Compliance of biosecurity practices for compartmentalization to foot-mouth disease and classical swine fever viruses in commercial swine companies from southern Brazil.

Classical swine fever (CSF) and foot-mouth disease (FMD) are both highly contagious disease and disruptive to commercial trades, but they are examples of foreign animal diseases that biosecurity-based compartmentalization could be used to support trade in free zones in response to an outbreak. This study aimed to evaluate biosecurity compliance to the Federal Normative Instruction #44 from December 4th, 2017 (BRAZIL, 2017) in commercial swine farms located in southern Brazil. A total of 604 swine farms from 10 commercial swine companies were sampled, from which 28.5% were breeding farms, 29.1% nursery, 32.8% finishing, 6.8% multipliers, and 2.8% farrow-to-finish. Cluster analyses revealed that farms with high compliance (n = 303, Cluster 1) performed 71% of the practices, moderate (n = 219, Cluster 2) 47%, and the low (n = 82, Cluster 3) 33%. A spatial logistic regression model estimated that biosecurity compliance was highest in only one of 10 commercial swine companies, and within a company, multipliers (when present) obtained the highest biosecurity compliance (p-value < 0.01). These results suggest that major improvements in biosecurity practices are needed in breeding herds, nursery, and grow-finish farms to be compliant to the Federal Instruction #44. Based on the combination of these analyses, only one commercial swine company was more suitable to establish compartments for CSF and FMD with minimal investments. Still, this study revealed that the majority of commercial swine companies needs to improve biosecurity practice protocols to then target compartmentalization.

Volatile Constituents from Catasetum (Orchidaceae) Species with Occurrence in the Brazilian Amazon.

BACKGROUND: Catasetum Rich. ex Kunth is a genus of Neotropical orchids distributed in Central and South American regions. In the Brazilian Amazon, there are more than 60 species of Catasetum. The floral aromas of orchids are little known, particularly of Catasetum species. This work aimed to analyze the chemical constituents of the volatile concentrates of eight Catasetum specimens from the Amazon: C. alatum (1), C. albovirens (2), C. barbatum (1), C. ciliatum (2), C. galeritum (1), and C. gnomus (1). METHODS: Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyzed and identified the constituents of the volatile concentrates, and principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used in the multivariate statistical analysis. RESULTS: The Catasetum main constituents in descending order and above 10% were trans-geranylgeraniol, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, linalool, 2-phenylethyl acetate, geraniol, 7-epi-1,2-dehydro-sesquicineole, 1,8-cineole, benzyl acetate, limonene, methyl salicylate, (E)-ß-farnesene, anisyl butyrate, cis-carvone oxide, cadin-4-en-10-ol, indole, α-pinene, and δ-cadinene. CONCLUSIONS: Multivariate statistical analysis of Catasetum species showed that C. barbatum, C. albovirens, and C. gnomus are distinct from the other studied species, while C. alatum, C. ciliatum, and C. galeritum presented the same primary classes of compounds. These results contribute to a better understanding of the genus Catasetum chemotaxonomy.

Age at first calving and productive performance of primiparous Holsteins.

This study investigated the age at first calving in Holstein heifers and its impact on various production parameters. A sample of 737 Holstein heifers born between 2015 and 2018 and finishing their first lactations between 2018 and 2020 was included. Cluster analysis revealed three groups based on age at first calving: high precocity, medium precocity and low precocity. Medium-precocity group exhibited the highest 305-day milk yield and peak milk production. Additionally, the same group demonstrated superior mean production per lactation, 305-day milk protein content, and 305-day milk yield. The lowest somatic cell count was found in the low-precocity group. In conclusion, medium-precocity cows showed better results such as higher 305-day milk yield and peak milk production.

Primary health care performance according to clusters of convergent municipalities in the state of São Paulo / Desempenho da atenção primária à saúde, segundo clusters de municípios convergentes no estado de São Paulo

ABSTRACT: Objective: To describe the performance of Primary Health Care, according to conglomerates of São Paulo cities that present homogeneous indicators. Methods: This is a descriptive study, based on secondary data extracted from official sources of the Unified Health System, for the year 2018. An analysis matrix was created, with the proposition of performance (access, effectiveness and adequacy) and context indicators (population, health determinants and financing) selected and organized in dimensions and sub-dimensions. Cluster Analysis was used to identify the groups of homogeneous municipalities. Results: 645 municipalities were divided in 6 conglomerates. Clusters 2 and 3 were formed predominantly by small municipalities with greater access to health; cluster 3 has less social vulnerability and greater investment in health. Clusters 1, 4 and 5 were formed by the largest municipalities with less access to health; cluster 4 presents greater social vulnerability, less coverage of private health plans and a greater percentage of health resources; cluster 5 was characterized by greater Gross Domestic Product per capita and greater coverage of private health plans. Cluster 6, formed by the city of São Paulo, was a particular case. Cluster 2 drew attention, as it was shown to have increased coverage, but signaled lower efficacy and adequacy levels. Cluster 3 had the best performance among all clusters. Conclusion: These findings can support regional and municipal management, given the complexity of the territory of São Paulo, pointing to scenarios that demand broader public management initiatives.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever o desempenho da atenção primária à saúde, segundo clusters de municípios paulistas que apresentaram indicadores homogêneos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, com base em dados secundários extraídos de fontes oficiais do Sistema Único de Saúde, referentes ao ano de 2018. Foi elaborada uma matriz de análise, com a proposição de indicadores de desempenho (acesso, efetividade e adequação) e contexto (população, determinantes de saúde e financiamento), selecionados e organizados em dimensões e subdimensões. Para identificar os grupos de municípios homogêneos, foi utilizada a análise de cluster Resultados: Dos 645 municípios, constituíram-se seis clusters. Os clusters 2 e 3 foram formados, predominantemente, por municípios pequenos e com maior acesso; entre eles, o cluster 3 apresentou menor vulnerabilidade social e maior investimento em saúde. Os clusters 1, 4 e 5, em contrapartida, foram formados por municípios maiores e com menor acesso; entre eles, o cluster 4 apresentou maior vulnerabilidade social, menor cobertura de planos privados de saúde e maior percentual de recursos utilizados em saúde; e o cluster 5, maior produto interno bruto per capita e maior cobertura de planos privados de saúde. O cluster 6, formado pelo município de São Paulo, demonstrou ser um caso particular. Ainda, o cluster 2 chamou atenção. Apresentando maior cobertura, sinalizou menor efetividade e adequação. Entre todos os clusters, o cluster 3 alcançou o melhor desempenho. Conclusão: Os resultados podem subsidiar a gestão regional e municipal, diante da complexidade do território paulista, apontando para cenários que demandam maiores inciativas de gestão pública.

Outbreak of Central American born Shigella sonnei in two youth camps in Belgium in the summer of 2019.

In 2019, an outbreak of Shigella sonnei occurred during two youth camps in Belgium. The clustering of isolates from both camps was confirmed by next-generation sequencing, as well as a secondary infection of a technician. The outbreak strain clustered with internationally isolated strains from patients with recent travel history to Central America. This report exemplifies enhanced surveillance and international collaboration between public health institutes by enabling to link local outbreaks to region-specific sublineages circulating abroad.

Acoustic variation of spider monkeys' contact calls (whinnies) is related to distance between vocalizing individuals and immediate caller behavior.

Due to several factors such as ecological conditions, group size, and social organization, primates frequently spend time out of visual contact with individuals of their own group. Through the use of long-distance vocalizations, often termed "contact calls," primates are able to maintain contact with out-of-sight individuals. Contact calls have been shown to be individually distinct, and reverberation and attenuation provide information about caller distance. It is less clear, however, whether callers actively change the structure of contact calls depending on the distance to the presumed listeners. We studied this question in spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), a species with complex spatial dynamics (fission-fusion society) that produces highly frequency modulated contact calls, denominated "whinnies." We determined the acoustic characteristics of 566 whinnies recorded from 35 free-ranging spider monkeys that belong to a community located in Mexico, and used cluster analyses, discriminant function analyses, and generalized linear mixed models to assess if they varied in relation to the presumed distance to the listener. Whinnies could be grouped into five subtypes. Since the lowest frequency subtype was mainly produced by spider monkeys that exchanged whinnies at longer distances, and lower frequency calls propagate across longer distances, our results suggest that whinnies vary in order to enhance vocal contact between individuals separated by different distances. Our results also revealed that whinnies convey potential information about caller immediate behaviors and corroborated that these calls are individually distinct. Overall, our results suggest that whinny acoustic variation facilitates the maintenance of vocal contact between individuals living in a society with complex spatial dynamics.

Heterogeneity of cognitive aging in Brazilian normal elderls / Heterogeneidade do envelhecimento cognitivo em idosos brasileiros saudáveis

Abstract ? With aging, several cognitive skills inevitably decline. However, cognitive losses do not occur homogenously in all elderly people, differing in number and severity of affected cognitive functions. These differences could be exacerbated by socioeconomic differences in a developing country like Brazil. Objectives: to characterize the cognitive functioning of healthy elderly subjects whose socioeconomic conditions differ to those of other studies. Methods: 60 elderly subjects with a mean age of 68 years, 43 women and 17 men, and mean schooling of 7.1 years, were studied. The cognitive function of this group was assessed using the following neuropsychological tests: Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS), Stroop Test, Verbal Fluency, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Rey Complex Figure, Vocabulary ? Wais ? III, Logical Memory (WMS-R), Visual Reproduction (WMS-R), and Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). The neuropsychological data were submitted to Multivariate cluster analysis using SAS - Proc Cluster software and the complete binding hierarchical method. Results: Variability was found allowing classification of the studied group into 4 clusters of individuals who had above-average (C1), average (C3 and C4) and below average (C2) performance. Schooling determined the results obtained, with less educated subjects showing poorer performance than higher-educated subjects. Conclusions: Significant differences in the process of cognitive aging were detected on neuropsychological tests in this group of healthy elderly from the developing country of Brazil, where socioeconomic differences may exacerbate cognitive differences among older adults.

Resumo ? Com o envelhecimento algumas habilidades cognitivas inevitavelmente declinam. No entanto, as perdas cognitivas não ocorrem da mesma maneira para todos os idosos, diferindo na quantidade e intensidade das funções cognitivas afetadas que podem se intensificar pelas diferenças socioeconômicas encontradas num país em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil. Objetivos: Caracterizar o funcionamento de idosos saudáveis em condições socioeconômicas diversas das encontradas em outros estudos. Métodos: 60 idosos saudáveis, com idade média 68 anos, 43 mulheres e 17 homens e escolaridade média de 7,1 anos. O funcionamento cognitivo desse grupo foi avaliado por meio da aplicação dos seguintes de testes neuropsicológicos: Escala de Mattis para Avaliação de Demência (MDRS), Teste de Stroop, Fluência Verbal, Teste de Winconsin de Classificação de Cartas- WCST, Figura Complexa de Rey, Vocabulário ? Wais ? III, Memória Lógica ? WMS-R, Reprodução Visual ? WMS-R, Teste da Aprendizagem Auditivo-Verbal de Rey. Os dados da avaliação neuropsicológica foram submetidos à análise Multivariada de Cluster pelo Software SAS - Proc Cluster utilizando o método hierárquico de ligação completa. Resultados: Demonstraram uma variabilidade que permitiu a classificação do grupo de estudo em 4 clusters de indivíduos que tiveram um melhor desempenho (C1), com desempenho dentro da média (C3 e C4) e com pior desempenho (C2). A escolaridade determinou os resultados encontrados, sendo que os menos escolarizados mostraram piores desempenhos do que os outros. Conclusões: Houve diferenças significativas no processo de envelhecimento cognitivo estimada pela avaliação neuropsicológica nesse grupo de idosos saudáveis em países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, em que as diferenças socioeconômicas podem intensificar as diferenças cognitivas entre os idosos.

Heterogeneity of cognitive aging in Brazilian normal elderls.

With aging, several cognitive skills inevitably decline. However, cognitive losses do not occur homogenously in all elderly people, differing in number and severity of affected cognitive functions. These differences could be exacerbated by socioeconomic differences in a developing country like Brazil. OBJECTIVES: to characterize the cognitive functioning of healthy elderly subjects whose socioeconomic conditions differ to those of other studies. METHODS: 60 elderly subjects with a mean age of 68 years, 43 women and 17 men, and mean schooling of 7.1 years, were studied. The cognitive function of this group was assessed using the following neuropsychological tests: Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS), Stroop Test, Verbal Fluency, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Rey Complex Figure, Vocabulary - Wais - III, Logical Memory (WMS-R), Visual Reproduction (WMS-R), and Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). The neuropsychological data were submitted to Multivariate cluster analysis using SAS - Proc Cluster software and the complete binding hierarchical method. RESULTS: Variability was found allowing classification of the studied group into 4 clusters of individuals who had above-average (C1), average (C3 and C4) and below average (C2) performance. Schooling determined the results obtained, with less educated subjects showing poorer performance than higher-educated subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Significant differences in the process of cognitive aging were detected on neuropsychological tests in this group of healthy elderly from the developing country of Brazil, where socioeconomic differences may exacerbate cognitive differences among older adults.

Com o envelhecimento algumas habilidades cognitivas inevitavelmente declinam. No entanto, as perdas cognitivas não ocorrem da mesma maneira para todos os idosos, diferindo na quantidade e intensidade das funções cognitivas afetadas que podem se intensificar pelas diferenças socioeconômicas encontradas num país em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil. OBJETIVOS: Caracterizar o funcionamento de idosos saudáveis em condições socioeconômicas diversas das encontradas em outros estudos. MÉTODOS: 60 idosos saudáveis, com idade média 68 anos, 43 mulheres e 17 homens e escolaridade média de 7,1 anos. O funcionamento cognitivo desse grupo foi avaliado por meio da aplicação dos seguintes de testes neuropsicológicos: Escala de Mattis para Avaliação de Demência (MDRS), Teste de Stroop, Fluência Verbal, Teste de Winconsin de Classificação de Cartas- WCST, Figura Complexa de Rey, Vocabulário ­ Wais ­ III, Memória Lógica ­ WMS-R, Reprodução Visual ­ WMS-R, Teste da Aprendizagem Auditivo-Verbal de Rey. Os dados da avaliação neuropsicológica foram submetidos à análise Multivariada de Cluster pelo Software SAS - Proc Cluster utilizando o método hierárquico de ligação completa. RESULTADOS: Demonstraram uma variabilidade que permitiu a classificação do grupo de estudo em 4 clusters de indivíduos que tiveram um melhor desempenho (C1), com desempenho dentro da média (C3 e C4) e com pior desempenho (C2). A escolaridade determinou os resultados encontrados, sendo que os menos escolarizados mostraram piores desempenhos do que os outros. CONCLUSÕES: Houve diferenças significativas no processo de envelhecimento cognitivo estimada pela avaliação neuropsicológica nesse grupo de idosos saudáveis em países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, em que as diferenças socioeconômicas podem intensificar as diferenças cognitivas entre os idosos.

Comparações entre medidas de dissimilaridade e estatísticas multivariadas como critérios no direcionamento de hibridações em aveia

Genetic dissimilarity measures are commonly used by plant breeders to identify different genotypes to get desired segregant populations. This study was proposed to establish the relationship between different multivariate techniques to estimate divergence. The experiment was performed during the growing season of 2001, where twelve oat cultivars were tested for seven agronomic traits, using the random blocks experimental design with four replications. Euclidian and Mahalanobis distances showed low correlation (0.529) and when used to build dendrograms did not show similar clustering. The graphic techniques analysis through principal components and canonical variables also showed distinct spreading patterns. However, in spite of the observed discrepancies among the methodology analyzed, it was possible to recognize dissimilar genotypes with high average that can be used with large success probability in selected artificial hybridizations in oats.

Medidas de dissimilaridade são artifícios que os melhoristas de plantas dispõem para identificarem genótipos distantes na obtenção de populações segregantes desejadas. Assim, o presente trabalho foi realizado para estabelecer relação entre as diferentes técnicas multivariadas utilizadas em estimativas de divergência genética. O experimento foi desenvolvido no ano agrícola de 2001, quando doze cultivares de aveia foram testados para sete caracteres agronômicos, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. As distâncias Euclidiana e de Mahalanobis evidenciaram baixa correlação (0,529) e, quando utilizadas na confecção de dendrogramas, não possibilitaram a formação de agrupamentos similares. As análises gráficas por componentes principais e variáveis canônicas também apresentaram dispersões distintas. Entretanto, apesar das discrepâncias observadas entre as metodologias analisadas, foi possível a identificação de genótipos dissimilares e com média elevada, que poderão ser utilizados com grande probabilidade de sucesso em hibridações dirigidas em aveia.

Comparações entre medidas de dissimilaridade e estatísticas multivariadas como critérios no direcionamento de hibridações em aveia

Genetic dissimilarity measures are commonly used by plant breeders to identify different genotypes to get desired segregant populations. This study was proposed to establish the relationship between different multivariate techniques to estimate divergence. The experiment was performed during the growing season of 2001, where twelve oat cultivars were tested for seven agronomic traits, using the random blocks experimental design with four replications. Euclidian and Mahalanobis distances showed low correlation (0.529) and when used to build dendrograms did not show similar clustering. The graphic techniques analysis through principal components and canonical variables also showed distinct spreading patterns. However, in spite of the observed discrepancies among the methodology analyzed, it was possible to recognize dissimilar genotypes with high average that can be used with large success probability in selected artificial hybridizations in oats.

Medidas de dissimilaridade são artifícios que os melhoristas de plantas dispõem para identificarem genótipos distantes na obtenção de populações segregantes desejadas. Assim, o presente trabalho foi realizado para estabelecer relação entre as diferentes técnicas multivariadas utilizadas em estimativas de divergência genética. O experimento foi desenvolvido no ano agrícola de 2001, quando doze cultivares de aveia foram testados para sete caracteres agronômicos, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. As distâncias Euclidiana e de Mahalanobis evidenciaram baixa correlação (0,529) e, quando utilizadas na confecção de dendrogramas, não possibilitaram a formação de agrupamentos similares. As análises gráficas por componentes principais e variáveis canônicas também apresentaram dispersões distintas. Entretanto, apesar das discrepâncias observadas entre as metodologias analisadas, foi possível a identificação de genótipos dissimilares e com média elevada, que poderão ser utilizados com grande probabilidade de sucesso em hibridações dirigidas em aveia.