21st century. Recently, the antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) has been widely considered as a new pollutant. Now, many studies suggested that animal farm is one of the major reservoirs of ARGs. Antibiotic resistance bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes enter the environment along with animal excrement, accelerating the spread of ARGs in the environment. In the livestock and poultry breeding environment, ARGs and antibiotic resistant bacteria could be transmitted to humans through the food chain, water or air, posing a great threat to public health. This review highlights the prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistant genes in livestock-breeding environment, the retention and spread of ARGs and the method used to study the antibiotic resistance, which will provide certain support for risk assessment of antimicrobial resistance in food animal breeding environment.

Preliminary study on pathogen of Whitmania pigra disease in high temperature environment / 中国中药杂志

In this paper, on the contrast of healthy leech, the bacterial diversities were analyzed by 16S rDNA sequence analysis of the bacteria of muscle and intestinal tract of Whitmania pigra, the environment water and sediment of cultivating the diseased Wh. pigra in high temperature by high-throughput sequencing to determine the possible pathogenic bacteria of bacterial diseases of Leech in high temperature. The results showed that the original sequence reached over 83 000, and the effective sequences accounted for more than 87%. The GC contents ranged from 52% to 54% and the bacterial diversities were abundant. Bacterial relative abundance analysis showed that the bacterial content of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes was the most abundant in all treatments. Compared with healthy leech muscles and intestines, the muscle and intestinal tract of pathogenic leech relative abundance of Bacteroides, Pseudomonas, and Desulfovibrio was significantly increased, and it was abundant in water and sediment of diseased leeches, Lead to the possibility that the pathogenic bacteria of this bacterial disease may be Bacteroides, Pseudomonas, Desulfovibrio.