Resumen ejecutivo del documento de consenso de expertos de la Sociedad Española de Neurocirugía y de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición sobre: recomendaciones clínicas en el manejo perioperatorio de los tumores hipofisarios / Executive summary of the expert consensus document from the Spanish Society of Neurosurgery and the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition: Clinical recommendations on the perioperative management of pituitary tumors

Los tumores hipofisarios (TH) suponen el 15% de los tumores intracraneales, y afectan del 10,7 al 14,4% de la población, si bien la incidencia de los TH clínicamente relevantes es de 5,1 casos/100.000 habitantes. El tratamiento quirúrgico está indicado en los TH que cursan con hipersecreción hormonal (a excepción de los TH productores de prolactina), así como en aquellos con clínica compresiva local o neurológica global. Los pacientes con TH requieren una atención multidisciplinar, idealmente en un centro de excelencia y basada en un protocolo asistencial bien definido. Con el objetivo de facilitar y estandarizar la práctica clínica ante este tipo de tumores, el presente documento recoge el posicionamiento del ÿrea de Conocimiento de Neuroendocrinología de la Sociedad Española de Endocrinología y Nutrición (SEEN) y la Sociedad Española de Neurocirugía (SENEC) sobre el manejo y el seguimiento prequirúrgico, quirúrgico y posquirúrgico del paciente con un TH (AU)

Pituitary tumors (PT) account for 15% of intracranial tumors affect 10.7 to 14.4% of the population although the incidence of clinically relevant PT is 5.1 cases/100,000 inhabitants. Surgical treatment is indicated in PTs with hormone hypersecretion (except for prolactin-producing PTs) and those with local compressive or global neurological symptoms. Multidisciplinary care, is essential for patients with PTs, preferably delivered in a center of excellence and based on a well-defined care protocol. In order to facilitate and standardize the clinical procedures for this type of tumor, this document gathers the positioning of the Neuroendocrinology Knowledge Area of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN) and the Spanish Society of Neurosurgery (SENEC) on the management of patients with PTs and their preoperative, surgical and postoperative follow-up (AU)

Executive summary of the expert consensus document from the Spanish Society of Neurosurgery and the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition: Clinical recommendations on the perioperative management of pituitary tumors.

Pituitary tumors (PT) account for 15% of intracranial tumors affect 10.7%-14.4% of the population although the incidence of clinically relevant PT is 5.1 cases/100,000 inhabitants. Surgical treatment is indicated in PTs with hormone hypersecretion (except for prolactin-producing PTs) and those with local compressive or global neurological symptoms. Multidisciplinary care, is essential for patients with PTs, preferably delivered in a center of excellence and based on a well-defined care protocol. In order to facilitate and standardize the clinical procedures for this type of tumor, this document gathers the positioning of the Neuroendocrinology Knowledge Area of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN) and the Spanish Society of Neurosurgery (SENEC) on the management of patients with PTs and their preoperative, surgical and postoperative follow-up.

Executive summary of the expert consensus document from the Spanish Society of Neurosurgery and the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition: clinical recommendations on the perioperative management of pituitary tumors.

Pituitary tumors (PT) account for 15% of intracranial tumors affect 10.7-14.4% of the population although the incidence of clinically relevant PT is 5.1 cases/100,000 inhabitants. Surgical treatment is indicated in PTs with hormone hypersecretion (except for prolactin-producing PTs) and those with local compressive or global neurological symptoms. Multidisciplinary care, is essential for patients with PTs, preferably delivered in a center of excellence and based on a well-defined care protocol. In order to facilitate and standardize the clinical procedures for this type of tumor, this document gathers the positioning of the Neuroendocrinology Knowledge Area of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition (SEEN) and the Spanish Society of Neurosurgery (SENEC) on the management of patients with PTs and their preoperative, surgical and postoperative follow-up.

Presurgical predictive factors of surgical remission in Cushing's disease. Study of 32 cases.

PURPOSE: Identify presurgical factors associated with surgical remission in Cushing's disease (CD). METHODS: All the patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing's Syndrome in follow-up at our centre between 2014-2021 (n=40) were identified. Those patients with CD diagnosis who underwent transsphenoidal surgery by the same neurosurgeon (n=32) were included. Surgical remission was defined as plasma cortisol <1.8µg/dl and normal or low urinary free cortisol (UFC) after surgery. RESULTS: Sixty-three per cent (n=20) were women, and the mean age at diagnosis was 42.3±17.9 years. Six patients had macroadenomas, 17 had microadenomas, and in the other 9 patients, no pituitary lesion was identified on the MRI. Seven patients were previously operated on in another centre. Surgical remission was achieved in 75% (n=24). Only three patients experienced recurrence. No association between pre-surgical demographic (age, sex, comorbidities) or hormonal (UFC, ACTH, late-night salivary cortisol levels) characteristics and the probability of surgical remission was observed. The only variable associated with a greater chance of remission was the presurgical visualisation of the adenoma on MRI (OR 8.3, P=0.02). It was also observed that patients with a history of a previous pituitary surgery had a lower tendency to achieve remission, although statistical significance was not reached (OR 0.17, P=0.09). CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, 75% of patients with CD achieved biochemical cure after the intervention. Surgical remission was up to eight times more frequent in those patients in whom the adenoma was visualised before the intervention, but no other presurgical predictive factors of cure were identified.

Evaluation of a perioperative steroid coverage after pituitary surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Serum cortisol levels within the first days after pituitary surgery have been shown to be a predictor of post-surgical adrenal insufficiency. However, the indication of empirical glucocorticoids to avoid this complication remains controversial. The objective is to assess the role of cortisol in the early postoperative period as a predictor of long-term corticotropic function according to the pituitary perisurgical protocol with corticosteroid replacement followed in our center. METHODS: One hundred eighteen patients who underwent surgery in a single center between December 2012 and January 2020 for a pituitary adenoma were included. Of these, 54 patients with previous adrenal insufficiency (AI), Cushing's disease, or tumors that required treatment with high-dose glucocorticoids (GC) were excluded. A treatment protocol with glucocorticoids was established, consisting of its empirical administration at rapidly decreasing doses, and serum cortisol was determined on the third day after surgery. Subsequent adrenal status was assessed through follow-up biochemical and clinical evaluations. RESULTS: Out of the 64 patients treated, there were 56 macroadenomas and 8 microadenomas. The incidence of adrenal insufficiency after pituitary surgery was 4.7%. The optimal cut-off value that predicted an adequate corticotropic reserve, taking into account the best relationship of specificity and sensitivity, was ≥4.1 µg/dl for serum cortisol on the third day (sensitivity 95.1%, specificity 100%). CONCLUSION: Serum cortisol on the third day predicts the development of adrenal insufficiency. We suggest a cortisol cut-off point of ≥4.1 µg/dl on postoperative on the third day after surgery as a predictor of the adrenal reserve in the long-term.

A rare case of a secondary pituitary abscess arising in a craniopharyngioma with atypical presentation and clinical course / Un caso raro de absceso hipofisario secundario derivado de un craneofaringioma con presentación y evolución clínica atípicas

Pituitary abscesses are very uncommon. They are divided into primary, arising within a healthy gland, and secondary, observed with an underlying pre-existing lesion. Here we present the eighth case reported of a secondary abscess within a craniopharyngioma. A 59-year-old-woman presented with a 3-week history of headache, and fever. Physical examination was unremarkable. An Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed a pituitary lesion suggestive of a chronic inflammatory process. She was diagnosed with lymphocytic meningitis with hypophysitis and she was treated with corticosteroids. Two months later she presented with headache and fever again. Control MRI showed enlargement of the pituitary lesion. Therefore, a transsphenoidal biopsy was performed. During the procedure, purulent material was released. Histological study demonstrated a craniopharyngioma and meningeal inflammation. Empiric antibiotics were started. Three months post-operatively, a follow-up MRI showed a suspect minimal residual mass. Secondary pituitary abscesses are rare. The key to successful management is a high index of suspicion. Transsphenoidal surgical evacuation plus antibiotics is the mainstay of treatment. Although most symptoms resolve, endocrinopathies improve only rarely (AU)

Los abscesos hipofisarios son infrecuentes. Se pueden dividir en primarios o secundarios, si se producen sobre una lesión previa. Presentamos el octavo caso de un absceso asentado sobre un craneofaringioma. Una mujer de 59 años consultó por fiebre y cefalea de tres semanas de evolución. La exploración física era anodina. Una resonancia magnética (RMN) evidenció una lesión hipofisaria sugestiva de un proceso inflamatorio crónico. Finalmente, se diagnosticó de una meningitis linfocítica e hipofisitis y se trató con corticoides. Dos meses después reconsultó por los mismos síntomas. En la RMN se evidenció crecimiento de la lesión, por lo que se biopsia endoscópicamente. Durante el procedimiento salió pus. En el examen histológico se evidenció un craneofaringioma y una inflamación meníngea. Se iniciaron antibióticos empíricamente. En el seguimiento a tres meses, la RMN evidenciaba un dudoso resto. Los abscesos hipofisarios secundarios son raros y hay que tener un alto índice de sospecha para diagnosticarlos. El tratamiento se basa en antibioterapia y evacuación transesfenoidal. Aunque los síntomas se suelen resolver, las endocrinopatías no (AU)

A rare case of a secondary pituitary abscess arising in a craniopharyngioma with atypical presentation and clinical course.

Pituitary abscesses are very uncommon. They are divided into primary, arising within a healthy gland, and secondary, observed with an underlying pre-existing lesion. Here we present the eighth case reported of a secondary abscess within a craniopharyngioma. A 59-year-old-woman presented with a 3-week history of headache, and fever. Physical examination was unremarkable. An Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed a pituitary lesion suggestive of a chronic inflammatory process. She was diagnosed with lymphocytic meningitis with hypophysitis and she was treated with corticosteroids. Two months later she presented with headache and fever again. Control MRI showed enlargement of the pituitary lesion. Therefore, a transsphenoidal biopsy was performed. During the procedure, purulent material was released. Histological study demonstrated a craniopharyngioma and meningeal inflammation. Empiric antibiotics were started. Three months post-operatively, a follow-up MRI showed a suspect minimal residual mass. Secondary pituitary abscesses are rare. The key to successful management is a high index of suspicion. Transsphenoidal surgical evacuation plus antibiotics is the mainstay of treatment. Although most symptoms resolve, endocrinopathies improve only rarely.

Presurgical predictive factors of surgical remission in Cushing's disease. Study of 32 cases.

PURPOSE: Identify presurgical factors associated with surgical remission in Cushing's disease (CD). METHODS: All the patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing's Syndrome in follow-up at our centre between 2014-2021 (n=40) were identified. Those patients with CD diagnosis who underwent transsphenoidal surgery by the same neurosurgeon (n=32) were included. Surgical remission was defined as plasma cortisol <1.8µg/dl and normal or low urinary free cortisol (UFC) after surgery. RESULTS: Sixty-three per cent (n=20) were women, and the mean age at diagnosis was 42.3±17.9 years. Six patients had macroadenomas, 17 had microadenomas, and in the other 9 patients, no pituitary lesion was identified on the MRI. Seven patients were previously operated on in another centre. Surgical remission was achieved in 75% (n=24). Only three patients experienced recurrence. No association between pre-surgical demographic (age, sex, comorbidities) or hormonal (UFC, ACTH, late-night salivary cortisol levels) characteristics and the probability of surgical remission was observed. The only variable associated with a greater chance of remission was the presurgical visualisation of the adenoma on MRI (OR 8.3, P=0.02). It was also observed that patients with a history of a previous pituitary surgery had a lower tendency to achieve remission, although statistical significance was not reached (OR 0.17, P=0.09). CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, 75% of patients with CD achieved biochemical cure after the intervention. Surgical remission was up to eight times more frequent in those patients in whom the adenoma was visualised before the intervention, but no other presurgical predictive factors of cure were identified.

A rare case of a secondary pituitary abscess arising in a craniopharyngioma with atypical presentation and clinical course.

Pituitary abscesses are very uncommon. They are divided into primary, arising within a healthy gland, and secondary, observed with an underlying pre-existing lesion. Here we present the eighth case reported of a secondary abscess within a craniopharyngioma. A 59-year-old-woman presented with a 3-week history of headache, and fever. Physical examination was unremarkable. An Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed a pituitary lesion suggestive of a chronic inflammatory process. She was diagnosed with lymphocytic meningitis with hypophysitis and she was treated with corticosteroids. Two months later she presented with headache and fever again. Control MRI showed enlargement of the pituitary lesion. Therefore, a transsphenoidal biopsy was performed. During the procedure, purulent material was released. Histological study demonstrated a craniopharyngioma and meningeal inflammation. Empiric antibiotics were started. Three months post-operatively, a follow-up MRI showed a suspect minimal residual mass. Secondary pituitary abscesses are rare. The key to successful management is a high index of suspicion. Transsphenoidal surgical evacuation plus antibiotics is the mainstay of treatment. Although most symptoms resolve, endocrinopathies improve only rarely.

Postoperative CSF leakages after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas: Analysis of a series of 302 surgical procedures. / Fístulas posquirúrgicas de líquido cefalorraquídeo tras cirugía transesfenoidal de adenomas hipofisarios: análisis de una serie de 302 intervenciones.

INTRODUCTION: Transsphenoidal surgical removal is the preferred treatment of most pituitary adenomas. Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is the leading cause of morbidity after this procedure, with an incidence rate that varies from 0,5-15% in the main published series. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective of this study was to establish the incidence of postoperative CSF leakage in a sample of surgeries performed at the University Hospital of La Ribera by the same surgical team. The secondary objectives were to: ascertain the distinctive features between patients with and without postoperative CSF leakage, identify risk factors for their development, evaluate the relationship between the surgical technique for closing the sella turcica and the onset of postoperative CSF leakage and evaluate different treatment regimens for this complication. METHODS: The data of 302 consecutive transsphenoidal surgical procedures for pituitary adenoma removal which were performed between 1999 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of postoperative CSF leakage in our series was 2,3% (in accordance with similar published studies). It was possible to correlate intraoperative CSF leakage with two variables: pituitary macroadenoma and tumors with suprasellar extension (P<.005). This correlation did not exist for postoperative CSF leakage. We found a statistically significant correlation between intraoperative and postoperative CSF leakage (P<.005). Due to the low incidence of postoperative CSF leakage in our series, it was not possible to identify risk factors for its development.

[Endoscopic endonasal surgery for sellar region pathology. An analysis of our first 200 patients. What we have learned]. / Cirugía endoscópica endonasal en patología selar. Análisis de nuestros primeros 200 pacientes. Qué hemos aprendido.

INTRODUCTION: Pituitary and sellar region tumours account for 10-15% of intracranial benign tumours, with pituitary adenoma being the most common one. In this article, a review is presented on 9 years of experience in surgical treatment using an endoscopic approach of sellar region lesions. The main features of our surgical technique will be explained, as well as the results in clinical and hormonal terms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 200 patients operated on due to sellar lesions by the same neurosurgeon (J.E.) using an endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach between February 2006 and February 2015. The cases excluded were, those requiring extended approaches of the skull base, as well as craniopharyngiomas, inflammatory, metastatic, or malignant lesions. RESULTS: Of the 200 patients treated (59.5% women, mean age of 51.7 years, range: 18-82 years old), there were: 7 Rathke cysts and 193 adenomas (26 micro-adenomas and 165 macro-adenomas). All of them sub-classified according to the degree of invasion of the cavernous sinus (Knosp 0, 1, and 2: 129 cases and Knosp 3 and 4: 71 cases). Total resection was achieved in 143 patients (71.5%), subtotal resection in 39 (19.5%), and partial resection in 18 (9%). In the group of higher occupancy of the cavernous sinus (Knosp 3 and 4) complete resection was achieved in 55.5% (40 of 71 patients). Hormonal remission was achieved in 34 patients with acromegaly (85%), 23 patients with prolactinomas (76%), and 30 patients with Cushing's disease (86%). CONCLUSION: The results obtained in our series, due to the centralisation of pathology and experience, are comparable to those achieved in pituitary surgery reference centres. Early surgical exploration of cerebrospinal fluid leaks reduces the risk of post-surgical meningitis.

Assessment of the outcomes of the treatment of Cushing's disease in the hospitals of Castilla-La Mancha.

OBJECTIVE: Treatment of Cushing's disease poses interesting dilemmas in clinical practice. The aim of our study was to analyze the outcomes of the different treatments, the control and recurrence rates, and the complications derived from them. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data were collected from the clinical records of 22 patients over 18 years of age (86.4% women). They had been diagnosed with Cushing's disease between 2000 and 2012, and were monitored at Complejo Hospitalario Universitario-Albacete, Hospital Virgen de la Salud-Toledo Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Hospital Virgen de la Luz-Cuenca, Hospital Nuestra Señora del Prado-Talavera de la Reina, and Complejo Hospitalario la Mancha Centro-Alcázar de San Juan. RESULTS: Surgery was the treatment of choice in all patients. Biochemical cure was achieved in 72.2% of patients. Nine patients developed in the early postoperative period diabetes insipidus, which became in 2 patients only. Surprisingly, 3 patients with normal postoperative neurohypophyseal function later developed permanent diabetes insipidus. New hormone deficiencies occurred in 7 patients. Seventeen patients received ketoconazole before surgery (5 of them after surgery also), and 70% of them achieved normal urinary free cortisol levels. Three patients also received radiotherapy, and all of them were cured after a median follow-up of 85.5 months; they developed no tumors or other complications. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reports the outcomes of management of Cushing's disease in non-reference centers for this disease, possibly giving a realistic picture of standard clinical practice for the condition in Spain.

Brain abscess as the initial presentation of a macroprolactinoma: Case report.

Macroprolactinomas may behave invasively and infiltrate the skull base, causing a subsequent thinning that can also lead to a bone defect and a direct route of entry for pathogens. We describe the case of a 34-year-old male admitted to hospital with fever (38°C), headache, stiffness in the neck, diplopia and neurological impairment. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed two bilateral abscesses in the fronto-parietal areas with intracranial venous sinus thrombosis and a pituitary adenoma that extended from the suprasellar region, eroding the sellar floor into the sphenoid sinus. Laboratory hormone measurements showed increased levels of prolactin and low levels of FSH, LH and testosterone. The patient received antibiotic treatment and surgery was performed. The patient developed central deafness as a neurological deficit. It is advisable to include pituitary adenoma in the differential diagnosis of meningitis even though its onset as intracranial abscess and rectus sinus thrombosis is extremely rare.

Endoscopic endonasal surgery for pituitary tumors. Results in a series of 121 patients operated at the same center and by the same neurosurgeon.

INTRODUCTION: Pituitary adenomas account for approximately 15% of intracranial benign tumors. The neurosurgical results achieved since the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal (EET) approach was introduced in our center in 2005 are reported here. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 121 patients with sellar lesions (58% females, age 55.7 ± 16 years, range 18-82) who underwent EET surgery from February 2005 to January 2012 and were followed up for a mean time of 4.58 years (range 1.08-8.58). RESULTS: Six Rathke cleft cysts (3 intra-suprasellar, 1 intrasellar, 2 suprasellar); 114 pituitary adenomas (16 microadenomas, 98 macroadenomas), and 1 case of normal MRI were included. Baseline findings included hormonal changes in 59 patients (48,7%) and visual field changes in 38 patients (31%); in 7 patients (5.8%), clinical presentation was pituitary apoplexy. Complete resection was achieved in 77 patients (63.6%), subtotal resection in 29 (23.9%), and partial resection in 15 (12.3%). In patients with Grade 3 and 4 cavernous sinus invasion, resection was subtotal in 30% (12/39) and complete in 46% (18/39). Hormonal remission was achieved in 16 patients with Cushing disease (84%), 18 patients with prolactinoma (78.2%), and 18 patients with acromegaly (85,7%). There were 12 cases (9%) of cerebrospinal fluid leak, 4 cases of diabetes insipidus, and 3 cases with transient SIADH/hyponatremia. Seven patients developed panhypopituitarism. Postoperative mortality rate was 2.4%. One hundred and three patients (85.3%) were discharged from the hospital less than 48 hours after surgery. CONCLUSION: Our results are similar to those reported by renowned pituitary units. Results achieved using an endoscopic approach in pituitary neurosurgery are better than those of microneurosurgery for cavernous sinus invasion.

Clinical guidelines for management of diabetes insipidus and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after pituitary surgery.

Changes in water metabolism and regulation of vasopressin (AVP) or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are common complications of pituitary surgery. The scarcity of studies comparing different treatment and monitoring strategies for these disorders and the lack of prior clinical guidelines makes it difficult to provide recommendations following a methodology based on grades of evidence. This study reviews the pathophysiology of diabetes insipidus and inappropriate ADH secretion after pituitary surgery, and is intended to serve as a guide for their diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring.

Non-functioning pituitary tumors: 2012 update.

Non-functioning pituitary adenomas are the most common pituitary macroadenomas in adults, accounting for approximately 14%-28% of all clinically relevant pituitary tumors. They are a heterogeneous group of tumors that cause symptoms by compression and/or hormone deficiencies. The possibility of tumor growth is increased in macroadenomas and solid tumors as compared to microadenomas and cystic tumors. Diagnosis is based on imaging procedures (magnetic resonance imaging), but there are studies reporting promising potential biomarkers. Transsphenoidal surgery remains the first therapeutic option for large tumors with compressive symptoms. There is no evidence that endoscopic procedures improve outcomes, but they decrease morbidity. There is no unanimity in finding prognostic predictors of recurrence. Radiosurgery achieves tumor control and, sometimes, adenoma size reduction. Its adverse effects increase with higher doses and tumor sizes>4cm(3). Drug treatment is of little value. In aggressive non-functioning tumors, temozolomide (TMZ) may be used with caution because no controlled studies are available. TMZ achieves tumor control in 38%-40% of aggressive non-functioning tumors. The optimal treatment regimen and duration have not been defined yet. Lack of response to TMZ after 3 cycles predicts for treatment resistance, but initial response does not ensure optimal mid or long-term results. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase expression has a limited predictive value of response to treatment with TMZ in aggressive non-functioning tumors. It should therefore not be a determinant factor in selection of patients to be treated with TMZ.

[Predictors of long-term remission after transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing's disease]. / Factores pronósticos de remisión a largo plazo tras cirugía transesfenoidal en la enfermedad de Cushing.

There is no consensus on the remission criteria for Cushing's disease or on the definition of disease recurrence after transsphenoidal surgery, and comparison of the different published series is therefore difficult. A long-term recurrence rate of Cushing's disease ranging from 2%-25% has been reported. Predictors of long-term remission reported include: 1) adenoma-related factors (aggressiveness, size, preoperative identification in MRI), 2) surgery-related factors, mainly neurosurgeon experience, 3) clinical factors, of which dependence on and duration of glucocorticoid treatment are most important, and 4) biochemical factors. Among the latter, low postoperative cortisol levels, less than 2 mcg/dL predict for disease remission. However, even when undetectable plasma cortisol levels are present, long-term recurrence may still occur and lifetime follow-up is required. We report the preliminary results of the first 20 patients with Cushing's disease operated on at our hospital using nadir cortisol levels less than 2 mcg/dl as remission criterion.

Manejo quirúrgico del síndrome de silla turca vacía primaria con compromiso visual campimétrico y sin evidencia de herniación del sistema visual / Surgical treatment of primary empty sella syndrome with visual compromise and no evidence of visual system herniation

Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 36 años con síndrome de silla turca vacía primaria (STVP) caracterizado por cefalea, estrechamiento concéntrico periférico progresivo de la visión y oligomenorrea, quien fue sometida a remodelamiento selar con colocación de un autoinjerto intraselar. La evolución postoperatoria fue con mejoría importante del defecto campimétrico, en ambos ojos.

We report the case of a 36 year old woman with primary empty sella syndrome (PESS) and symptoms consisting in headache, progressive concentric peripheral narrowing of vision and oligomenorrhea, who underwent sellar remodeling with placement of an intrasellar autograft. Post operative course showed bilateral improvement in campimetric defect.

Apoplejía postoperatoria de un macroadenoma hipofisiario residual e infarto de la arteria cerebral media / Post-operative apoplexy of a residual pituitary macro-adenoma and middle cerebral artery infarction

La apoplejía postoperatoria de los adenomas hipofisiarios es una complicación rara vez reportada. La presión ejercida por el tumor residular edematoso puede comprometer estructuras nerviosas y vasculares adyacentes a la región selar. Describios el caso de un hombre de 69 años de edad con un tumor selar gigante a quien le fue realizada una resección incompleta a través de un acceso pterional. La cirugía fue detenida por inestabilidad hemodinámica. Cuarenta y ocho horas más tarde, desarrolla oftalmparesias y disminución bilateral de la agudeza visual, deterioro del estado de consciencia, poliuria y hemiparesia izquierda. Una tomografía cerebral simple de emergencia demostró incremento del volumen tumoral con hemorragia y un infarto en el territorio de la arteria cerebral media derecha. El paciente falleció siete días más tarde. Este caso ejemplifica esta rara y catastrófica complicación con alta morbilidad y mortalidad. En la revisión de la literatura, solo fueron encontrados dos casos de ictus isquémico debido a la compresión de arterias intracraneales mayores por apoplejía postoperatoria de macroadenomas residuales.

Postoperative apoplexy of residual pituitary adenomas is a rarely reported complication. Pressure from edematous residual tumor may affect vascular and nervous structures adjacent to sellar region. We described a 69 years old man with a giant sellar tumor who underwent to incomplete resection through pterional approach. Surgery was stopped by hemodynamic instability. Forty-eight hours later, he developed bilateral decreased of visual acuity, bilateral ophthalmoparesis, drowsiness, polyuria and left hemiparesis. An emergency computed tomography scan showed increase in tumor volume with hemorrhage and an infarct of right middle cerebral artery. The patient died seven days later. This case exemplifies this rare and catastrophic complication with high morbidity and mortality. On literature review, only two cases of ischemic strokes due to compression major intracranial arteries by postoperative tumor apoplexy were found.

Remodelación selar: una opción quirúrgica para el síndrome de la silla turca vacía primaria / Sellar remodeling: a surgical option for primary empty sella syndrome

Antecedentes: La silla turca vacía es una entidad que sólo en raras ocasiones presenta signos y síntomas, dentro de los cuales la afección en el campo visual es una indicación para el manejo quirúrgico. Materiales y Metodos: Se analizaron 20 pacientes con silla turca vacía primaria y alteraciones en los campos visuales, que fueron manejados quirúrgicamente con una técnica que denominamos remodelación selar. Fueron 19 mujeres y un hombre; todos ellos, además del déficit visual presentaban cefalea y tres casos elevación en el nivel sérico de prolactina. Se excluyeron los que mostraron aumento en la presión del líquido cefalorraquídeo. El procedimiento quirúrgico consistió en la colocación, por vía transesfenoidal, de un injerto autólogo formado por grasa, aponeurosis y dos láminas de hueso, con dimensiones precisas de acuerdo al tamaño de la silla turca del paciente. Resultados: Con la cirugía se logró mejorar el déficit visual en 18 pacientes y la cefalea en 17; finalmente, dos de ellos normalizaron su nivel de prolactina. No se presentaron complicaciones serias. Conclusiones: La remodelación selar es una técnica precisa, sencilla, segura y barata que permite mejorar los síntomas del síndrome de la silla turca vacía primaria, en especial las alteraciones visuales y la cefalea.

BACKGROUND: The empty sella is an entity that only rarely presents signs and symptoms. When noted, visual field deficits are an indication for surgical management. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied twenty patients with primary empty sella and visual field deficits surgically treated with a technique termed by us as [quot ]sellar remodeling.[quot ] We treated 19 females and 1 male. Aside from visual deficits, all participants reported headache. We reported an increase in prolactin serum level in three cases. Patients with an increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure were excluded. The surgical procedure involved placing through a transsphenoidal route an autologus graft formed by fat, aponeurosis and two bone lamina, with precise dimensions according to each patient's sella turcica. RESULTS: After surgery, visual deficits improved in 18 patients and headache in 17. Two patients displayed normal prolactin levels. No serious complications were reported during surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Sellar remodeling is a precise, simple, safe and inexpensive technique that significantly improves symptoms such as visual deficits and headache observed in primary empty sella syndrome.