Safety performance of dedicated and preferential bus lanes using multivariate negative binomial models for Bogotá, Colombia.

Public transport priority systems such as Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and Buses with High Level of Service (BHLS) are top-rated solutions to mobility in low-income and middle-income cities. There is scientific agreement that the safety performance level of these systems depends on their functional, operational, and infrastructure characteristics. However, there needs to be more evidence on how the different characteristics of bus corridors might influence safety. This paper aims to shed some light on this area by structuring a multivariate negative binomial model comparing crash risk on arterial roads, BRT, and BHLS corridors in Bogotá, Colombia. The analyzed infrastructure includes 712.1 km of arterial roads with standard bus service, 194.1 km of BRT network, and 135.6 km of BHLS network. The study considered crashes from 2015 to 2018 -fatalities, injuries, and property damage only- and 30 operational and infrastructure variables grouped into six classes -exposure, road design, infrastructure, public means of transport, and land use. A multicriteria process was applied for model selection, including the structure and predictive power based on [i] Akaike information criteria, [ii] K-fold cross-validation, and [iii] model parsimony. Relevant findings suggest that in terms of observed and expected accident rates and their relationship with the magnitude of exposure -logarithm of average annual traffic volumes at the peak hour (LOG_AAPHT) and the percentage of motorcycles, cars, buses, and trucks- the greatest risk of fatalities, injuries, and property damage occurs in the BHLS network. BRT network provides lower crash rates in less severe collisions while increasing injuries and fatalities. When comparing the BHLS network and the standard design of arterial roads, BHLS infrastructure, despite increasing mobility benefits, provides the lowest safety performance among the three analyzed networks. Individual factors of the study could also contribute to designing safer roads related to signalized intersection density and curvature. These findings support the unique characteristics and traffic dynamics present in the context of Bogotá that could inform and guide decisions of corresponding authorities in other highly dense urban areas from developing countries.

Air circulation study inside and outside of urban buses induced by the opening of windows.

In this work, the external and internal airflow analysis in an urban bus is carried out through computational fluid dynamics. The research addresses the study of the internal flow to estimate the air change rate caused by the opening of windows. Two cases are considered: fully opening and partially opening the windows, and three bus speeds of 20, 40, and 60 km/h are assessed. The quantification of the air flow rate through the windows clearly displays that air enters through the rear windows and exits the bus through the front windows. This effect is explained by the pressure distribution in the outer of the bus, which causes the suction of the indoor air. At low bus speeds, the incoming air flow rate increases linearly with the speed, but the improvement is lower for high speeds. The theoretical air change time at 20 km/h is around 25.7 s, which is 9 times lower than expected by using HVAC systems. On the other hand, the estimation of the real air renewal time by solving a concentration shows that 40 s are needed to exchange 85% of the internal air of the bus. The research also assesses the effect of different levels of occupation inside the bus. Results are conclusive to recommend the circulation with full or partial window opening configurations in order to reduce the risk of airborne disease transmission.

Sleep disorders and fatigue among truck and bus drivers in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Fatigue and sleep disturbances are among the most common disorders suffered by transport drivers. OBJECTIVE: To identify and analyze working conditions for Mexican federal transportation truck and bus drivers, and their connection with sleep disorders and fatigue. METHODS: A cross-sectional, quantitative study was performed with a convenience sample of 172 drivers (84 truck and 88 bus) by applying the Survey Evaluation and Monitoring of Workers Health (PROESSAT in Spanish) and the Yoshitake Fatigue questionnaire. RESULTS: Night work and performing hazardous work increased the prevalence of sleep disorders (PR = 3.9 and PR = 6.9, respectively). Poor lighting and being paid per trip increased the prevalence of fatigue (PR = 2.8 and PR = 2.5, respectively). CONCLUSION: Several conditions were found to impact health, including long work shifts, strenuous physical effort, night work, little social support, being paid by distance, strict quality controls, and risk of crimes such as extortion, robbery, attacks, and kidnapping.

A smart school routing and scheduling problem for the new normalcy.

One of the critical actions that emerged during the onset of the New Normalcy after COVID-19 lockdowns, is the safe return to schools and workplaces. Therefore, dedicated transportation services need to adapt to meet new requirements such as arrival reliability for multiple bell times, the consequent staggering of arrivals and departures, and the decrease in bus capacity due to the physical distancing required by regulators. In this work, we address these issues plus additional labor conditions concerning drivers for a university context; with the goal of optimizing social interests such as covering demand and travel time under limited resources. We propose a bi-level approach, where firstly a bus routing generation sub-problem is solved before a bus scheduling sub-problem. This (strategic) solution is then considered as the baseline for subsequent dynamic (operational) routing. The latter is based on real-time demand provided by the students via a mobile app and considers stop-skipping to further minimize travel time. This integrated transport solution was tested in a university case, showing that with the same resources, it can meet these new requirements. In addition, numerical experimentation was also carried out with benchmark instances to identify, among available and literature-recommended solution algorithms and an effective tailored Tabu Search implementation, those that perform best for this type of problems.

The effect of dynamic lockdowns on public transport demand in times of COVID-19: Evidence from smartcard data.

Governments around the globe have taken different measures to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic, including the lockdown of people to decrease infections. The effect of such a strategy on transport demand is important not only for the current pandemic but also to understand changes in transport use and for future emergencies. We analyse a 2019-2020 database of smartcard data of trips from the city of Santiago, Chile, which followed a dynamic lockdown strategy in which its municipalities were temporarily restricted. We use this variation over time across municipalities to study the effect of lockdowns on public transportation using trips on buses and metro, accounting for the variation of municipalities that were under lockdown in a given day. We found a decrease of 72.3% at the beginning of the pandemic when schools suspended in-person classes, while the dynamic lockdowns reduced public transport demand by 12.1%. We also found that the effect of lockdowns decreased after the fifth week of their application, suggesting a short-term effectiveness of such policy to reduce mobility. Regarding sociodemographic effects, we found that lockdowns have a stronger impact on reducing public transport demand in municipalities with a larger proportion of the elderly population (2% additional reduction per 1% increase in the share of the elderly population) and high-income households (16% additional reduction for 1000 USD increase in GDP per capita).

Whole body vibration influence on bus fare collectors evaluated by using a brain training mobile app.

PURPOSE: The present work aims to study the effects of whole body vibration (WBV) on bus fare collectors through the use of cognitive tests. It is of interest for all individuals working as bus fare collectors or any other activity where logic is of paramount importance and that is performed on a vibrating environment. METHODS: Laboratory simulations were performed in 24 volunteers employing a vibrating platform subjected to vertical vibration. The influence of WBV on cognition was assessed using the performance on a logic game. The frequencies used were 5 Hz and 30 Hz. The acceleration amplitude values were set up as 0.7 m/s2 and 0.2 m/s2. A daily commute was simulated, based on data of the public transport system in the city of Belo Horizonte. A vibration-free test was initially performed to serve as a basis for comparison. RESULTS: The data obtained in all situations were compared and statistically analyzed. At 5 Hz, variation only shows significant after 5 min of vibration ceased as if the residual effect had passed after 5 min of rest. The gender variable was not significant. However, the older the volunteer, the worse the performance. Regarding 30 Hz frequency, the hypotheses did not meet the condition of significance at 5% but showed an opposite tendency indicating, in this situation, a score increase. It is noticed that the female volunteers presented a better performance in relation to the male gender The residual effect lasts for less than 10 min for short exposure intervals, since the score of test 8, in 5 Hz and 30 Hz, show a reduction of performance. CONCLUSIONS: From the results, it was possible to conclude that the frequency of 5 Hz may be related to reduced performance for long exposure times while the 30 Hz frequency has positive effects on cognition as the exposure time increases. In fact, it is a tendency much more than a clear statistical finding. Regarding comfort, most reports related to the frequency of 5 Hz are linked to the sensation of discomfort and difficulty in focusing visually, whereas, for the frequency of 30 Hz, the reports indicate a feeling of muscular comfort and increased easiness of concentration.

Prevalence of abdominal obesity and associated lifestyle factors in bus drivers in a city in Southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Bus drivers are exposed to unique working conditions. The behavioral and health trends of these workers should be investigated. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of abdominal obesity and associated lifestyle factors in bus drivers in a city in Southern Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 103 bus drivers with mean age of 41 years (±8.5) was conducted. Abdominal obesity was measured through waist circumference using anthropometric tape. To evaluate the different lifestyle domains, the Brazilian version of the Canadian Fantastic Lifestyle questionnaire was used. To check the association between abdominal obesity and lifestyle, binary logistic regression was used, with odds ratio (OR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: It was verified that 26.3% of drivers had abdominal obesity. In addition, bus drivers who had inadequate lifestyle in the "Nutrition" and "Type of behavior" domains were, respectively, 3.6 (95% CI: 1.3-9.5, p = 0.01) and 2.6 times (95% CI: 1.1-6.7; p = 0.04) more likely of having abdominal obesity when compared to those adequate in these lifestyle domains. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one in four drivers had abdominal obesity and the "Nutrition" and "Type of Behavior" domains were associated with abdominal obesity.

Cyclists' exposure to air pollution under different traffic management strategies.

We characterized the air pollution exposure of cyclists in the city center of Curitiba (Brazil) and then systematically analyzed the influence of several traffic management strategies (bus lanes, bicycle lanes, traffic calming area, traffic lights, and cleaner vehicle technologies) on the exposure. We focused on concentrations of particulates monitored on-board bicycles: PM2.5, black carbon mass (BC) and particle number concentration (PNC), and also reported on total volatile organic compound concentrations (TVOC). Overall, mean (± standard deviation) exposure was moderate compared to other cities around the world (BC: 6.98 ± 11.53 µg m--3, PM2.5: 33.22 ± 25.64 µg m-3, PNC: 3.93 × 104 ± 4.17 × 104 cm-3, TVOC: 361 ± 99 ppb). Concentrations were higher in the morning rush hour than in the afternoon traffic peak, and exhibited a large spatial variability. Bus stops and signalized traffic intersections emerged as hotspots when compared to the rest of the journey, increasing all particulate concentrations. Lower exposure was found on streets with low traffic (particularly, small number of heavy-duty vehicles) and within shallow canyon structures. The impact of traffic calming areas on cyclists' exposure is still inconclusive and further experimental and modelling studies are needed. Simple emission calculations based on traffic activity and real-world emission factors suggested that replacing the diesel bus fleet with hybrid electric buses might largely decrease (64%) the exposure to BC in the city center. Urban planners could use this valuable information to project new cycleways, which would lead to healthier active transportation. Synchronizing traffic signals might further reduce exposure at intersections.

Sleep misalignment and circadian rhythm impairment in long-haul bus drivers under a two-up operations system.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to describe working and sleep conditions and to assess how sleep opportunities are associated with obtained sleep and alertness, in a sample of long-haul bus drivers working with a two-up operations system. METHODS: Measures of subjective sleep and sleepiness, actigraphy, circadian temperature rhythm, and psychomotor vigilance tasks were obtained from a sample of 122 drivers from Argentina. Variables were compared between high and low fatigue risk groups, which were formed using a median split of a fatigue risk score. The score was calculated based on drivers' total working hours, maximum shift duration, minimum short break duration, maximum night work per seven days, and long break frequencies. RESULTS: Considering a standardized one-day period, sleep in the bus accounted for 1.9±0.1 h of total sleep (57±1% efficiency), sleep at destination for 1.6±0.2 h of total sleep (90±1% efficiency), and sleep at home for 3.8±0.2 h of total sleep (89±1% nap efficiency and 90±1% anchor sleep efficiency). In drivers exposed to high-risk working schedules, the circadian temperature rhythm was weaker (lower % of variance explained by the model) (22.0±1.7% vs. 27.6±2.0%, p <0.05) and without a significant acrophase. CONCLUSIONS: Drivers obtained a total amount of weekly sleep similar to the recommended levels for adults, but distributed at different locations and at different times during the day. High-risk working schedules were associated with disruption of circadian temperature rhythms. These results point out to the need of the implementation of shift-work scheduling strategies to minimize sleep misalignment and circadian desynchronization in long-haul bus drivers.

USB powered microfluidic paper-based analytical devices.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) allow user-friendly and portable chemical determinations, although they provide limited applicability due to insufficient sensitivity. Several approaches have been proposed to address poor sensitivity in µPADs, but they frequently require bulky equipment for power and/or read-outs. Universal serial buses (USB) are an attractive alternative to less portable power sources and are currently available in many common electronic devices. Here, USB-powered µPADs (USB µPADs) are proposed as a fusion of both technologies to improve performance without adding instrumental complexity. Two ITP USB µPADs were developed, both powered by a 5 V potential provided through standard USB ports. The first device was fabricated using the origami approach. Its operation was analyzed experimentally and numerically, yielding a two-order-of-magnitude sample focusing in 15 min. The second ITP USB µPAD is a novel design, which was numerically prototyped with the aim of handling larger sample volumes. The reservoirs were moved away from the ITP channel and capillary action was used to drive the sample and electrolytes to the separation zone, predicting 25-fold sample focusing in 10 min. USB µPADs are expected to be adopted by minimally-trained personnel in sensitive areas like resource-limited settings, the point-of-care and in emergencies.

Public health implications of particulate matter inside bus terminals in Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Good quality ambient air is recognised as an important factor of social justice. In addition, providing access to high-capacity public transportation in big cities is known to be a good practice of social equity, as well as economic and environmental sustainability. However, the health risks associated with air pollution are not distributed equally across cities; the most vulnerable people are more exposed to ambient air as they commute to work and wait for buses or trains at the stations. The overall goal of this work was to assess the determinants of human exposure to particulate matter (PM) during commuting time spent inside bus terminals in the Metropolitan Area of Sao Paulo (MASP), in Brazil. Fine and coarse particles were collected at four bus terminals in the MASP. The concentrations of PM and its harmful constituents (black carbon and metals) were used in order to estimate potential doses and the associated health risk during the time spent at bus terminals in the MASP. Our findings show that bus commuters travelling through the bus terminal in the MASP on weekdays inhaled up to 94% higher doses of PM10 than did those travelling outside the terminal; even on weekends, that difference was as high as 88%. Our risk assessment indicated that time spent inside a bus terminal can result in an intolerable health risk for commuters, mainly because of the Cr present in fine particles. Although bus commuters are exposed to fine particle concentrations up to 2 times lower than the worldwide average, we can affirm that inhalable particles in the MASP bus terminals pose a high carcinogenic risk to the daily users of those terminals, mainly those in the most susceptible groups, which include people with heart or lung disease, older adults and children.

Assédio moral no trabalho e sofrimento psíquico em motoristas de ônibus / Harassment at work and psychic distress in bus drivers

O assédio moral e o sofrimento psíquico estão presentes na profissão do motorista pela tipicidade da atividade: exigências e cobranças de seus superiores, violência urbana, relação com os passageiros, o trânsito e a organização urbana de um modo geral. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar qual é o efeito do assédio moral sobre os sofrimentos psíquicos adquiridos pelos motoristas de transportes urbanos na cidade de Natal/Rio Grande do Norte (RN). Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, descritivo e exploratório, tendo como público alvo os motoristas vinculados ao Sindicato dos Transportes Rodoviários do RN (SINTRO/RN). Foram entrevistados 161 motoristas, utilizando o Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) e o Negative Acts Questionnaire, versão revisada (NAQ-R), além de questionário socioprofissional. Os resultados apontam que o assédio moral no trabalho causa o sofrimento psíquico e é causa direta dos transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) nos motoristas. Deste modo, este levantamento realizado permitiu conclusões estatísticas sobre o cotidiano dos motoristas de ônibus do Natal-RN, servindo como direcionamento de ações no âmbito das políticas públicas a fim de fomentar intervenções de promoção e prevenção à saúde, adjacentes aos atores do campo da saúde do trabalhador, bem como, sindicatos, serviços de saúde especializados (CEREST) e Ministério Público.

Psychological harassment and psychological suffering are present in the driver's profession due to the typical activity: demands and charges from his superiors, urban violence, relation with passengers, traffic and urban organization in general. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of bullying on psychic suffering acquired by urban transport drivers in the city of Natal/Rio Grande do Norte (RN). For that, a quantitative, descriptive and exploratory study was carried out, with the target audience being the drivers linked to the Road Transport Union of the RN (SINTRO/RN). A total of 161 drivers were interviewed, using the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) and the Negative Acts Questionnaire, revised version (NAQ-R), as well as a socio-professional questionnaire. The results point out that work place bullying causes psychic suffering and is a direct cause of common mental disorders (CMD) in motorists. Thus, this survey allowed statistical conclusions about the daily routine of the bus drivers of Natal, serving as a guide for actions in the scope of public policies in order to promote heal the promotion and prevention interventions adjacent to the actor in the field of worker health, as well as trade unions, specialized health services and public prosecutors

Una aproximación de la evaluación del ambiente físico, la carga física y mental de los conductores de bus urbano de pasajeros

Este estudio se realizó con el fin de conocer si la carga mental y el ambiente físico tienen una valoración diferente a la carga física en los conductores de buses urbanos de pasajeros. Igualmente, el estudio permitió conocer realidades laborales en un contexto productivo, con el fin de velar por el cumplimiento de la normativa laboral y asegurar la debida protección de los trabajadores. Para esta investigación se utilizó el método LEST, el cual permitió evaluar las condiciones de trabajo de la forma más objetiva y global posible, al mostrar cada una de las situaciones consideradas en el puesto como satisfactoria, molesta o nociva. Para comprobar las condiciones de trabajo, se evaluaron 16 variables agrupadas en cinco dimensiones: entorno físico, carga física, carga mental, aspectos psicosociales y tiempo de trabajo. Se concluye que las variables que requieren de mayor atención son el ambiente físico, la carga mental y el tiempo de trabajo.

The purpose of this study was to know if the mental burden and the physical environment have a different value from the physical burden in bus drivers in the city. Likewise, the study allowed us to know about their work realities in a productive context, in order to ensure compliance with work laws and with the protection of workers. We used the LEST method, which allowed us to evaluate work condi- tions as objectively and globally as possible, by showing each one of the situations at the workplace as either satisfactory, disturbing or harmful. Thus, 16 variables were evaluated and they were groupd in 5 dimensions: physical setting, physical burden, mental burden, psychosocial aspects and time of work. We concluced that the variables that require more attention are physical setting, mental burden and time of work.

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar se a carga mental e o ambiente físico têm um valor diferente ao da carga física nos motoristas de ônibus urbanos de passageiros. Além disso, permitiu conhecer realidades no ámbito profissional em um contexto produtivo, a fim de zelar pelo cumprimento da lei trabalhista e garantir a devida proteção dos trabalhadores. Para esta pesquisa, foi utilizado o método LEST, que permitiu avaliar as condições de trabalho da forma mais objetiva e global possível, ao mostrar cada uma das situaçõs consideradas no posto como satisfatória, incômoda ou nociva. Para comprovar as condições de trabalho, foram avaliadas 16 variáveis, agrupadas em cinco dimensões: ambiente físico, carga física, carga mental, aspectos psicossociais e tempo de trabalho. Conclui-se que as variáveis que exigem mais atenção são o ambiente físico, a carga mental e o tempo de trabalho.

Avaliação dos sistemas metroviários nas emissões de CO2: análise comparativa das emissões por automóveis, ônibus e metrôs / Evaluation of subway systems in CO 2 emissions: Comparative analysis of emissions from cars, buses and subways

RESUMO O setor de transportes é responsável por uma parcela das emissões globais de dióxido de carbono (CO2). Os estudos científicos publicados sobre emissões de CO2 pelos sistemas de transportes de passageiros tratam basicamente de resultados envolvendo apenas as emissões relacionadas ao consumo dos combustíveis dos automóveis e ônibus. Nos metrôs, geralmente são consideradas as emissões relacionadas à geração da energia elétrica necessária para prover a força de tração dos trens. Não foram identificadas publicações específicas ou padronizadas sobre outras abordagens de cálculos das emissões pelos metrôs. Com isso, este estudo visa fornecer uma contribuição científica no estudo geral das emissões de CO2 pelos metrôs, definindo conceitualmente cinco abordagens de cálculos e realizando uma análise comparativa dos resultados das emissões de CO2 por automóveis, ônibus e metrôs. O resultado desta pesquisa permitiu quantificar a real contribuição dos metrôs quanto à redução das emissões totais do setor de transportes. Na abordagem da energia de tração dos trens, concluiu-se que os Metrôs de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro emitem 63,5 vezes menos do que os automóveis e 8 vezes menos do que os ônibus.

ABSTRACT The transportation sector is responsible for a portion of the global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). Scientific studies published on CO2 emissions by passenger transport systems treat basically results involving only the emissions related to fuel consumption of cars and buses. As for subways, usually emissions related to the generation of electrical energy needed to provide the traction force of the trains are considered. No specific or standardized publications on other approaches to calculate emissions for subways were identified. Thus, this study aims to provide a scientific contribution to the general study of CO2 emissions by subways, conceptually defining five approaches of calculations and conducting a comparative analysis of CO2 emissions by cars, buses and subways. The result of this research allowed to quantify the actual contribution of subways on the reduction of total emissions from the transportation sector. In the traction power of trains approach, it was concluded that the subways of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro emit 63.5 times less than cars and 8 times less than buses.

Ergonomic work analysis: A case study of bus drivers in the private collective transportation sector.

BACKGROUND: The collective transportation system is essential to reduce the number of automobiles in the roads. Concerns exist related to quality, comfort and safety of bus driver's workstations. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to improve the driver's workstation in the private collective transportation sector by analyzing ergonomic practices using the Ergonomic Work Analysis (EWA). The EWA was chosen because it seeks to evaluate the labor condition as it relates to the psychophysiological conditions of workers, it complies with regulatory standard 17 (NR17). METHODS: To identify driver concerns, interviews and questionnaires were administered. The workstation and worker routines were observed. RESULTS: The analysis revealed that the largest number of complaints related to noise, display light and location of the passenger identifier device. Drivers reported discomfort in the knees and lower back. CONCLUSION: Recommendations were made to improve the workstation and change the routine to minimize the discomfort and ergonomic risk factors.

Considerações sobre o ofício de dirigir ônibus no Brasil: uma revisão de literatura / Considerations on the profession of bus driver in Brazil: a literature review / Consideraciones sobre el oficio de conducción de autobuses en Brasil: una revisión de literatura

Os efeitos do ofício de dirigir ônibus para a saúde dos condutores desses veículos têm sido investigados em estudos de abrangência nacional. Para contribuir no aprofundamento desse objeto de estudo, realizamos uma revisão de pesquisas nacionais sobre esse ofício, objetivando investigar processos de saúde-doença e subjetivação, delimitando as buscas entre 2000 a 2012, mediante verificação temática. Da análise das publicações configuramos dois eixos de análise: os efeitos desse ofício na saúde dos motoristas de ônibus e as condições e organização desse trabalho. A pesquisa foi realizada sob a abordagem teórica da Ergonomia da Atividade francófona e orientada pela perspectiva da Ergologia. As dimensões físicas da saúde são mais pesquisadas que as psicológicas. Concluímos que, a despeito de se investigar a saúde de trabalhadores, suas condições de trabalho e sua atividade não são suficientemente consideradas: propomos caminhos para novos estudos, sobretudo, referentes à atividade do trabalho, abordando-a, inclusive, em sua positividade (AU)

The effects of driving buses craft to the health of drivers have been investigated in nationwide Brazilian studies. To deepen of this object of study, we conducted a review of Brazilian researches on this profession, to investigate the health-disease and subjectivation processes, from 2000 to 2012 by thematic verification. From this research, we draw two analysis axes: the effects of this profession on health of bus drivers and its conditions and organization. The survey was conducted under theoretical approach of Ergonomics of Francophone activity and it was also guided by the prospect of Ergology. Physical dimensions of health are more researched than psychological ones. We conclude that, in spite of investigating the health of workers, their working conditions and activity are not sufficiently considered: we propose ways to new studies, especially regarding work activity, approaching including its positivity (AU)

Los efectos del trabajo de conducción de autobuses para la salud de sus conductores se han investigados en estudios brasileños. Para profundizar el estudio, realizamos una revisión de pesquisas brasileñas sobre este oficio, para investigar procesos de saludenfermedad y subjetivación, desde 2000 a 2012, por verificación temática, llegando a dos ángulos: los efectos de esa actividad sobre la salud de eses trabajadores y las condiciones y organización del trabajo. La encuesta se basó en el enfoque teórico de la Ergonomía, de la Actividad de habla francesa y fue guiada por la perspectiva de la Ergología. Las dimensiones físicas de salud son más investigadas que las psicológicas. Concluimos que, aunque la investigación sobre la salud de los trabajadores, sus condiciones de trabajo y actividad no están suficientemente consideradas: proponemos nuevos estudios, especialmente sobre actividad laboral, incluyendo su positividad (AU).

Perspectives to receive oral health information in bus stands and their knowledge, attitudes and practices of passengers in Rangareddy district, Telangana state, India: a cross sectional survey

Aim: The aim of the study is to know the opinion of the passengers travelling by bus in receiving oral health information in bus stands through various methods, and to know their knowledge, attitude and practice regarding the oral health. Material and Methods: A Cross-sectional study was carried out at ten bus stands of Ranga Reddy district, Telangana State. A 400 passengers were decided to be included as subjects to obtain information by interview method with a pretested questionnaire, for the sake of convenience as sampling was difficult. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test was applied using SPSS version 20.0. Results: A total of 400 passengers completed the survey. Eighty-five percent of the passengers agreed that bus stands should have oral health related information. Forty percent of the passengers preferred to receive oral hygiene instructions printed behind the ticket followed by posters and through television. Fifty-five percent of passengers preferred that oral health informative posters should be pasted near platforms. Conclusions: Majority of the passengers preferred to receive oral health information in bus stands. Hence, efforts should be directed by government in spreading the oral health information among public through this mode too.

Using agent based modeling to assess the effect of increased Bus Rapid Transit system infrastructure on walking for transportation.

The effect of transport infrastructure on walking is of interest to researchers because it provides an opportunity, from the public policy point of view, to increase physical activity (PA). We use an agent based model (ABM) to examine the effect of transport infrastructure on walking. Particular relevance is given to assess the effect of the growth of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system in Bogotá on walking. In the ABM agents are assigned a home, work location, and socioeconomic status (SES) based on which they are assigned income for transportation. Individuals must decide between the available modes of transport (i.e., car, taxi, bus, BRT, and walking) as the means of reaching their destination, based on resources and needed travel time. We calibrated the model based on Bogota's 2011 mobility survey. The ABM results are consistent with previous empirical findings, increasing BRT access does indeed increase the number of minutes that individuals walk for transportation, although this effect also depends on the availability of other transport modes. The model indicates a saturation process: as more BRT lanes are added, the increment in minutes walking becomes smaller, and eventually the walking time decreases. Our findings on the potential contribution of the expansion of the BRT system to walking for transportation suggest that ABMs may prove helpful in designing policies to continue promoting walking.

Factors associated with alcohol abuse and dependence among public transport workers in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte.

PURPOSE: Alcohol use may be associated with occupational factors. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence and identify factors independently associated with alcohol abuse and dependence among urban public workers. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a proportional sample of 1607 bus drivers and conductors in three municipalities within the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte was analyzed (total population: 17,740). Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a digital questionnaire that investigated working conditions and health. Affirmative responses to at least two questions in the CAGE questionnaire were considered to represent situations of abuse and dependence. The magnitude of the associations was estimated by means of logistic regression in univariable and multivariable models. RESULTS: The prevalence of alcohol abuse and dependence was 13.5 %. Positive associations with the following were identified: lower schooling level (incomplete high school: OR 1.77; 95 % CI 1.14-2.74; and elementary education: OR 1.57; 95 % CI 1.10-2.26); current smoking (OR 2.12; 95 % CI 1.47-3.07); non-participation in social activities (OR 1.74; 95 % CI 1.21-2.48); medical diagnosis of three of more diseases (OR 1.57; 95 % CI 1.01-2.42); aggression at work (OR 1.39; 95 % CI 1.01-1.93); and work-related distress (OR 1.85; 95 % CI 1.27-2.71). Workers who did not have children presented a lower chance of alcohol abuse and dependence than did those with children (OR 0.67; 95 % CI 0.45-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study point that the urban public transport workers, users of public transport and also pedestrians could be on increased risk of accidents. So considering the importance of this service for all society and the risk involved in this activity, prospective studies are needed to clarify the relationships observed.

O Caminho da Escola para os Estudantes com Deficiência: o Transporte Escolar Acessível no Plano Viver sem Limite1 / The Way to School for Students with Disabilities: Accessible School Bus in Living Without Limits Program

RESUMO: este estudo exploratório objetiva analisar a situação da política pública de transporte escolar urbano acessível, implantada para contribuir com o acesso dos estudantes com deficiência ou mobilidade reduzida, que estão fora da escola da Educação Básica. Nesse contexto, são analisados os objetivos, estratégias e financiamento do projeto do ônibus escolar acessível do Programa Caminho da Escola, no contexto do Plano Nacional dos Direitos da Pessoa com Deficiência - Viver sem Limite, tendo por referência a meta 4 e a estratégia 4.6 do novo Plano Nacional de Educação. Realizou-se uma pesquisa documental para abordar as condições de acesso dos estudantes com deficiência à escola e apresentar o histórico da política educacional, identificando seus investimentos e sua abrangência.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this exploratory study is to analyze the situation of public policies on accessible school buses, which were set to contribute to access of students with disabilities or reduced mobility, who are excluded from K-12 schools. In this context, the objectives, strategies and financing of the accessible school bus of "Way to School Program" are analyzed, in the context of the National Plan of Rights of Persons with Disabilities - Living without Limits, with reference to the goal 4 and 4.6 strategy of the new National Education Plan. We conducted document research to address the conditions students with disabilities have to access to school and present the history of educational policy, identifying its investments and its scope.