The intracranial compartmental syndrome: a proposed model for acute brain injury monitoring and management.

For decades, one of the main targets in the management of severe acute brain injury (ABI) has been intracranial hypertension (IH) control. However, the determination of IH has suffered variations in its thresholds over time without clear evidence for it. Meanwhile, progress in the understanding of intracranial content (brain, blood and cerebrospinal fluid) dynamics and recent development in monitoring techniques suggest that targeting intracranial compliance (ICC) could be a more reliable approach rather than guiding actions by predetermined intracranial pressure values. It is known that ICC impairment forecasts IH, as intracranial volume may rapidly increase inside the skull, a closed bony box with derisory expansibility. Therefore, an intracranial compartmental syndrome (ICCS) can occur with deleterious brain effects, precipitating a reduction in brain perfusion, thereby inducing brain ischemia. The present perspective review aims to discuss the ICCS concept and suggest an integrative model for the combination of modern invasive and noninvasive techniques for IH and ICC assessment. The theory and logic suggest that the combination of multiple ancillary methods may enhance ICC impairment prediction, pointing proactive actions and improving patient outcomes.

[Compartmental syndrome complicating endovascular treatment of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm]. / Cas clinique. Syndrome compartimental compliquant le traitement endovasculaire d'un anévrisme aortique abdominal rompu.

The Guide Line of the Society for Vascular Surgery now recommends endovascular repair (rEVAR) for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (RAAA) when anatomical conditions are present. Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) can be one of the serious postoperative complications of rEVAR. ACS is usually associated with progressive development of organ dysfunctions and poor outcomes. We describe an ACS following a RAAA with hemorrhagic shock treated conservatively with a rEVAR.Decompression laparotomy were not performed because spontaneous improvement with conservative ICU treatment was effective.

La Société de Chirurgie Vasculaire recommande désormais la réparation endovasculaire (rEVAR) des anévrismes de l'aorte abdominale rompus (RAAA) lorsque les conditions anatomiques le permettent. Le syndrome compartimental abdominal (SCA) peut être l'une des complications postopératoires graves de la rEVAR. Le SCA est généralement associé au développement progressif d'une dysfonction de plusieurs organes. Nous décrivons ici un syndrome compartimental abdominal (SCA) consécutif à une RAAA avec choc hémorragique, traité de manière conservatrice avec une rEVAR aorto-mono-iliaque et un cross-over fémoro-fémoral. Le patient a été admis en post-opératoire en Unité de Soins intensifs et a développé, à 48 heures postopératoires, un SCA associé à une insuffisance rénale aiguë, une cytolyse hépatique, un œdème pulmonaire aigu et un iléus. Une laparotomie de décompression n'a pas été effectuée car l'amélioration spontanée avec un traitement conservateur aux soins intensifs s'est avérée efficace.

Manejo quirúrgico temprano en la purpura fulminans del lactante / Early surgical management of purpura fulminans in the infant

Introducción: La purpura fulminans (PF) es una patología grave, que asocia trastornos de la coagulación con afectación principalmente en zonas acrales. El objetivo de este trabajo es destacar la importancia de la sospecha diagnóstica, el manejo multidisciplinar y el tratamiento quirúrgico temprano. Caso: Se describe el caso de una paciente de 14 meses con presentación atípica de PF y síndrome compartimental de antebrazo izquierdo. Tras realizar fasciotomía y un tratamiento médico de soporte de la coagulación intravascular diseminada, se llegó a un diagnóstico etiológico infrecuente: déficit autoinmune de proteína S. Resultados: La purpura progresó en miembros inferiores, que tuvieron buena evolución con las curas locales. No hubo afectación de órganos internos. El miembro superior izquierdo sufrió necrosis seca y precisó amputación. Conclusiones: El manejo de la PF debe ser multidisciplinar para llegar a un diagnóstico certero e iniciar un tratamiento precoz. El diagnóstico y tratamiento rápido del síndrome compartimental es importante para no empeorar el pronóstico del miembro. Entre las opciones de tratamiento quirúrgico encontramos el desbridamiento de heridas, el injerto libre de piel, los colgajos cutáneos y la amputación, para lo cual debe esperarse,siempre que sea posible, a la estabilización del paciente y delimitación de la necrosis.(AU)

Introduction: Purpura fulminans is a serious pathology that associates coagulation disorders which mainly affects acral areas. The aim of this study is to highlight the importance of suspected diagnosis, multidisciplinary management and early surgical treatment. Case: It is described the case of a 14-months-old patient with an atypical presentation of purpura fulminans and a compartmental syndrome of the left forearm. After performing a fasciotomy and a supporting medical treatment for intravascular disseminated coagulation, it was reached to an infrequent diagnosis etiology: autoimmune protein S deficiency. Results: Purple injuries progressed in lower limbs, which had good evolution with local treating. There were no internal organs affection. The left upper limb suffered dry necrosis and it required amputation. Conclusion: The management of PF must be multidisciplinary to reach an ccurate diagnosis and to initiate an early treatment. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of the compartmental syndrome is necessary to prevent a worsening of the limb prognosis. Surgical treatment options include wound debridement, free skin graft, skin flaps and amputation, they should be postponed, as long as possible, until the patient gets stable and the necrosis gets delimitated.(AU)

[Management of a patient with severe limb trauma]. / La prise en charge d'un patient victime d'un traumatisme sévère de membre.

The management of a patient with limb trauma begins with a rapid assessment of the lesions in order to prioritise the treatment of life-threatening lesions, primarily haemorrhage. Severe limb trauma is defined by the presence of specific severity criteria and requires the injured person to be referred to a specialised severe trauma centre. The prognosis is twofold, both vital and functional, based on the speed as well as the quality of immediate pre-hospital care, specific hospital care and the prevention of secondary complications.

Complications during multiorgan retrieval and pancreas preservation.

In pancreas transplantation, complications can arise at each step of the process, from the initial selection of donors and recipients through the surgical technique itself and the post-operative period, when lifelong immunosuppression is required. In the early steps, careful retrieval and preservation of the pancreas are crucial for the viability of the organ and ultimate success of the transplant. The pancreas is a low-flow gland, making it highly sensitive to transplantation conditions and presenting risk of pancreatitis due to periods of ischemia. The two groups of donors - after brain death (DBD) or after cardiac arrest (DCD) - require different strategies of retrieval and preservation to avoid or reduce the risk of complications developing during and after the transplantation. For DBD donor transplantation, multiorgan retrieval and cold preservation is the conventional technique. Asystole donor (DCD) transplantation, in contrast, can benefit from the newest technologies, such as hypothermic and especially normothermic preservation machines (referred to as NECMO), to optimize organ preservation. The latter has led to an increase in the pool of donors by facilitating recuperation of organs for transplantation that would have been discarded otherwise.

Abdominal wall transplantation in organ transplantation: Our experience. / Utilidad del trasplante de la pared abdominal en el trasplante de órganos. Nuestra experiencia inicial.

Abdominal wall transplantation has been consolidated as an alternative to primary abdominal wall closure in intestinal and multiple organ transplant recipients. Given that it is feasible to obtain the visceral graft and the abdominal wall graft from the same donor, abdominal wall transplantation could offer satisfactory outcomes and be easily coordinated. Non-vascularized fascia is one of the alternatives for abdominal wall closure in transplantation. We report two cases of non-vascularized fascia transplantation in intestinal and multivisceral transplants, respectively. Both donors were young (23 and 18 years old). Both recipients had endured multiple previous surgeries, and no surgical alternatives for primary wall repair could be offered. In both cases, a complete abdominal wall flap was retrieved from the donor, however, due to the characteristics of the recipient's abdominal wall defect, only non-vascularized fascia was used after removing skin and subcutaneous cellular tissue from the graft. Abdominal wall transplantation is an option to consider for abdominal wall closure in patients with multiple previous surgeries and no alternatives for primary wall repair.

Utilización de la ultrasonografía y aplicación del Doppler para la evaluación de ejes vasculares periféricos y la prevención del síndrome compartimental / Using ultrasonography and doppler application for evaluating vascular axes and prevention of compartmental syndrome

La ultrasonografía es un método de evaluación rápido y eficaz en los departamentos de emergencias, siempre en manos entrenadas. La lesión vascular periférica es un cuadro que en lo que trauma se refiere, debe tener un veloz diagnóstico y tratamiento por los riesgos que significa: En lesiones abiertas, la hemorragia; y en lesiones cerradas se añade el síndrome compartimental. Lograr la evaluación de la indemnidad o no del árbol vascular en los miembros, se torna importante a la hora de prevenir eventos que requieran intervención quirúrgica (reparación y/o fasciotomía). El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en demostrar la utilidad del conocimiento del árbol vascular periférico y su evaluación mediante doppler para el manejo del traumavascular periférico, utilizando listas de verificación para la evaluación sistemática de la vasculatura. Se realiza-ron evaluaciones sistemáticas a 10 residentes de cirugía general, utilizando primero modelos inanimados y animados y luego se evaluaron en situaciones de guardia, dividido en periodos (febrero/abril 2016 y mayo/agosto 2016). Se correlacionaron los hallazgos con lo estipulado en la lista de verificación previamente realizada y se estableció la relación posterior con el desarrollo del síndrome compartimental. Se evaluaron 185 modelos animados: 1era evaluación: Reconocimiento de estructuras >60 %= 6 residentes. >80 %= 4 residentes. 2da evaluación: Reconocimiento de estructuras >60 %= 3 residentes. >80 %= 7 residentes. En la atención del politraumatizado: reconocimiento de estructuras >60 %= 3 residentes. >80%= 7 residentes. Pacientes con riesgo de síndrome compartimental (n=77) = 11 (14,78 %). Resolución: lesión vascular = 1 (1,3 %) síndrome compartimental= 1 (1,3 %) con resolución quirúrgica. La utilización de la ultrasonografía y del doppler para la evaluación vascular periférica es útil para el reconocimiento precoz del riesgo a desarrollar desde una lesión vascular simple hasta un síndrome compartimental. La utilización de listas de verificación durante la simulación para la generación del criterio, son útiles en la formación de residentes de cirugía.

Ultrasonography is with adequate training, a fast and effective evaluation method in emergency departments. Peripheral vascular injury is frequent in trauma and should have a rapid diagnosis and treatment, as risks include: open sores, bleeding; closed injuries and compartmental syndrome. Prompt evaluation of the integrity in the vascular tree becomes important in preventing events that require surgical intervention (repair and / or fasciotomy). The aim of this work is to demonstrate the usefulness of knowledge of peripheral vascular tree, ultrasound evaluation and Doppler for peripheral vascular trauma management,using checklists for the systematic evaluation of the vasculature. Systematic evaluations were realized in 10general surgery residents. Initially, using inanimate and animate models which were then evaluated intrauma situations. Divided into periods (February / April 2016 ­ May/August 2016). The findings with previouscriteria made the verification list and subsequent connection with the development of compartment syndromethat were established by correlation. Evaluation animated models: 1st assessment: Recognition of structures>60 % =6 residents. > 80 % =4 residents. The 2nd assessment: Recognition of structures > 60 % = 3residents. > 80 % = 7 residents. In the care of multiple trauma: recognition structures > 60% =3 residents.>80 % =7 residents. Patients at risk for compartmental syndrome (n=77)=11 (14.78 %). Resolution:Vascular Lesion 1 (1.3 %) compartmental syndrome: 1 (1.3 %) with surgical resolution. The use of ultrasonography and Doppler for peripheral vascular evaluation is useful for early recognition of risk from developing a single vascular lesion, to compartmental syndrome. The use of the checklists during simulation for the generation of criteria is useful in the training of surgical residents

Early minimally invasive percutaneous fixation of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures with a percutaneous angle stable device.

The Minimally Invasive Reduction and Osteosynthesis System(®) (MIROS) is a percutaneous angle stable device for the treatment of fractures. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic results of an early minimally invasive osteosynthesis with the MIROS device. A total of 40 consecutive patients were treated for an intra-articular fracture of the calcaneus. We evaluated the clinical and radiographic outcomes after treatment of intra-articular calcaneal fractures with the MIROS hardware. Soft tissue damage was noted. The patients completed the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society survey at 12 and 24 months and underwent radiologic evaluations. A statistically significant association between the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score and type of soft tissue lesion. A Sanders type II, III, and IV fracture was found in 15, 20, and 15 of 50 fractures, respectively. Postoperatively, restoration of the posterior facet was reached in 13 of 15, 18 of 20, and 11 of 15 with a type II, III, and IV fracture, respectively. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society scale mean score was 85 at the final follow-up visit. No significant association was found between the score and the preoperative variables (p > .09), although patients with bilateral fractures had a significantly lower score. The MIROS device for early treatment of intra-articular calcaneus fractures resulted in excellent clinic and radiologic results. The standardized technique we have reported, with the elastic wires acting as a girder for the fractured and displace subtalar joint and the collapsed lateral calcaneal wall, has permitted early weightbearing with positive stimuli for the bone healing. The drainage effect of the percutaneous wires likely prevented compartment syndrome when applied within the first hours after the trauma.

Efeitos da pressão positiva no final da expiração orientada pela análise da complacência estática do sistema respiratório sobre a pressão intra-abdominal / Effect of the positive end expiration pressure guided by the analysis of the static compliance of the respiratory system on the intra-abdominal pressure

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A pressão intra-abdo­minal (PIA) costuma se elevar em pacientes graves e deve ser monitorada considerando o risco de síndrome compar­timental. A ventilação mecânica pode intensificar o aumen­to da PIA por transmissão da pressão intratorácica pelo diafragma. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de valores mais elevados de pressão positiva no final da expi­ração (PEEP) sobre a PIA em pacientes com diagnóstico de hipertensão intra-abdominal. MÉTODO: Quinze pacientes com indicação para elevação dos níveis de PEEP e que apresentavam hipertensão intra­-abdominal; a mensuração da PIA foi realizada por medida de pressão intravesical em cinco momentos distintos: pré e pós-bloqueio neuromuscular, pós-otimização da PEEP, após 6 horas e 12 horas da otimização. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 15 pacientes, sendo 33,3% (5) do sexo feminino e 66,7% (10) sexo masculino; com idade entre 20 e 89 anos. Sete pacientes (46,7%) em pós­-operatório de cirurgia gastroenterológica, cinco (33,3%) vítimas de politraumatismo e três (20%) em pós-operató­rio de cirurgia de aorta. Considerando a classificação de Burch, 10 pacientes, apresentava hipertensão abdominal grau 1(10,4-15 mmHg); quatro com grau II (16-25 mmHg) e um com grau III (27,5 mmHg). A variação entre a PIA inicial e as quatro medidas seqüenciais após otimização da PEEP variaram entre 2 e 10 mmHg; esta comparação não se apresentou estatisticamente significativa, utilizando-se o teste Analise de Variância de Friedman com p igual 0,196, logo maior que 0,005. CONCLUSÃO: O incremento da PEEP não alterou de for­ma significativa os níveis de pressão intra-abdominal nas primeiras 12 horas pós sua otimização.

Non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis:clinical analysis of thirty-nine cases / 中国实用内科杂志

Objective To evaluate clinical features,predisposing factors,therapeutic regimen and prognosis of non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis.Methods Clinical picture,therapeutic regimen and prognosis were investigated in 39 cases with non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis by retrospective analysis.Results Non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis mostly presented fever,asthenia,myalgia and/or muscular tenderness,swelling of involved muscles,red urine and oliguria or anuria.The complications and comorbidity of rhabdomyolysis included acute renal failure(ARF),disorders of metabolites and electrolytes,compartmental syndrome,infection,and multiple organ dysfunction.Infection(33.3%)was the most common etiology of non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis,followed by drugs(25.6%),metabolite or electrolyte derangements(10.3%)and alcohol intoxication(7.7%)etc.Therapeutic regimen covered treatment of the underlying diseases,volume repletion,alkalization and dealing with the complications.For the patients with established renal failure,renal replacement therapy was essential.Overall mortality was 15.4%,while the mortality in the patients with ARF was 20.7%.If surviving ARF,the patients' renal function promised to be normalized consequently.Conclusion Non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome with a variety of causes,different clinical presentations and versatile combination of complications,which confounds the diagnosis.However,if treated properly and in time,the survivors in all probability will recover from ARF.

Dystrophic Calcification Following Anterior Tibial Compartment Syndrome / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Usually the histologic response of muscle to the ischemia range from mild, reversible change to extensive necrosis and fibrosis in the case of anterior tibial compartment syndrome. But dystmphic calcification in the late stages is very rare condition.Only three cases were previously reported by Gallie and Broder et al in the literature. We are reporting six cases of dystrophic calcification following anterior tibial compartment syndrome in late stages. Onsets of dystrophic calcifications after original injuries ranged from twelve years to thirty-two years. Two out of six cases revealed painless maas in the anterior tibial compartment and remaining four cases revealed painful aases. At surgery, tooth-paste like, calcified material was evacuated in one of five operated cases and yellowish grey, brittle materials were evacuated in the remaining four cases.