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1.
J Pediatr ; 244: 125-132.e1, 2022 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35074310

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare approaches for adjusting serum ferritin concentrations for inflammation in Chilean adolescents with overweight and obesity. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional data from 518 adolescents (aged 16-17 years; 48% females) from Santiago, Chile were analyzed. Several approaches were compared for estimating the prevalence of depleted iron stores (defined as serum ferritin <15 µg/L), including unadjusted prevalence and higher cutoffs for various subgroups (excluding participants with inflammation), correction factors, and regression corrections. A "reference" prevalence estimate was calculated as the prevalence of serum ferritin <15 µg/L in normal weight individuals without inflammation. Each adjustment approach was compared with this reference prevalence. RESULTS: The sample comprised 61.2% normal weight, 23.7% overweight, and 15.1% obese individuals. The prevalence of inflammation (marked by C-reactive protein level >5.0 mg/L) was 6.3%, 8.1%, and 14.1% in the 3 groups, respectively. The correction factor approaches produced adjusted estimates closest to the reference estimate (24.1%-24.7% vs 22.9%), followed by the regression corrections (24.7%-25.1% vs 22.9%). Applying a higher serum ferritin cutoff (30 µg/L) to all participants or to participants with overweight/obesity produced adjusted estimates farthest from the reference (59.5% and 35.3%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Adjusting serum ferritin concentration may be necessary when assessing iron status in populations with high rates of overweight/obesity. After reviewing 6 approaches for adjusting for the influence of inflammation, this study suggests that using correction factors may be the most appropriate approach for adjusting serum ferritin in Chilean adolescents. Further research is needed to determine the optimal approach for adjusting serum ferritin concentrations for weight-related inflammation in broader populations.


Subject(s)
Ferritins , Overweight , Adolescent , Biomarkers , C-Reactive Protein/analysis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Inflammation , Iron/metabolism , Male , Obesity/epidemiology , Overweight/epidemiology
2.
Hig. aliment ; 35(292): 1012, Jan.-Jun. 2021. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1437211

ABSTRACT

Este trabalho trata-se de um estudo de caso realizado no mês de outubro de 2019, teve como objetivo analisar o fator de correção (FC) de hortaliças em uma unidade produtora de refeições situada no município de São Paulo, e comparar com os dados encontrados na literatura. A coleta de amostra foi realizada com 36 hortaliças, sendo de 14 tipos diferentes, divididos em plantões A e B e em 8 dias não consecutivos, entre terça a sexta. Tanto o cardápio elaborado e os procedimentos da unidade e dos manipuladores foram respeitados. O plantão A apresentou valores de fator de correção maiores que os indicados pelos autores nas literaturas quando comparado ao plantão B. Quando realizada análise do desperdício alimentar por custo o plantão A também apresentou maior desperdício resultando em R$ 208,40 comparado ao plantão B com desperdício de R$ 104,7. O desperdício de hortaliças e valores maiores de fator de correção se dão pela má qualidade dos alimentos no momento do recebimento e no momento da seleção e pré-preparo com manipulação incorreta do colaborador.(AU)


This work is a case study carried out in October 2019, aimed at analyzing the correction factor (FC) of vegetables in a meal production unit located in the city of São Paulo, and comparator with the data found in the literature. The sample collection was carried out with 36 vegetables, of which 14 were different types, divided into shifts A and B and on 8 non-consecutive days, between Tuesday to Friday. Both the elaborate menu and the procedures of the unit and the handlers were respected. On duty A, we present values of correction factor higher than those indicated by the authors in the literature when compared to duty B. When the analysis of food waste by cost was performed, duty A also presented a greater waste given at R $ 208.40 compared to duty B with a waste of R $ 104.7. The waste of vegetables and higher values of correction factor are due to the poor quality of the food at the time of receipt and at the time of selection and pre-preparation with incorrect handling of the employee.(AU)


Subject(s)
Vegetables , 24454 , Restaurants , Brazil
3.
Sci Total Environ ; 656: 468-474, 2019 Mar 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30522029

ABSTRACT

Wastewater treatment is an important source of methane (CH4) emissions. In most large-size aerobic treatment plants, the excess sludge is digested in anaerobic reactors (AD), with the concomitant CH4 emissions. The guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have been adopted worldwide for quantifying the national emission inventories, which include wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) as a key category. The IPCC recommends using default emission factors (Tier 1) for countries with limited available data (such as Mexico and most developing countries). However, these estimates have a high degree of uncertainty, owing to the lack of reliable information about the operation process and local environmental conditions. In order to reduce uncertainty in the estimation of CH4 emission from WWTP in Mexico, a country-specific emission factor was determined for AD associated with activated sludge process. This was accomplished with on-site data obtained from the AD of six activated sludge WWTP. In addition, the measured CH4 emissions were compared to those resulting from the application of the IPCC Tier 1 method, using the recommended default methane correction factor (MCF: 0.8) as well as alternate values (0.32 and 0.26) recently proposed by the authors. Results show that the IPCC Tier 1 method, using the recommended MCF, highly overestimate CH4 emissions compared with the values obtained on-site. In contrast, the alternate MCF achieved better estimations than the IPCC-recommended MCF, much closer to the observed emission values. The CH4 emission factor proposed as country (Mexico) specific value is 0.49 kg CH4/kg BODrem, which would allow the application of IPCC Tier 2 method. By doing so, the uncertainty associated with CH4 emission from aerobic treatment plants with AD would be reduced. This, in turn, would provide important information for implementing appropriate CH4 mitigation strategies for the water sector.


Subject(s)
Air Pollutants/analysis , Bioreactors , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Methane/analysis , Waste Disposal, Fluid , Anaerobiosis , Environmental Monitoring/instrumentation , Mexico , Sewage
4.
Rev. cuba. oftalmol ; 31(2)abr.-jun. 2018.
Article in Spanish | CUMED, LILACS | ID: biblio-1508346

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: evaluar la aplicación de un factor corrección en el cálculo del lente intraocular en pacientes con cámara anterior estrecha y grosor del cristalino aumentado. Métodos: se realizó un estudio experimental donde se aplicó un factor de corrección y se comparó con dos grupos de control. Resultados: predominó el sexo femenino con el 71 por ciento de los casos. La edad fue de 70 años y más. El 48,4 por ciento de los pacientes presentó una esfera posoperatoria entre ± 0,50 dioptrías; el 19,4 por ciento estuvo por debajo de -0,50 dioptrías y el 32,3 por ciento de los pacientes por encima de + 0,50 dioptrías. El grupo 3 (grosor del cristalino mayor que 4,60 mm si factor de corrección) tuvo el mayor porcentaje de esfera posoperatoria ± 0,50 dioptrías (58,3 por ciento). El grupo 2 tuvo el mayor porcentaje de pacientes con esfera obtenida mayor de 0,50 dioptrías (38,2 por ciento). Conclusiones: los pacientes a quienes se les aplica el factor de corrección obtienen una esfera posoperatoria cercana a la emetropía a pesar de que la muestra no es homogénea y no se obtienen esferas por encima de 1 dioptría(AU)


Objective: Evaluate the application of a correction factor for intraocular lens power calculation in patients with a narrow anterior chamber and augmented crystalline lens thickness. Methods: An experimental study was conducted in which a correction factor was applied and compared with two control groups. Results: Female sex prevailed with 71 percent of the cases. Age was 70 years and over. 48.4 percent of the patients had a postoperative sphere between ± 0.50 diopters; 19.4 percent were below - 0.50 diopters and 32.3 percent were above + 0.50 diopters. Group 3 (crystalline lens thickness above 4.60 mm without correction factor) had the highest postoperative sphere percentage of ± 0.50 diopters (58.3 percent). Group 2 had the highest percentage of patients with an achieved sphere above 0.50 diopters (38.2 percent). Conclusions: Patients to whom the correction factor was applied achieved a postoperative sphere close to emmetropia, despite the fact that the sample was not homogeneous and spheres above 1 diopter were not obtained(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Aged , Lenses, Intraocular/adverse effects
5.
Sci Total Environ ; 639: 84-91, 2018 Oct 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29778686

ABSTRACT

Wastewater treatment (WWT) may be an important source of methane (CH4), a greenhouse gas with significant global warming potential. Sources of CH4 emissions from WWT facilities can be found in the water and in the sludge process lines. Among the methodologies for estimating CH4 emissions inventories from WWT, the more adopted are the guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which recommends default emission factors (Tier 1) depending on WWT systems. Recent published results show that well managed treatment facilities may emit CH4, due to dissolved CH4 in the influent wastewater; in addition, biological nutrient removal also will produce this gas in the anaerobic (or anoxic) steps. However, none of these elements is considered in the current IPCC guidelines. The aim of this work is to propose modified (and new) methane correction factors (MCF) regarding the current Tier 1 IPCC guidelines for CH4 emissions from aerobic treatment systems, with and without anaerobic sludge digesters, focusing on intertropical countries. The modifications are supported on in situ assessment of fugitive CH4 emissions in two facilities in Mexico and on relevant literature data. In the case of well-managed centralized aerobic treatment plant, a MCF of 0.06 (instead of the current 0.0) is proposed, considering that the assumption of a CH4-neutral treatment facility, as established in the IPCC methodology, is not supported. Similarly, a MCF of 0.08 is proposed for biological nutrient removal processes, being a new entry in the guidelines. Finally, a one-step straightforward calculation is proposed for centralized aerobic treatment plants with anaerobic digesters that avoids confusion when selecting the appropriate default MCF based on the Tier 1 IPCC guidelines.

6.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 34(4): 699-708, oct.-dic. 2017. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1043258

ABSTRACT

Tanto la deficiencia como la sobrecarga de hierro son situaciones que ponen en riesgo la salud y la vida de las personas, por lo que es importante mantener su homeostasis. Como la hemoglobina contiene 70% del hierro del organismo, la OMS recomienda su medición para determinar la prevalencia de anemia por deficiencia de hierro (ID), a pesar que ellos mismos reconocen que la anemia no es específica de ID. Como la hemoglobina aumenta con la altitud de residencia, la OMS recomienda corregir el punto de corte para definir anemia en la altura. Una objeción a esta corrección es que el aumento de la hemoglobina en la altura no es universal ni aumenta de manera lineal. Además, las poblaciones de mayor antigüedad generacional tienen menos hemoglobina que las más recientes. En infantes, niños, gestantes y adultos, la prevalencia de anemia usando hemoglobina corregida es 3-5 veces mayor que usando marcadores del estatus de hierro. Los programas estatales buscan combatir la anemia mediante la suplementación de hierro; no obstante, resultan ineficaces, especialmente en las poblaciones de altura. Entonces, ¿hay deficiencia de hierro en la altura? Los niveles de hepcidina sérica, hormona que regula la disponibilidad de hierro, son similares a los de nivel del mar indicando que en la altura no hay deficiencia de hierro. Un problema adicional al corregir la hemoglobina por la altura, es que las prevalencias de eritrocitosis disminuyen. En conclusión, la corrección del punto de corte de la hemoglobina en la altura para determinar deficiencia de hierro es inadecuada.


Iron deficiency and overload are risk factors for numerous poor health outcomes, and thus the maintenance of iron homeostasis is vital. Considering that hemoglobin contains 70% of the total iron in the body, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the measurement of iron levels to calculate the rate of iron deficiency anemia (IDA), although WHO recognizes that IDA is not the only cause of anemia. As hemoglobin increases with altitude, WHO recommends correcting the cut-off point to define anemia at high altitudes. An objection to this correction is that the increase in hemoglobin at high altitudes is not universal and is not linear. In addition, individuals in older age groups have lower hemoglobin levels than those in younger age groups. In infants, children, pregnant women, and adults, the prevalence of anemia using corrected hemoglobin is 3-5 times higher than that using markers of iron status. State programs seek to control anemia by means of iron supplementation. However, these programs are ineffective, particularly for high-altitude populations. Therefore, the occurrence of iron deficiency at high altitudes is controversial. The serum levels of the hormone hepcidin, which regulates iron availability, are similar in individuals at high altitudes to those of individuals at sea level, indicating that iron deficiency does not occur at high altitudes. An additional problem when correcting hemoglobin at high altitudes is that the frequency of erythrocytosis is decreased. In conclusion, the correction of the cut-off point of hemoglobin at high altitudes to determine iron deficiency is inadequate.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Altitude , Anemia/diagnosis , Peru/epidemiology , Hemoglobins/analysis , Prevalence , Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/diagnosis , Anemia/blood , Anemia/epidemiology , Iron/physiology
7.
Int. j. morphol ; 35(2): 452-458, June 2017. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-893003

ABSTRACT

Change of the thyroid gland volume is often the symptom of most common pathological conditions some thyroid diseases. The exact calculation for the thyroid volume is very important for the assessment and management of thyroid disorders. The volume of thyroid gland, using computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (USG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been accessed in few studies published; however a gold standard method has not yet been determined. The purpose of this study was to estimate the volume of normal thyroid gland to define an optimal correction factor therefore was to compare different techniques using the CT. We used computed tomography images obtained from 8 cadavers (2 females, 6 males) to calculate the thyroid volumes. In the present study, the actual thyroid volumes were measured using the water-displacement method as a gold standard, point-counting as a stereology, and ellipsoid methods. Mean squared errors and correction factors were calculated and modeled for each model to find an optimal correction factor and from 0.450 to 0.600 in steps of 0.001 separately for thyroid volume estimation. The average volume of the thyroid glands were 14.58 ± 9.84, 15.28 ± 9.38, and 14.97 ± 8.35 cm3 by fluid displacement, stereology and ellipsoid formula, respectively. No significant difference was found among the methods (P >0.05). The results of this study suggested that the volume of thyroid gland can be measured on CT scans stereologically for diagnosis, as will as provide reliable measure of thyroid volume, management and follow-up of thyroid diseases and for preoperative planning.


El cambio de volumen de la glándula tiroides es a menudo el síntoma de las condiciones patológicas más comunes de algunas enfermedades de dicha glándula. El cálculo exacto del volumen tiroideo es muy importante para la evaluación y el tratamiento de los trastornos tiroideos. El volumen de la glándula tiroides, utilizando la tomografía computarizada (TC), el ultrasonido (USG) y la resonancia magnética (RM) ha sido presentados en varias publicaciones. Sin embargo, aún no se ha determinado un gold standard. El propósito de este estudio fue estimar el volumen de la glándula tiroides normal para definir un factor de corrección óptimo, por lo que se compararon diferentes técnicas utilizando TC. Para calcular los volúmenes tiroideos se utilizaron imágenes de tomografía computarizada obtenidas de 8 cadáveres (dos mujeres y seis hombres). En el presente estudio, los volúmenes reales de la glándula tiroides se midieron utilizando como gold standard los métodos esterológicos de desplazamiento de agua y conteo de puntos y el método volumétrico elipsoide. Se calcularon y modelaron los errores cuadráticos medios y los factores de corrección para cada modelo con el objetivo de encontrar un factor de corrección óptimo y de 0,450 a 0,600 en pasos de 0,001 por separado para la estimación del volumen tiroideo. El volumen medio de las glándulas tiroides fue de 14,58 ± 9,84, 15,28 ± 9,38 y 14,97 ± 8,35 cm3 calculados por desplazamiento de fluido, estereología y fórmula elipsoide, respectivamente. No se encontró diferencia significativa entre los métodos (P>0,05). Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que el volumen de la glándula tiroides puede ser medido estereológicamente por TC, estableciéndose como una medida fiable del volumen tiroideo, para el diagnóstico, manejo y seguimiento de las enfermedades tiroideas y la planificación preoperatoria.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Thyroid Gland/anatomy & histology , Thyroid Gland/diagnostic imaging , Cadaver , Organ Size
8.
Hig. aliment ; 30(262/263): 26-31, 30/12/2016.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-831762

ABSTRACT

Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado durante os meses de agosto a outubro de 2015, com o objetivo de determinar os Fatores de Correção (FC) de frutas e hortaliças em duas Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição localizadas em Salvador-Bahia, e comparar com os dados referidos na literatura. A amostra foi realizada em triplicata em dezoito tipos de hortaliças e nove de frutas, respeitando a incidência do cardápio e os procedimentos das unidades. Das hortaliças folhosas analisadas, a Unidade A foi a que apresentou maior desperdício quando comparada à Unidade B, destacando-se a alface crespa, cebolinha, coentro, repolho branco, rúcula e salsa. Essas perdas foram devido à má qualidade dos alimentos no momento do recebimento e de manipulação imprópria na seleção e no pré-preparo. Em relação às frutas, a Unidade A também apresentou maior variação, sendo a manga a que mais teve destaque. Cabe, portanto, ao nutricionista responsável pela UAN que apresentou maior desperdício, selecionar seus fornecedores exigindo matéria-prima de qualidade, além de treinamento adequado dos manipuladores responsáveis por realizar o pré-preparo, a fim de reduzir desperdícios e custos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Vegetables , Food Services/standards , Fruit , Menu Planning , Brazil , Food Loss and Waste/standards , Food Handling
9.
Eng. sanit. ambient ; Eng. sanit. ambient;21(1): 85-94, jan.-mar. 2016. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-779857

ABSTRACT

Resumo A água pluvial de sistemas de aproveitamento (SAAP) utilizada em unidades habitacionais e comerciais provém de sistema independente da rede pública de abastecimento de água potável e não é medida diretamente por meio de hidrômetros. Assim, o volume de esgoto gerado por essa fonte de suprimento alternativa não é contabilizado. O presente artigo aborda metodologia visando estimar o volume de água pluvial lançado na rede pública de esgoto sanitário por meio da indexação ao volume de água potável medida no hidrômetro. A bacia sanitária com caixa acoplada foi adotada como objeto de estudo. Os resultados apontaram que a eficiência do sistema de aproveitamento variou de 24 a 87%, correspondentes a volumes médios ofertados de água pluvial da ordem de 8 a 370 L.hab.-1.dia-1 para 0,5 m3.hab.-1. O volume de esgoto proveniente do lançamento de água pluvial na rede coletora apresentou valores menores que 30% da demanda total para áreas específicas de cobertura de 4 a 25 m2.hab.-1, com reservação de 0,5 m3.hab.-1 para todas as faixas de consumo per capita simuladas. Por outro lado, para sistemas de aproveitamento com 3 m3 de reservatório.hab.-1, verificou-se que 15 m2 de cobertura.hab.-1 são suficientes para atender plenamente a bacia sanitária, com base no consumo de 120 L.hab.-1.dia-1. Em linhas gerais, o fator de correção situou-se entre 1 e 1,42 (1≤(f corrigido/f)≤1,42) e o fator de retorno de esgoto corrigido (fcorrigido), sobre o valor inicial arbitrado de f de 0,8, situou-se entre 0,8 e 1,14 (0,8≤fcorrigido≤1,14).


Abstract The rainwater (rw) of harvesting systems used in households and commercial buildings comes from independent system, i.e. disconnected of drinking water system. So, rw is not directly measured by conventional drinking water meters which are installed in pipes from public system. Therefore, the used rw volumes are not properly measured. This paper presents a methodology to estimate rainwater loading discharged in sewage systems by means of harvesting practices in households. The estimation was indexed to the drinking water meter. The toilet flush was adopted as object analysis. Results pointed out that the efficiency of rw system varies from 24 to 87%, whose correspond to values varying from 8 a 370 L.inhab.-1.dia-1 keeping fixed reservoir volume of 0,5 m3inhab.-1 for all ranges of per capita consumption. The rw in sewage represented values lower than 30% of the total demand considering specific roof from 4 to 25 m2.inhab.-1. On the other hand, for reservoir of rw harvesting systems bigger than 3 m3.inhab.-1 15 m2 of roof.inhab.-1 was enough to plenty supply the toilet flush., based on 120 L.inhab.-1 consumption. In general terms, the correction factor proposed for estimating wastewater discharge on the new scenario (considering rw harvesting), varies from 1 to 1.42 (1≤(fcorrigido/f)≤1.42). So, the new ratio, given by wastewater and inlet drinking water, varied from 0.8 to 1.14 (0.8≤fcorrigido≤1.14).

10.
Hig. aliment ; 30(262/263): 26-31, 2016. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-483509

ABSTRACT

Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado durante os meses de agosto a outubro de 2015, com o objetivo de determinar os Fatores de Correção (FC) de frutas e hortaliças em duas Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição localizadas em Salvador-Bahia, e comparar com os dados referidos na literatura. A amostra foi realizada em triplicata em dezoito tipos de hortaliças e nove de frutas, respeitando a incidência do cardápio e os procedimentos das unidades. Das hortaliças folhosas analisadas, a Unidade A foi a que apresentou maior desperdício quando comparada à Unidade B, destacando-se a alface crespa, cebolinha, coentro, repolho branco, rúcula e salsa. Essas perdas foram devido à má qualidade dos alimentos no momento do recebimento e de manipulação imprópria na seleção e no pré-preparo. Em relação às frutas, a Unidade A também apresentou maior variação, sendo a manga a que mais teve destaque. Cabe, portanto, ao nutricionista responsável pela UAN que apresentou maior desperdício, selecionar seus fornecedores exigindo matéria-prima de qualidade, além de treinamento adequado dos manipuladores responsáveis por realizar o pré-preparo, a fim de reduzir desperdícios e custos.(AU)


lt is a cross-sectional study conducted during the months from August to October 2015, in order to determine the Correction Factors (CF) of fruits and vegetables in two food and nutrition units located in Salvador, Bahia and compare with the data reported in the literature. The sample was performed in triplicate in eighteen kinds of vegetables and nine fruits, respecting the incidence of the menu and the procedures of the units. Of leafy vegetables analyzed the Unit A presented the biggest waste compared to Unit B, especially the curly lettuce, chives, coriander; white cabbage, arugula and parsley. These losses were due to the poor quality of food at the time of receipt and improper handling in the selection and pre-preparation. For fruit, the Unit A also showed greater variation being the mango that most stood out. So it is up to the nutritionist responsible for UAN with the highest waste, select its suppliers with raw material quality, and adequate training of handlers responsible for performing the pre-preparation, in order to reduce waste and costs.(AU)


Subject(s)
Fruit , Vegetables , 24454 , Food Services , Cross-Sectional Studies , Quality Control , Food Quality
11.
Hig. Aliment. (Online) ; 29(244/245): 22-28, maio-jun. 2015. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1481771

ABSTRACT

A Unidade de Alimentação e Nutrição (UAN) estudada pertence a uma concessionária do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, onde são servidas diariamente 255 refeições. O estudo foi observacional descritivo, transversal, sendo realizado no período de 17 de julho a 26 de julho de 2012. A inovação relacionada a produtos alimentícios de origem vegetal, faz com que os embalados sejam uma alternativa atrativa prática e segura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a diferença do custo estimado de hortaliças pré-preparadas com hortaliças folhos as minimamente processadas em uma unidade de alimentação e nutrição no interior do Rio Grande do Sul. As hortaliças avaliadas foram: alface crespa, americana e lisa (Lactuca sativa L.) e rúcula (Eruca sativa L.). Foram incluídos na pesquisa as hortaliças folhosas verdes que apresentavam alto Fator de Correção (FC) e que eram higienizadas na Unidade de Alimentação e servidas pelo menos quatro vezes na semana para comparação com as hortaliças minimamente processadas. Foram excluídos aquelas que necessitavam de cocção e as hortaliças folhosas que não eram comercializados minimamente processadas. Foram acompanhados por cinco dias consecutivos o recebimento, pré-preparo (descarte de partes não comestíveis), higienização até a distribuição. A análise estatística foi realizada através de média e desvio padrão entre os pesos das hortaliças folhosas verdes e os valores das mesmas avaliadas na UAN. A média diária de hortaliças folhosas verdes recebidas na UAN foi de 7,245 Kg com ± 2,639 Kg, foram servidas após o descarte em média 5,395 kg ao dia com ± 2,650Kg. Conclui-se que mesmo a hortaliça minimante processada teve seu valor 68,04% a mais em relação a hortaliça in natura pré-preparada na UAN.


The Food and Nutrition Unit (FNU) studied belongs to a dealer in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul where 255 meals are served daily. The study was observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, being conducted between from July 17th to July 26th, 2012. Vegetables are often grown in vegetable garden and makes up part edible stems and leaves, as in the case of hardwood and can be used. The food production market is growing and with this comes the technological innovation joining the practicality and the biotechnology in order to reach cheaper and safer food concerning the customers health. The innovation related to vegetal origin food-stuffs makes the ready cooked meals became a practical and safe attractive alternative. The aim of this task was to compare the difference between the estimated cost of the pre-prepared vegetables to the slightly processed hardwood vegetables in a food and nutrition unit (FNU) in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul. The evaluated vegetables were: crespa, American and lisa lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and rúcula (Eruca sativa L.). The green hardwood vegetables which had high Correction Factor (CF) and were sanitized in the Food Unit were included. They were served at least four times a week to compare to the slightly processed vegetables. Those which needed cooking and the hardwood vegetables which were not marketed slightely processed were excluded. For five consecutive days the reception, pre-preparing (getting rid of non edible parts), sanitizing and the distribution were followed. The statistical analysis was done through the average and standard deviation considering the green hardwood vegetables weight and the values of them evaluated in the FNU. The daily average of green vegetables received in the FNU was 7,245 Kg with ± 2,639 Kg. An average of 5,395 Kg a day were served after the discard with ±2,650 Kg. Concluded that even minimally processed vegetables has the value 68,04%...


Subject(s)
Whole Foods/analysis , Costs and Cost Analysis , Food Handling/economics , Vegetables/economics , Brazil
12.
Hig. alim. ; 29(244/245): 22-28, maio-jun. 2015. tab
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-31811

ABSTRACT

A Unidade de Alimentação e Nutrição (UAN) estudada pertence a uma concessionária do interior do Rio Grande do Sul, onde são servidas diariamente 255 refeições. O estudo foi observacional descritivo, transversal, sendo realizado no período de 17 de julho a 26 de julho de 2012. A inovação relacionada a produtos alimentícios de origem vegetal, faz com que os embalados sejam uma alternativa atrativa prática e segura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a diferença do custo estimado de hortaliças pré-preparadas com hortaliças folhos as minimamente processadas em uma unidade de alimentação e nutrição no interior do Rio Grande do Sul. As hortaliças avaliadas foram: alface crespa, americana e lisa (Lactuca sativa L.) e rúcula (Eruca sativa L.). Foram incluídos na pesquisa as hortaliças folhosas verdes que apresentavam alto Fator de Correção (FC) e que eram higienizadas na Unidade de Alimentação e servidas pelo menos quatro vezes na semana para comparação com as hortaliças minimamente processadas. Foram excluídos aquelas que necessitavam de cocção e as hortaliças folhosas que não eram comercializados minimamente processadas. Foram acompanhados por cinco dias consecutivos o recebimento, pré-preparo (descarte de partes não comestíveis), higienização até a distribuição. A análise estatística foi realizada através de média e desvio padrão entre os pesos das hortaliças folhosas verdes e os valores das mesmas avaliadas na UAN. A média diária de hortaliças folhosas verdes recebidas na UAN foi de 7,245 Kg com ± 2,639 Kg, foram servidas após o descarte em média 5,395 kg ao dia com ± 2,650Kg. Conclui-se que mesmo a hortaliça minimante processada teve seu valor 68,04% a mais em relação a hortaliça in natura pré-preparada na UAN.(AU)


The Food and Nutrition Unit (FNU) studied belongs to a dealer in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul where 255 meals are served daily. The study was observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, being conducted between from July 17th to July 26th, 2012. Vegetables are often grown in vegetable garden and makes up part edible stems and leaves, as in the case of hardwood and can be used. The food production market is growing and with this comes the technological innovation joining the practicality and the biotechnology in order to reach cheaper and safer food concerning the customers health. The innovation related to vegetal origin food-stuffs makes the ready cooked meals became a practical and safe attractive alternative. The aim of this task was to compare the difference between the estimated cost of the pre-prepared vegetables to the slightly processed hardwood vegetables in a food and nutrition unit (FNU) in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul. The evaluated vegetables were: crespa, American and lisa lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and rúcula (Eruca sativa L.). The green hardwood vegetables which had high Correction Factor (CF) and were sanitized in the Food Unit were included. They were served at least four times a week to compare to the slightly processed vegetables. Those which needed cooking and the hardwood vegetables which were not marketed slightely processed were excluded. For five consecutive days the reception, pre-preparing (getting rid of non edible parts), sanitizing and the distribution were followed. The statistical analysis was done through the average and standard deviation considering the green hardwood vegetables weight and the values of them evaluated in the FNU. The daily average of green vegetables received in the FNU was 7,245 Kg with ± 2,639 Kg. An average of 5,395 Kg a day were served after the discard with ±2,650 Kg. Concluded that even minimally processed vegetables has the value 68,04%...(AU)


Subject(s)
Vegetables/economics , Food Handling/economics , Whole Foods/analysis , Costs and Cost Analysis , Brazil
13.
Waste Manag ; 33(12): 2771-80, 2013 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24011434

ABSTRACT

Solid waste, including municipal waste and its management, is a major challenge for most cities and among the key contributors to climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced through recovery and recycling of resources from the municipal solid waste stream. In São Paulo, Brazil, recycling cooperatives play a crucial role in providing recycling services including collection, separation, cleaning, stocking, and sale of recyclable resources. The present research attempts to measure the greenhouse gas emission reductions achieved by the recycling cooperative Cooperpires, as well as highlight its socioeconomic benefits. Methods include participant observation, structured interviews, questionnaire application, and greenhouse gas accounting of recycling using a Clean Development Mechanism methodology. The results show that recycling cooperatives can achieve important energy savings and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and suggest there is an opportunity for Cooperpires and other similar recycling groups to participate in the carbon credit market. Based on these findings, the authors created a simple greenhouse gas accounting calculator for recyclers to estimate their emissions reductions.


Subject(s)
Greenhouse Effect/prevention & control , Recycling/statistics & numerical data , Algorithms , Brazil , Conservation of Energy Resources , Waste Management
14.
Rev. bras. ciênc. mov ; 20(2): 76-83, 2012.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-734029

ABSTRACT

Com as altas taxas de sobrepeso e obesidade da população mundial, torna-se necessária a criação de modelos de mensuração da composição corporal que possam ser de fácil aplicação e fidedignos em seus resultados. Dessa maneira, o objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os componentes da composição corporal obtidos pelas mensurações realizadas com a bioimpedância elétrica (BIA), na posição horizontal (supina) ortostática (vertical). A amostra constitui-se de 270 sujeitos (66 masculino e 204 feminino), com idade compreendida entre 30 e 80 anos. Mensurou-se peso, estatura e registrou-se a reatância e resistência por meio da bioimpedância elétrica (BIA Analyzer – 101Q, RJL Systems, Detroit, USA). Sendo o primeiro registro com o participante deitado em posição supina sobre colchonetes, em seguida, o segundo registro foi realizado com os participantes em pé. Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste t de Student para dados pareados com o software SPSS (versão 13.0) e significância de 5% (p<0,05). Em ambos os casos, o resultado mostrado pela bioimpedância elétrica apresentou um bom desempenho na identificação simultânea da composição corporal. As comparações entre o método padrão e o em pé, revelaram que no gênero masculino não houve diferenças estatísticas entre um método de mensuração e outro. Porém, no gênero feminino, foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas nas mulheres eutróficas. Conclui-se que a BIA demonstra valores aproximados nos dois métodos de mensuração da composição corporal.


With the high rates of overweight and obesity in the world population, it is necessary to create models for measuring body composition that may be easy to use and reliable in its results. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare the components of body composition obtained by measurements performed with bioelectrical impedance (BIA), in the horizontal (supine) upright (vertical) positions. The sample consisted of 270 subjects (66 male and 204 female), aged between 30 and 80 years. Weight and height were measured and reactance and resistance by bioelectrical impedance analysis were recorded (BIA Analyzer - 101Q, RJL Systems, Detroit, USA). The first record was taken with the participant lying supine on mats, then the second record was conducted with participants standing. The results were analyzed using Student's t-test for paired data with SPSS software (version 13.0) and 5% significance (p <0.05). In both cases, the results obtained by bioelectrical impedance analysis showed a good performance in the simultaneous identification of body composition. Comparisons between the standard and standing showed that in males there was no statistical difference between one and another measurement method. However, in females, significant differences were found in women with normal weight. We conclude that the BIA shows approximate values in the two methods of measuring body composition.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Body Composition , Hypotension, Orthostatic , Overweight , Subcutaneous Fat , Dimensional Measurement Accuracy , Electric Impedance
15.
Hig. aliment ; 23(174/175): 75-78, jul.-ago. 2009. tab
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-14410

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o Fator de Correção (FC) de hortaliças e frutas utilizadas num hospital particular de Santa Maria RS e comparar com os dados referidos na literatura. Para a determinação do FC foram mensuradas amostras de hortaliças e frutas utilizadas no período de agosto a setembro de 2006 na Unidade de Nutrição e Dietética do hospital totalizando 23 alimentos. Para a obtenção do Peso Bruto (PB) as amostras de todos os alimentos foram aferidas da forma in natura. Após passarem por um processo manual de limpeza para remoção das partes não comestíveis obteve-se o Peso Líquido (PL). Em seguida o FC foi obtido a partir das médias da relação entre PB e PL de cada amostra. Após realizou-se revisão de literatura para comparar os valores do FC da unidade em questão com outros autores pesquisados. As hortaliças que obtiveram FC inferiores aos referidos na literatura por todos os autores pesquisados foram: abobrinha verde, alho, berinjela, brócolis, couve-flor, repolho e tomate. A couve-manteiga e a vagem tiveram seu FC igual a de um autor e foram inferiores a todos os outros autores. Em relação às frutas, o mamão e o maracujá apresentaram os seus FC inferiores a todos os autores estudados. É possível perceber que, exceto para um autor, os FC determinados para as hortaliças e frutas analisadas durante o estudo estão indicando baixo desperdício, mas ainda é possível melhorar através de treinamento e capacitação dos colaboradores.(AU)


The aim of this paper was to determine Correction Factor (CF) of vegetables and fruits used in a private hospital in Santa Maria - RS and compare with the data described in the literature. For determination the CF were measured samples of vegetables and fruits used in the period from August to September 2006 in the Food and Nutrition Hospital Services totaling 23foods. To I obtain the Total Weight (TW) samplesof all food were measured in nature. After passing through a manual process of cleaning to remove the parts are not edible get the Net Weight (NW). Then the CF was obtained from averages of the relationships between TW and NW of each sample. After having done a review of the literature to com- pare the values of CF of the unit in question with the searched for other authors. The vegetables that obtained CF less than those in the literature for all authors surveyed were: green zucchini, garlic, eggplant, broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage and tomatoes. The butter cabbage and pod had their CF equal anauthor and were lower than all of other authors. About fruit, papaya and passion fruit presented their CF below of all authors studied. Is possible to realize that, except for an author, the CF for certain vegetables and fruit analyzed during the study are indicating low waste, but it is still possible to improve through training and capacitying of employees. (AU)


Subject(s)
Food Service, Hospital , 24454 , Food Handling , Fruit , Vegetables , Brazil
16.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1476931

ABSTRACT

This research was aimed at versifying a mathematical procedure that allows the description of leaf of Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.) and the estimation of its photosynthetically active leaf area starting from a non destructive leaf determination. Seedlings of Kalanchoe cv Gold Jewel were cultivated in irrigated vases with recommended doses for the culture. Three vases were removed weekly from the greenhouse and the plants had their leaves cut, identified and submitted to measures in plant position, longitudinal and transverse length. A total of nine data collection was carried out weekly since 04/04/2003 until blossom. Three plants were sampled weekly and leaf area were calculated using Gauss method (GARCIA & PIEDADE, 1944) implemented in Visual Basic specifically for this purpose. A total of 979 leaves were sampled and the verification of the possibility of using a medium correction factor (FCM) for leaf area independently of its position and growth cycle in the plant, was found out through regression analysis among the values obtained by the standard method (Gauss) and the estimated values for FCM method. The experimental results indicate that the value FCM=1.1134 can be used to estimate leaf area by multiplying length and width leaf values in any phase of the plant and any position of the leaf in the plant.


O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a verificação de um procedimento matemático que permita a descrição do crescimento foliar de Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.) e possa prever a sua área foliar fotossinteticamente ativa a partir de medidas não destrutivas de folhas. As mudas de Kalanchoe Cv. "Gold Jewel" foram cultivadas para o procedimento experimental em vasos irrigados com doses recomendadas para a cultura. Semanalmente, foram retirados três vasos da estufa e as plantas tiveram suas folhas cortadas, identificadas e submetidas a tomadas de medidas de sua posição na planta, do máximo comprimento longitudinal e do máximo comprimento transversal. Foram realizadas um total de nove coletas semanalmente, desde 04/04/2003 até o início da floração. Em cada coleta, três plantas eram amostradas e a área foliar calculada com a utilização do método de Gauss (GARCIA & PIEDADE, 1944) implementado em Visual Basic especificamente para este objetivo. Foram amostradas um total de 979 folhas e a verificação da possibilidade de uso de um fator de correção médio (FCM) para o cálculo da área de uma folha, independentemente de sua posição na planta ou fase do ciclo de crescimento, foi averiguada por análise de regressão entre os valores obtidos pelo método padrão (Gauss) e os valores estimados pelo método do FCM. Os resultados experimentais indicam que o valor FCM=1,1134 pode ser utilizado para estimar a área foliar pela multiplicação pelos valores de comprimento e largura de folha em qualquer fase do cultivo e sem qualquer posição da folha na planta.

17.
Ci. Rural ; 36(6)2006.
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-705140

ABSTRACT

This research was aimed at versifying a mathematical procedure that allows the description of leaf of Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.) and the estimation of its photosynthetically active leaf area starting from a non destructive leaf determination. Seedlings of Kalanchoe cv Gold Jewel were cultivated in irrigated vases with recommended doses for the culture. Three vases were removed weekly from the greenhouse and the plants had their leaves cut, identified and submitted to measures in plant position, longitudinal and transverse length. A total of nine data collection was carried out weekly since 04/04/2003 until blossom. Three plants were sampled weekly and leaf area were calculated using Gauss method (GARCIA & PIEDADE, 1944) implemented in Visual Basic specifically for this purpose. A total of 979 leaves were sampled and the verification of the possibility of using a medium correction factor (FCM) for leaf area independently of its position and growth cycle in the plant, was found out through regression analysis among the values obtained by the standard method (Gauss) and the estimated values for FCM method. The experimental results indicate that the value FCM=1.1134 can be used to estimate leaf area by multiplying length and width leaf values in any phase of the plant and any position of the leaf in the plant.


O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a verificação de um procedimento matemático que permita a descrição do crescimento foliar de Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln.) e possa prever a sua área foliar fotossinteticamente ativa a partir de medidas não destrutivas de folhas. As mudas de Kalanchoe Cv. "Gold Jewel" foram cultivadas para o procedimento experimental em vasos irrigados com doses recomendadas para a cultura. Semanalmente, foram retirados três vasos da estufa e as plantas tiveram suas folhas cortadas, identificadas e submetidas a tomadas de medidas de sua posição na planta, do máximo comprimento longitudinal e do máximo comprimento transversal. Foram realizadas um total de nove coletas semanalmente, desde 04/04/2003 até o início da floração. Em cada coleta, três plantas eram amostradas e a área foliar calculada com a utilização do método de Gauss (GARCIA & PIEDADE, 1944) implementado em Visual Basic especificamente para este objetivo. Foram amostradas um total de 979 folhas e a verificação da possibilidade de uso de um fator de correção médio (FCM) para o cálculo da área de uma folha, independentemente de sua posição na planta ou fase do ciclo de crescimento, foi averiguada por análise de regressão entre os valores obtidos pelo método padrão (Gauss) e os valores estimados pelo método do FCM. Os resultados experimentais indicam que o valor FCM=1,1134 pode ser utilizado para estimar a área foliar pela multiplicação pelos valores de comprimento e largura de folha em qualquer fase do cultivo e sem qualquer posição da folha na planta.

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