The relationship between carotid intima-media thickness and cognitive function and depression in postmenopausal women.

Introduction: Atherosclerosis, cognitive impairment, and depression are common entities in postmenopausal patients. Our aim was to ascertain the relationship between the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and cognitive function and depression in postmenopausal women. Material and methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional, comparative study among postmenopausal women. A carotid artery ultrasound was performed, and the IMT was measured. Mental function was assessed with the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), and the presence of depression with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). For statistical analysis the Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlation were used. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and odds ratio (OR) were calculated. Results: Seventy-five patients were studied. The median of age was 52 years (31-76), and the IMT was 1.1 mm (0.6-0.20). The HDRS score was 8.9 (1-21), and that of the MMSE was 29 (18-30). After dividing the group according to the presence or absence of depression, it was found that age and IMT were greater in the group with depression, and the MMSE score was greater in the group without depression. After dividing according to the MMSE score, age and HDRS score were significantly greater in the group with cognitive impairment. The intima-media thickness had an OR of 12.2 (2.6-58.0) for cognitive impairment and an OR of 5.2 (1.9-14.1) for depression. Conclusions: The intima-media thickness is associated with greater risk of cognitive impairment and depression.

Tratamiento psicológico inclusivo como modalidad terapéutica en el estado cognitivo-emocional-conductual en las personas prejubilables / Inclusive psychological treatment as a therapeutic modality for cognitive, emotional and behavioural state in pre-retired people

Introducción: La prejubilación se define como una etapa de la vida donde convergen factores biológicos, psicológicos, sociales, culturales, espirituales y ambientales que preparan al individuo para un cambio global y profundo. Objetivo: Precisar mediante el tratamiento psicológico inclusivo los cambios ocurridos en el proceso cognoscitivo del pensamiento y las modificaciones obtenidas en la esfera emocional en el grupo intervenido. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental en el Policlínico Docente «Marta Abreu», de Santa Clara, Villa Clara, en el período de enero de 2017 a febrero de 2019. Se emplearon procedimientos, métodos y técnicas con la aplicación de esta modalidad terapéutica en un grupo estudio de 200 personas prejubilables, de 55 a 65 años de edad. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadísticos-matemáticos. Se aplicaron técnicas psicológicas antes del tratamiento psicológico inclusivo, y después de este, en el grupo estudio y en el grupo control. Resultados: Fueron muy reveladores en el grupo estudio, y se registraron cambios muy significativos en los procesos intelectuales, en el pensamiento lógico verbal, práctico constructivo y rumiativo; además estados emocionales ansioso bajo y depresivo leve, autoestima alta, y notable mejoría en la vulnerabilidad al estrés. En el grupo control no se reflejaron cambios favorables. Conclusiones: El tratamiento psicológico inclusivo resultó efectivo por el logro de cambios positivos en el estado cognitivo-emocional-conductual en personas prejubilables del grupo estudio. La aplicación de las estrategias de desactivación fisiológica, cognitivas, reflexivo vivenciales, informativas, así como las habilidades de conductas de afrontamiento, las acciones de mantenimiento y generalización y las ayudas paliativas y moderadoras de estrés en la atención a personas prejubilables, constituyó un novedoso recurso terapéutico.

Introduction: pre-retirement is defined as a stage of life where biological, psychological, social, cultural, spiritual and environmental factors converge to prepare the individual for a global and profound change. Objective: to determine, through the inclusive psychological treatment, the changes occurred in the cognitive process of thinking and the modifications obtained in the emotional sphere in the intervened group. Methods: a quasi-experimental study was carried out at "Marta Abreu" Teaching Polyclinic in Santa Clara, Villa Clara from January 2017 to February 2019. Procedures, methods and techniques were used with the application of this therapeutic modality in a study group of 200 pre-retired people aged 55 to 65 years old. Theoretical, empirical, statistical and mathematical methods were used. Psychological techniques were applied before and after the inclusive psychological treatment in the study and control groups. Results: they very revealing in the study group, and very significant changes were registered in intellectual processes as well as in verbal-logical, practical-constructive and ruminative thinking; also low anxious and mild depressive emotional states, high self-esteem, and notable improvement in vulnerability to stress. No favorable changes were reflected in the control group. Conclusions: the inclusive psychological treatment was effective in achieving positive changes in the cognitive, emotional and behavioural state in pre-retired people from the study group. The application of physiological deactivation, cognitive, experiential, reflective, and informative strategies, as well as coping behavioural skills, maintenance and generalization actions and palliative and moderating stress aids in the care of pre-retired people constituted a novel therapeutic resource.

Efectos del aislamiento social en el estado cognitivo de personas mayores de 65 años durante la pandemia SARS-CoV-2: estudio comparativo longitudinal / Effects of social isolation on the cognitive status of people over 65 years of age during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: a longitudinal comparative study

INTRODUCTION: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has affected the entire population, especially vulnerable people with risk factors, such as people over 65 years. Globally and nationally, health protection measures were established to reduce transmission and the impact of the disease on the healthcare system, such as using face masks, hand washing, and social distancing, among others. This led to restrictions on activities outside the home, which affected the cognitive sphere of the population, especially people over 65 years of age. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate that social isolation causes changes in the cognitive status of people over 65 years of age. METHODS: A longitudinal study was conducted from 2019 to 2020, with the participation of 37 older adults in a parish club of support activities who voluntarily agreed to participate by signing the informed consent form. The Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination was administered to all of them at two points in the study: before the pandemic and after six months of strict social isolation established as a control measure for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We looked for cognitive status differences during this period and studied qualitative-quantitative sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: The club members were older people, predominantly women. Mean age of the participants was 75.4 years; 89.2% had little schooling (less than ten years of formal education). Identified prevalent diseases were arterial hypertension and type-2 diabetes mellitus. In the first evaluation, six out of thirty-seven participants had slight cognitive deficits (16.2%), all females; there were no cases of cognitive impairment; the rest had normal cognitive status (31 out of 37, or 83.8%). After the second evaluation (at the end of strict isolation due to the pandemic), we observed that 11 (29.7%) participants had slight cognitive deficits (ten female and one male), which represents an increase of 13.5%. In addition, four participants (10.8%) showed mild cognitive impairment, all females. Such changes were statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). We conclude that social isolation due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was related to changes in the cognitive status of the elderly.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La pandemia por SARS-CoV-2, ha afectado a toda la población, especialmente a personas vulnerables y con factores de riesgo, como las personas mayores de 65 años. A nivel mundial y nacional se establecieron medidas de protección sanitaria como medio para reducir la transmisión y el impacto de la enfermedad en el sistema de salud como uso de mascarilla, lavado de manos, distanciamiento social, entre otros. Esto generó restricciones en las actividades fuera del hogar, lo que afectó el aspecto cognitivo de la población, especialmente a las personas mayores de 65 años. OBJETIVO: Demostrar que el aislamiento social genera cambios en el estado cognitivo de las personas mayores de 65 años. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal en el periodo de 2019 a 2020, con la participación de 37 personas mayores pertenecientes a un club parroquial de actividades de apoyo, quienes aceptaron participar voluntariamente mediante firma del consentimiento informado. A todos se les aplicó el en dos momentos del estudio: previo a la pandemia y al cabo de seis meses del aislamiento social estricto establecido como medida de control de la pandemia por SARS- CoV-2. En dicho período se buscaron diferencias en el estado cognitivo y también se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas cuali-cuantitativas. RESULTADOS: Los integrantes del club son personas mayores, predominantemente mujeres. El promedio de edad de los participantes fue de 75,4 años; el 89,2% tenía escolaridad baja (menos de 10 años de educación). Las enfermedades prevalentes identificadas fueron: hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus tipo-2. En la primera evaluación se observó que 6 de 37 participantes presentaron ligero déficit cognitivo (16,2%), todas de sexo femenino; no hubo casos con deterioro cognitivo; los demás tuvieron estado cognitivo normal (31 de 37, es decir 83,8%). Tras la segunda evaluación (al finalizar el aislamiento estricto por la pandemia), se observó que 11 (29,7%) personas registraron ligero déficit cognitivo (10 mujeres y 1 hombre), lo que implica un incremento de 13,5%. Además, se identificaron cuatro casos (10,8%) de los participantes que presentaron deterioro cognitivo leve, todas fueron de sexo femenino. Tales cambios fueron estadísticamente significativos (valor p < 0,05). Se concluye que el aislamiento por la pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 está relacionado con cambios en el estado cognitivo de las personas mayores.

Effects of social isolation on the cognitive status of people over 65 years of age during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: A longitudinal comparative study. / Efectos del aislamiento social en el estado cognitivo de personas mayores de 65 años durante la pandemia SARS-CoV-2: estudio comparativo longitudinal.

Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has affected the entire population, especially vulnerable people with risk factors, such as people over 65 years. Globally and nationally, health protection measures were established to reduce transmission and the impact of the disease on the healthcare system, such as using face masks, hand washing, and social distancing, among others. This led to restrictions on activities outside the home, which affected the cognitive sphere of the population, especially people over 65 years of age. Objective: To demonstrate that social isolation causes changes in the cognitive status of people over 65 years of age. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted from 2019 to 2020, with the participation of 37 older adults in a parish club of support activities who voluntarily agreed to participate by signing the informed consent form. The Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination was administered to all of them at two points in the study: before the pandemic and after six months of strict social isolation established as a control measure for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We looked for cognitive status differences during this period and studied qualitative-quantitative sociodemographic variables. Results: The club members were older people, predominantly women. Mean age of the participants was 75.4 years; 89.2% had little schooling (less than ten years of formal education). Identified prevalent diseases were arterial hypertension and type-2 diabetes mellitus. In the first evaluation, six out of thirty-seven participants had slight cognitive deficits (16.2%), all females; there were no cases of cognitive impairment; the rest had normal cognitive status (31 out of 37, or 83.8%). After the second evaluation (at the end of strict isolation due to the pandemic), we observed that 11 (29.7%) participants had slight cognitive deficits (ten female and one male), which represents an increase of 13.5%. In addition, four participants (10.8%) showed mild cognitive impairment, all females. Such changes were statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). We conclude that social isolation due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was related to changes in the cognitive status of the elderly.

Introducción: La pandemia por SARS-CoV-2, ha afectado a toda la población, especialmente a personas vulnerables y con factores de riesgo, como las personas mayores de 65 años. A nivel mundial y nacional se establecieron medidas de protección sanitaria como medio para reducir la transmisión y el impacto de la enfermedad en el sistema de salud como uso de mascarilla, lavado de manos, distanciamiento social, entre otros. Esto generó restricciones en las actividades fuera del hogar, lo que afectó el aspecto cognitivo de la población, especialmente a las personas mayores de 65 años. Objetivo: Demostrar que el aislamiento social genera cambios en el estado cognitivo de las personas mayores de 65 años. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal en el periodo de 2019 a 2020, con la participación de 37 personas mayores pertenecientes a un club parroquial de actividades de apoyo, quienes aceptaron participar voluntariamente mediante firma del consentimiento informado. A todos se les aplicó el en dos momentos del estudio: previo a la pandemia y al cabo de seis meses del aislamiento social estricto establecido como medida de control de la pandemia por SARS- CoV-2. En dicho período se buscaron diferencias en el estado cognitivo y también se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas cuali-cuantitativas. Resultados: Los integrantes del club son personas mayores, predominantemente mujeres. El promedio de edad de los participantes fue de 75,4 años; el 89,2% tenía escolaridad baja (menos de 10 años de educación). Las enfermedades prevalentes identificadas fueron: hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus tipo-2. En la primera evaluación se observó que 6 de 37 participantes presentaron ligero déficit cognitivo (16,2%), todas de sexo femenino; no hubo casos con deterioro cognitivo; los demás tuvieron estado cognitivo normal (31 de 37, es decir 83,8%). Tras la segunda evaluación (al finalizar el aislamiento estricto por la pandemia), se observó que 11 (29,7%) personas registraron ligero déficit cognitivo (10 mujeres y 1 hombre), lo que implica un incremento de 13,5%. Además, se identificaron cuatro casos (10,8%) de los participantes que presentaron deterioro cognitivo leve, todas fueron de sexo femenino. Tales cambios fueron estadísticamente significativos (valor p < 0,05). Se concluye que el aislamiento por la pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 está relacionado con cambios en el estado cognitivo de las personas mayores.

Validity and reliability of the persian version of the modified telephone interview for cognitive status among community-dwelling older adults in Iran / Validade e confiabilidade da versão persa da Entrevista Telefônica para o Estado Cognitivo: modificada entre idosos da comunidade no Irã

ABSTRACT. Due to the increase in the population of the elderly, there is a growing trend in some diseases such as cognitive disorders (dementia) which are common in this era, and the diagnosis and treatment of this disease are still facing challenges. Therefore, early identification of cognitive disorders is of particular importance. In this regard, the use of any tool or cognitive tests may not be enough to diagnose dementia in the early stages and a special tool is needed. Objective: The validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (P-TICS-M) in older adults living in the Iranian community for a comprehensive screening of mild cognitive impairment and dementia was investigated. Methods: In the first phase, translation, re-translation, and word-taking were performed by using the face validity and content validity. In the second phase, a stratified convenient sampling with 150 participants aged ≥60 years was conducted based on cognitive status using the global deterioration scale in 2018. The external and internal reliability of the P-TICS-M using the interclass correlation coefficient and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of total items of this tool were estimated. Results: The mean age of the participants was 68.6 (standard deviation±7.4) years. According to global deterioration scale, 87 (58.0%) had normal cognition, 40 (26.7%) had mild cognitive impairment, and 23 (15.3%) had dementia. The Spearman's correlation coefficient between P-TICS-M scores and Mini-Mental State Examination scale was 0.764. In exploratory factor analysis, seven domains were detected, which were compatible with those defined by the tool developer. The Cronbach's alpha of the P-TICS-M was 0.920. The absolute agreement between test-retest score was >0.90. The sensitivity of 92.2, 94.8, and 100%, and also the specificity of 79.4, 88.2, and 89.8% were calculated for detecting subjects with dementia, respectively. Furthermore, a mild cognitive impairment cutoff of >28 was determined. Conclusion: The development and validation of a P-TICS-M tool can be useful in identifying older adult people with cognitive impairment. Demographic characteristics (level of education, age) can also affect the cutoff point of this tool.

RESUMO. Por causa do aumento da população de idosos, há uma tendência crescente de algumas doenças, como os distúrbios cognitivos (demência), que são comuns nessa época, e o diagnóstico e tratamento dessa doença ainda enfrentam desafios. A identificação precoce de distúrbios cognitivos é de particular importância. Nesse sentido, a utilização de qualquer ferramenta ou testes cognitivos pode não ser suficiente para diagnosticar a demência nas fases iniciais e é necessária uma ferramenta especial. Objetivo: A validade e a confiabilidade da versão persa da Entrevista Telefônica para o Estado Cognitivo - Modificada (P-TICS-M) em idosos que vivem na comunidade iraniana para uma triagem abrangente de comprometimento cognitivo leve e demência foram investigadas. Métodos: Primeira fase, tradução, retradução e tomada de palavras utilizando validade de face e validade de conteúdo. Na segunda fase, foi conduzida uma amostragem estratificada por conveniência com 150 participantes com idade ≥60 anos baseada em estado cognitivo por meio da escala de deterioração global em 2018. Estimaram-se a confiabilidade externa e interna do P-TICS-M por meio do coeficiente de correlação interclasses e o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach do total de itens deste instrumento. Resultados: A média de idade dos participantes foi de 68,6 (desvio padrão±7,4) anos. De acordo com a escala de deterioração global, 87 (58,0%) apresentavam cognição normal, 40 (26,7%) apresentavam comprometimento cognitivo leve e 23 (15,3%) apresentavam demência. O coeficiente de correlação de Spearman entre os escores do P-TICS-M e a escala do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental foi de 0,764. Na análise fatorial exploratória, detectaram-se sete domínios, os quais eram compatíveis com aqueles definidos pelo desenvolvedor da ferramenta. O alfa de Cronbach do P-TICS-M foi de 0,920. A concordância absoluta entre o escore teste-reteste foi >0,90. Calculou-se, respectivamente, sensibilidade de 92,2, 94,8 e 100%, e também especificidade de 79,4, 88,2 e 89,8% para a detecção de indivíduos com demência. Além disso, determinou-se um ponto de corte do comprometimento cognitivo leve >28. Conclusão: O desenvolvimento e validação de uma ferramenta P-TICS-M pode ser útil na identificação de idosos com comprometimento cognitivo. As características demográficas (escolaridade, idade) também podem afetar o ponto de corte dessa ferramenta.

Validity and reliability of the persian version of the modified telephone interview for cognitive status among community-dwelling older adults in Iran.

Due to the increase in the population of the elderly, there is a growing trend in some diseases such as cognitive disorders (dementia) which are common in this era, and the diagnosis and treatment of this disease are still facing challenges. Therefore, early identification of cognitive disorders is of particular importance. In this regard, the use of any tool or cognitive tests may not be enough to diagnose dementia in the early stages and a special tool is needed. Objective: The validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (P-TICS-M) in older adults living in the Iranian community for a comprehensive screening of mild cognitive impairment and dementia was investigated. Methods: In the first phase, translation, re-translation, and word-taking were performed by using the face validity and content validity. In the second phase, a stratified convenient sampling with 150 participants aged ≥60 years was conducted based on cognitive status using the global deterioration scale in 2018. The external and internal reliability of the P-TICS-M using the interclass correlation coefficient and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of total items of this tool were estimated. Results: The mean age of the participants was 68.6 (standard deviation±7.4) years. According to global deterioration scale, 87 (58.0%) had normal cognition, 40 (26.7%) had mild cognitive impairment, and 23 (15.3%) had dementia. The Spearman's correlation coefficient between P-TICS-M scores and Mini-Mental State Examination scale was 0.764. In exploratory factor analysis, seven domains were detected, which were compatible with those defined by the tool developer. The Cronbach's alpha of the P-TICS-M was 0.920. The absolute agreement between test-retest score was >0.90. The sensitivity of 92.2, 94.8, and 100%, and also the specificity of 79.4, 88.2, and 89.8% were calculated for detecting subjects with dementia, respectively. Furthermore, a mild cognitive impairment cutoff of >28 was determined. Conclusion: The development and validation of a P-TICS-M tool can be useful in identifying older adult people with cognitive impairment. Demographic characteristics (level of education, age) can also affect the cutoff point of this tool.

Por causa do aumento da população de idosos, há uma tendência crescente de algumas doenças, como os distúrbios cognitivos (demência), que são comuns nessa época, e o diagnóstico e tratamento dessa doença ainda enfrentam desafios. A identificação precoce de distúrbios cognitivos é de particular importância. Nesse sentido, a utilização de qualquer ferramenta ou testes cognitivos pode não ser suficiente para diagnosticar a demência nas fases iniciais e é necessária uma ferramenta especial. Objetivo: A validade e a confiabilidade da versão persa da Entrevista Telefônica para o Estado Cognitivo - Modificada (P-TICS-M) em idosos que vivem na comunidade iraniana para uma triagem abrangente de comprometimento cognitivo leve e demência foram investigadas. Métodos: Primeira fase, tradução, retradução e tomada de palavras utilizando validade de face e validade de conteúdo. Na segunda fase, foi conduzida uma amostragem estratificada por conveniência com 150 participantes com idade ≥60 anos baseada em estado cognitivo por meio da escala de deterioração global em 2018. Estimaram-se a confiabilidade externa e interna do P-TICS-M por meio do coeficiente de correlação interclasses e o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach do total de itens deste instrumento. Resultados: A média de idade dos participantes foi de 68,6 (desvio padrão±7,4) anos. De acordo com a escala de deterioração global, 87 (58,0%) apresentavam cognição normal, 40 (26,7%) apresentavam comprometimento cognitivo leve e 23 (15,3%) apresentavam demência. O coeficiente de correlação de Spearman entre os escores do P-TICS-M e a escala do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental foi de 0,764. Na análise fatorial exploratória, detectaram-se sete domínios, os quais eram compatíveis com aqueles definidos pelo desenvolvedor da ferramenta. O alfa de Cronbach do P-TICS-M foi de 0,920. A concordância absoluta entre o escore teste-reteste foi >0,90. Calculou-se, respectivamente, sensibilidade de 92,2, 94,8 e 100%, e também especificidade de 79,4, 88,2 e 89,8% para a detecção de indivíduos com demência. Além disso, determinou-se um ponto de corte do comprometimento cognitivo leve >28. Conclusão: O desenvolvimento e validação de uma ferramenta P-TICS-M pode ser útil na identificação de idosos com comprometimento cognitivo. As características demográficas (escolaridade, idade) também podem afetar o ponto de corte dessa ferramenta.

Gut dysbiosis and homocysteine: a couple for boosting neurotoxicity in Huntington disease.

Huntington's disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of the huntingtin triplet (Htt), is clinically characterized by cognitive and neuropsychiatric alterations. Although these alterations appear to be related to mutant Htt (mHtt)-induced neurotoxicity, several other factors are involved. The gut microbiota is a known modulator of brain-gut communication and when altered (dysbiosis), several complaints can be developed including gastrointestinal dysfunction which may have a negative impact on cognition, behavior, and other mental functions in HD through several mechanisms, including increased levels of lipopolysaccharide, proinflammatory cytokines and immune cell response, as well as alterations in Ca2+ signaling, resulting in both increased intestinal and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Recently, the presence of dysbiosis has been described in both transgenic mouse models and HD patients. A bidirectional influence between host brain tissues and the gut microbiota has been observed. On the one hand, the host diet influences the composition and function of microbiota; and on the other hand, microbiota products can affect BBB permeability, synaptogenesis, and the regulation of neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors, which has a direct effect on host metabolism and brain function. This review summarizes the available evidence on the pathogenic synergism of dysbiosis and homocysteine, and their role in the transgression of BBB integrity and their potential neurotoxicity of HD.

Role for Physical Fitness in the Association between Age and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Mediation Analysis of the SABE Colombia Study.

Objectives. We investigated the association between physical fitness and cognitive status. Further, we examined whether physical fitness mediates the association between cognitive functioning and aging. Design. Cross-sectional study. Setting. Urban and rural Colombian older adults. Methods. 4416 participants from the SABE study were included in the current analysis. Physical fitness was assessed with the handgrip test and the usual gait speed test. Cognitive status was evaluated through the Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination. A parallel mediation path was used to test the possible mediator role of physical fitness between aging and cognitive functioning. Results. Older adults with lower handgrip strength (HGS) were more likely to have mild-cognitive status than older adults with healthy HGS (OR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.15; 2.02). In addition, older adults with a slower gait speed were more likely to have mild cognitive impairment (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.54; 2.78). Age had an inverse relationship with cognitive function (ß = -0.110, 95% CI = -0.130; -0.100) and it was also inversely associated with HGS (ß = -0.003, 95% CI = -0.005; -0.002) and gait speed (ß = -0.010, 95% CI = -0.011; -0.009). The indirect effects, which indicate that the effect of age on cognitive function is transmitted through mediators, showed that both gait speed (ß = -0.028, 95% CI = -0.036; -0.020) and HGS (ß = -0.014, 95% CI = -0.024; -0.005) were independent mediators of the detrimental effect of aging on cognitive function. Conclusions. Physical fitness mediates the effects of aging on cognitive functioning. Our findings suggest that physical activity can be a key factor to prevent cognitive deterioration during aging process.

Estado cognitivo de adultos mayores no institucionalizados y su relación con la calidad de sueño / Cognitive status of non-institutionalized adults and its sleep quality relation

Introducción: el envejecimiento es un proceso de cambios natural, gradual, continuo e irreversible. Todas las funciones declinan con el envejecimiento y el sistema nervioso no es ajeno a este proceso. Objetivo: identificar si el estado cognitivo del adulto mayor no institucionalizado se asocia con su calidad de sueño. Metodología: estudio transversal, descriptivo, prospectivo de dos variables, realizado en 32 adultos mayores de ambos sexos. Se emplearon los instrumentos Folstein y Pittsburgh para la valoración de deterioro cognitivo y la calidad de sueño, respectivamente. Se utilizó correlación de Spearman para identificar asociación entre variables y estadística descriptiva para el análisis de variables demográficas. Resultados: el 87.5% fueron mujeres y el 12.5% hombres. La edad promedio fue 70.9 ± 7.77 años. Datos del instrumento Pittsburg demostraron que el 75% de los sujetos son malos dormidores y el 25% regulares. Los resultados del instrumento Folstein arrojaron que el 87.5% de los sujetos se encuentran sin deterioro cognitivo alguno, el 9.3% con deterioro leve, 0% moderado y un 3.1 % grave. El análisis de correlación de Spearman entre ambas variables, evidenció valor de r = 0.135 y p = 0.46. Conclusiones: el estado cognitivo de los adultos mayores no guarda relación con la calidad del sueño.

Introduction: Aging is a natural, gradual, continuous and irreversible process of changes over time. All functions decline with aging and the nervous system is not alien to this process. Objective: To identify if the cognitive status of the non-institutionalized older adult is associated with their sleep quality. Methodology: A cross sectional study, prospective, two-variable study carried out in 32 older adults of both genders. Folstein and Pittsburgh instruments were used to assess cognitive deterioration and sleep quality respectively. Spearman correlation was used to identify the association between variables. Descriptive statistics was used for analysis of demographic variables. Results: 87.5% were women and 12.5% men. The average age was 70.9 ± 7.77 years. Data from the Pittsburgh instrument showed that 75% of subjects are bad sleepers and 25% regular. Results of Folstein, showed that 87.5% of subjects are without any cognitive impairment, 9.3% with mild impairment, 0% moderate and 3.1% severe. The Spearman correlation analysis between both variables showed a value of r = 0.135 and p = 0.46. Conclusions: The cognitive status of older adults is not related to the quality of sleep.

La evaluación neuropsicológica de la Enfermedad de Parkinson en Chile: una tarea pendiente / Neuropsychological assessment of Parkinson’s disease in Chile: a pending task

La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es la segunda enfermedad neurodegenerativa de mayor prevalencia en el mundo y de origen aún desconocido. Su sintomatología es multisistémica, presentado síntomas motores y no motores. Dentro de los síntomas no motores se encuentra el compromiso cognitivo, que se caracteriza por ser de predominio disejecutivo, acompañado por déficit en los dominios visuoespaciales, atencionales y en la velocidad de procesamiento. Mientras que la literatura internacional considera la afectación cognitiva en la EP, en Chile aún se comprende como una patología esencialmente motora, no existiendo desde las autoridades un lineamiento específico para realizar una correcta evaluación e intervención de las funciones neuropsicológicas...

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the world and its origin is still unknown. Its symptoms are multisystemic, in which you can find motor and non-motor symptoms. In non-motor symptoms is cognitive engagement, which is characterized by a predominance dysexecutivebe accompanied by deficits in visuospatial domain, attentional domain and processing speed. While the international literature considers cognitive impairment in PD, in Chile it is still understood as an essentially motor pathology, no existing from the authorities a specific guideline for proper assessment and intervention of neuropsychological functions...