ABSTRACT
Cheese whey is a nutritious byproduct in the dairy industry, however, due to low commercial value, its use as a milk adulterant is a common practice not easily detected by routine analysis. In Brazil, quantification of caseinomacropeptide (CMP) index, using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), is officially used to investigate illegal cheese whey addition to milk. Milk with CMP index above 30mg/L is considered not suitable for human consumption. The objective of this research was to report the CMP index in 185 samples of pasteurized milk, representing 73 commercial brands produced in 51 counties and ten mesoregions of the state of Minas Gerais, from 2011 to 2013 (58 samples) and 2015 to 2017 (127 samples). CMP index was considered normal (up to 30mg/L) in 75.1% of the samples. However, 21.1% presented CMP index above 75mg/L and 3.8% from 31 to 75mg/L. CMP index above 75mg/L was found in 17.4% of the samples produced during the dry season (April to September) and in 24.7% during the rainy season (October to March). These data point to the need of more efficient monitoring and inspection processes to hinder adulteration with cheese whey addition to milk.(AU)
Subject(s)
Peptides , Caseins/analysis , Milk , Pasteurization , Fraud , Brazil , Food Contamination/analysisABSTRACT
Cheese whey is a nutritious byproduct in the dairy industry, however, due to low commercial value, its use as a milk adulterant is a common practice not easily detected by routine analysis. In Brazil, quantification of caseinomacropeptide (CMP) index, using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), is officially used to investigate illegal cheese whey addition to milk. Milk with CMP index above 30mg/L is considered not suitable for human consumption. The objective of this research was to report the CMP index in 185 samples of pasteurized milk, representing 73 commercial brands produced in 51 counties and ten mesoregions of the state of Minas Gerais, from 2011 to 2013 (58 samples) and 2015 to 2017 (127 samples). CMP index was considered normal (up to 30mg/L) in 75.1% of the samples. However, 21.1% presented CMP index above 75mg/L and 3.8% from 31 to 75mg/L. CMP index above 75mg/L was found in 17.4% of the samples produced during the dry season (April to September) and in 24.7% during the rainy season (October to March). These data point to the need of more efficient monitoring and inspection processes to hinder adulteration with cheese whey addition to milk.(AU)
Subject(s)
Peptides , Caseins/analysis , Milk , Pasteurization , Fraud , Brazil , Food Contamination/analysisABSTRACT
The aim was to evaluate the microbiological, chemical- physical, and shelf-life quality of milk samples after pasteurization (HTST) for 10 days or ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment for 120 days. Raw milk counts of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms, Staphylococcus spp. and thermotolerant coliforms before HTST and UHT processing were 6.73 and 7.77; 2.84 and 4.30, and 4.68 and 4.37log10, respectively. Pseudomonas spp. were found in raw milk samples. No presence of any other microorganisms studied was detected and no microbial inhibitor was found. Processed samples met microbiological legal requirements. However, aerobic mesophilic counts for HTST pasteurized milk samples stored for 5 and 10 days increased to values comparable to those in raw milk. Composition chemical- physical of all samples were within legal limits. These results demonstrate that, although HTST and UHT processed milk comply with the microbiological standards required by Brazilian law, high microbial counts in raw milk are an issue, possibly due to failures in the early stages of the production chain. Increase in casein macropeptide (CMP), probably because of proteases psychrotrophic bacteria. It is concluded that the quality of raw milk directly influences the progressive increase of the CMP values.(AU)
O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica, fisco-química e a vida de prateleira de amostras de leite, após o processo de pasteurização rápida (HTST) ou de ultra-alta temperatura (UHT) durante 10 dias, ou de ultra-alta temperatura (UHT) por 120 dias. As contagens de micro-organismos aeróbios mesófilos, Staphylococcus spp. e de coliformes termotolerantes do leite cru utilizado para tratamentos HTST e UHT foram, respectivamente (log10): 6,73 e 7,77; 2,84 e 4,30 e 4,68 e 4,37. Foi constatada a presença de Pseudomonas spp. no leite cru. Não foi detectada a presença de nenhum outro micro-organismo estudado, e as amostras estavam isentas de inibidores microbianos. Após a pasteurização, todas as amostras apresentaram contagens microbianas compatíveis com os limites legais. No entanto, as amostras de leite pasteurizado apresentaram contagens de aeróbios mesófilos semelhantes ao leite cru após cinco e 10 dias de armazenamento. A composição físico-química de todas as amostras estava de acordo com os limites legais. Observou-se acréscimo dos níveis de caseinomacropeptídeo (CMP) no leite UHT, provavelmente em função das proteases de bactérias psicrotróficas. Conclui-se que a qualidade do leite cru influencia diretamente os valores de CMP.(AU)
Subject(s)
Milk/chemistry , Milk/microbiology , Peptide Hydrolases/analysis , Casein Kinases/analysisABSTRACT
The aim was to evaluate the microbiological, chemical- physical, and shelf-life quality of milk samples after pasteurization (HTST) for 10 days or ultra-high temperature (UHT) treatment for 120 days. Raw milk counts of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms, Staphylococcus spp. and thermotolerant coliforms before HTST and UHT processing were 6.73 and 7.77; 2.84 and 4.30, and 4.68 and 4.37log10, respectively. Pseudomonas spp. were found in raw milk samples. No presence of any other microorganisms studied was detected and no microbial inhibitor was found. Processed samples met microbiological legal requirements. However, aerobic mesophilic counts for HTST pasteurized milk samples stored for 5 and 10 days increased to values comparable to those in raw milk. Composition chemical- physical of all samples were within legal limits. These results demonstrate that, although HTST and UHT processed milk comply with the microbiological standards required by Brazilian law, high microbial counts in raw milk are an issue, possibly due to failures in the early stages of the production chain. Increase in casein macropeptide (CMP), probably because of proteases psychrotrophic bacteria. It is concluded that the quality of raw milk directly influences the progressive increase of the CMP values.(AU)
O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica, fisco-química e a vida de prateleira de amostras de leite, após o processo de pasteurização rápida (HTST) ou de ultra-alta temperatura (UHT) durante 10 dias, ou de ultra-alta temperatura (UHT) por 120 dias. As contagens de micro-organismos aeróbios mesófilos, Staphylococcus spp. e de coliformes termotolerantes do leite cru utilizado para tratamentos HTST e UHT foram, respectivamente (log10): 6,73 e 7,77; 2,84 e 4,30 e 4,68 e 4,37. Foi constatada a presença de Pseudomonas spp. no leite cru. Não foi detectada a presença de nenhum outro micro-organismo estudado, e as amostras estavam isentas de inibidores microbianos. Após a pasteurização, todas as amostras apresentaram contagens microbianas compatíveis com os limites legais. No entanto, as amostras de leite pasteurizado apresentaram contagens de aeróbios mesófilos semelhantes ao leite cru após cinco e 10 dias de armazenamento. A composição físico-química de todas as amostras estava de acordo com os limites legais. Observou-se acréscimo dos níveis de caseinomacropeptídeo (CMP) no leite UHT, provavelmente em função das proteases de bactérias psicrotróficas. Conclui-se que a qualidade do leite cru influencia diretamente os valores de CMP.(AU)
Subject(s)
Milk/chemistry , Milk/microbiology , Peptide Hydrolases/analysis , Casein Kinases/analysisABSTRACT
Caseinomacropeptide (CMP) index is a method used to detect adulteration of milk by addition of cheese whey, since CMP is a glycopeptide characteristic produced during cheesemaking, and soluble in the whey phase. The objective of this work was to evaluate the caseinomacropeptide index of UHT milk stored under different temperatures. Six batches of recently processed UHT milk were collected and stored under three temperatures (21ºC, 6ºC, and -12ºC) and analyzed by HPLC in the day of the milk collection (day 0) and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of storage. The experiment was run as a randomized block design with a 3x5 factorial arrangement, and the Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) method was used as the post-hoc test (p = 0.05). There was a progressive increase of the CMP index during the storage period of 120 days, and this indicates the possibility of false positive results if the CMP index is used as an adulteration test for long term stored UHT milk. The validity of the CMP index as an adulteration indicator is only possible soon after packaging, and sample freezing is the only alternative when immediate analysis is not possible. The method was found to be precise, with robust CV of 1.9% even with high CMP levels.(AU)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da temperatura e do tempo de armazenamento de amostras de leite UAT, em relação ao índice de caseinomacropeptídeo, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, e a precisão do método de detecção. Seis lotes foram coletados e armazenados em três temperaturas (21ºC, 6ºC e -12ºC ± 1ºC) e analisadas durante o armazenamento nos dias 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com os tratamentos em arranjo fatorial 3x5 e os resultados foram comparados por meio do teste Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) a 5% de significância. Houve aumento progressivo do índice de CMP por CLAE durante os 120 dias; portanto, um produto conforme pode se tornar não conforme sem que ocorra adulteração. A detecção de fraude por adição de soro lácteo em leite UAT pode ser detectada somente após o envase. Caso não seja possível a análise imediata, recomenda-se que as amostras sejam congeladas. O método é muito preciso (CV=1,9%) e indiferente aos níveis de CMP encontrados nas amostras.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Milk , Hot Temperature/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Caseinomacropeptide (CMP) index is a method used to detect adulteration of milk by addition of cheese whey, since CMP is a glycopeptide characteristic produced during cheesemaking, and soluble in the whey phase. The objective of this work was to evaluate the caseinomacropeptide index of UHT milk stored under different temperatures. Six batches of recently processed UHT milk were collected and stored under three temperatures (21ºC, 6ºC, and -12ºC) and analyzed by HPLC in the day of the milk collection (day 0) and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of storage. The experiment was run as a randomized block design with a 3x5 factorial arrangement, and the Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) method was used as the post-hoc test (p = 0.05). There was a progressive increase of the CMP index during the storage period of 120 days, and this indicates the possibility of false positive results if the CMP index is used as an adulteration test for long term stored UHT milk. The validity of the CMP index as an adulteration indicator is only possible soon after packaging, and sample freezing is the only alternative when immediate analysis is not possible. The method was found to be precise, with robust CV of 1.9% even with high CMP levels.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da temperatura e do tempo de armazenamento de amostras de leite UAT, em relação ao índice de caseinomacropeptídeo, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, e a precisão do método de detecção. Seis lotes foram coletados e armazenados em três temperaturas (21ºC, 6ºC e -12ºC ± 1ºC) e analisadas durante o armazenamento nos dias 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com os tratamentos em arranjo fatorial 3x5 e os resultados foram comparados por meio do teste Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) a 5% de significância. Houve aumento progressivo do índice de CMP por CLAE durante os 120 dias; portanto, um produto conforme pode se tornar não conforme sem que ocorra adulteração. A detecção de fraude por adição de soro lácteo em leite UAT pode ser detectada somente após o envase. Caso não seja possível a análise imediata, recomenda-se que as amostras sejam congeladas. O método é muito preciso (CV=1,9%) e indiferente aos níveis de CMP encontrados nas amostras.
Subject(s)
Animals , Milk , Hot Temperature/adverse effectsABSTRACT
O presente estudo foi realizado no Laboratório de Microbiologia do Centro de Pesquisa em Alimentos da Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Goiás, visando detectar a proteólise em leite causada por Pseudomonas fluorescens. Foram adquiridas cepas liofilizadas de P. fluorescens ATCC 13525 do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Seção de Coleção de Culturas. Após o crescimento das cepas de P. fluorescens determinaram-se quantidades que correspondessem a 100.000, 500.000 e 1.000.000 de UFC/mL para ser realizada a inoculação in vitro em amostras de leite desnatado reconstituído a 12% (LDR 12%) e esterilizado. Os experimentos de crescimento das cepas de P. fluorescens foram conduzidos em alíquotas de 40 mL de LDR 12%, sendo as amostras incubadas a 4ºC, 7ºC e 10ºC em refrigerador. Durante o período de incubação, as amostras foram avaliadas a cada 24 horas até se atingir o período de 120 horas. As amostras também foram submetidas à análise para verificar a presença de caseinomacropeptídeo (CMP) pela técnica de Cromatografia a Líquido de Alta Eficiência. O crescimento de P. fluorescens no leite desnatado reconstituído a 12% não foi significativo nas temperaturas de estocagem de 4, 7 e 10ºC, verificando-se significância apenas para o tempo de estocagem. Não foi constatada a presença de CMP nas amostras avaliadas.