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OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to analyze the association between criminal behavior and impulsivity in individuals with drug addiction and investigate whether impulsiveness mediates the relationship between drug use severity and legal problems. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 773 men diagnosed with addiction (295 alcohol users and 478 users of crack/polysubstance) while undergoing addiction treatment. The BIS-11 and ASI-6 were applied to assess impulsivity, criminal behavior, and drug use. RESULTS: The prevalence of criminal behavior was 41.7% (n = 123) in alcohol users and 64.9% (n = 310) in users of crack/polysubstance. Earlier use of different substances and higher impulsivity scores were observed in individuals with criminal history. Mediation analyses revealed that impulsiveness acts as a mediator factor between substance use and criminal behavior, enhancing the severity of legal problems. CONCLUSION: Our findings can help in deciding on tailored treatment strategies, focusing not only on substance use, but also on the prevention of social problems, criminality, and impulsivity.
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The high prevalence of psychiatric symptoms among juvenile delinquents is a well-replicated international finding. This study aimed to find the prevalence of mood disorders and their relationship with serious criminal acts in a population of adolescents in conflict with the law and in custody. A total of 123 male inmates aged 14 to 17 years were interviewed and assessed. Mood disorders were diagnosed in 15% of the sample for current episode and 31% for lifetime, making them third most prevalent after dependence disorders and disruptive disorders. The psychopathological profile of the adolescents who had committed violent crimes corroborates other studies reporting a high prevalence of mood disorders in this population. Several factors have been found to influence the formation of juvenile delinquency, including absence of family structure, social inequality, lack of quality school education, alcohol and drug abuse/addiction and disruptive disorders. The present results confirm mood disorders as another such factor.
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Objective: The principal objective aims to assess a possible relationship between epilepsy and aggressive behavior. Secondarily, we intend to study how epilepsy relates to criminal liability. Methods: A systematic literature review was performed, using the Web of Science,United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed),and Scielo databases. The searches were conducted in May-June 2022 and covered the period from 2000 to 2022. Eligibility criteria consisted on original articles in English and Portuguese that were interested in the association of epilepsy, criminal behavior (with aggression directed to others), criminal liability in adults with epilepsy. Results: The search yielded 921 results, 794 of which in PubMed, 115 in Web of Science, and 12 in Scielo. Articles that failed to meet the inclusion criteria (206) and duplicates (201) were excluded. Conclusion: There were no findings to indicate a significant increase in aggressive behaviors in individuals with epilepsy. However, it was possible to identify a higher prevalence of aggressive acts in males with epilepsy, besides the presence of comorbidities with mental disorders and substance use. In addition, the results suggest that in criminal offenders with epilepsy, the seizures originated in the temporal and frontal cerebral lobes. Further researchis necessary on the relationship between epilepsy, criminality, and criminal liability in order to produce more robust data to support legal proceedings.
Objetivo: O objetivo principal visa avaliar uma possível relação entre epilepsia e comportamento agressivo. Secundariamente, pretendemos estudar a relação entre epilepsia e responsabilidade penal. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão sistematizada da literatura, utilizando as bases de dados Web of Science, United States National Libraryof Medicine (PubMed) e Scielo. As buscas ocorreram no período de maio e junho de 2022, verificando o período de 2000 à 2022. Os critérios de elegibilidade consistiram em artigos originais em inglês e português, com interesse na associação entre epilepsia, comportamento criminoso (com violência direcionada a outros) e responsabilidade penal em adultos com epilepsia. Resultados: Foram encontrados 921 resultados na busca, sendo 794 na base de dados PubMed, 115 na Web of Science, e 12 na Scielo.Aqueles que não preencheram os critérios de inclusão (206) e duplicados (201) foram excluídos. Conclusão: Não houveram achados suficientes que indicassem um aumento significativo de comportamentos agressivos na população epiléptica. Entretanto, em relação a esse aspecto, foi possível estabelecer maior prevalência no sexo masculino, presença de comorbidades com transtornos mentais, além de uso de substâncias. Além disso, os resultados sugerem que, em infratores epilépticos, as crises foram provenientes das regiões temporo-frontais do cérebro. Em suma, é importante que a relação entre comportamento criminoso, epilepsia e imputabilidade penal continue sendo estudada, de modo a trazer dados mais sólidos para embasar procedimentos judiciais.
ABSTRACT
The objective is to identify the prevalence of child abuse and criminal behavior among young male prisoners in Ecuador. METHOD: A total of 425 young people between 12 and 18 years of age, deprived of liberty from different centers for adolescent offenders in Ecuador, were used. The level of abuse to which they had been subjected in childhood was evaluated, as well as the risk factors present in their history. The relationship between abuse, risk factors, and criminal behavior was analyzed. RESULTS: A high prevalence of the different types of abuse was found in the mean age of 15.03 years standard deviation (SD = 1.34). CONCLUSION: In addition, a relationship was discovered between the abuse suffered during childhood and the risk factors present in criminal behavior during adolescence, which was demonstrated in this article. The practical implications of these results are discussed, taking into consideration their relevance for prevention.
Subject(s)
Child Abuse, Sexual , Child Abuse , Humans , Adolescent , Male , Child , Criminal Behavior , Risk Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires , FreedomABSTRACT
O objetivo foi analisar evidências de validade do Inventário de Histórico Infracional Familiar (IHIF), instrumento de autorrelato sobre infrações cometidas pelo indivíduo e seus familiares. A amostra foi composta por 791 pessoas, 394 apenados e 397 universitários. Identificaram-se dois componentes com a análise de componentes principais, tendo a análise paralela para retenção componencial: Componente 1 (Infrações graves); Componente 2 (Infrações leves). Esses componentes foram agrupados em um Indicador Geral (IG) com modelo PLS-SEM cuja invariância parcial foi verificada. A estrutura e consistência interna demonstram-se razoáveis. Houve divergência do histórico infracional familiar e os estilos parentais. Há ainda diferenças significativas entre universitários e apenados nos escores dos Componentes 1 e IG, cujas gravidades são aumentadas. O instrumento mostrou-se promissor para avaliar a transmissão intergeracional de comportamento infrator. A identificação de descendentes que possam estar em risco de delinquência permitirá a criação de programas de intervenção precoce para famílias de risco. (AU)
We analyzed validity evidence for the Family Criminal History Inventory (FCHI), a self-report instrument on offenses committed by individuals and their families. We surveyed 791 people (394 inmates and 397 university students). Results produced two components through principal component analysis, using parallel analysis for component retention: Component 1 (Serious Offenses); Component 2 (Light Offenses). These were grouped into a General Indicator (GI) with a PLS-SEM model, the partial invariance of which was verified. The structure and internal consistency were reasonable. A divergence of family criminal history and parenting styles were observed. There were also significant differences between the university students and inmates in the scores of Components 1 and the GI, in which the severities increased. The instrument proved to be promising for evaluating the intergenerational transmission of offending behavior. The identification of descendants who may be at risk of delinquency will allow the creation of early intervention programs for families at risk.(AU)
El objetivo fue analizar evidencias de validez del Inventario de Antecedentes Familiares de Infracciones (IHIF), un instrumento de autoinforme sobre las infracciones cometidas por las personas y sus familias. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 791 personas, 394 internos y 397 estudiantes universitarios. Con el análisis de componentes principales se identificaron dos componentes, utilizando el análisis paralelo para la retención de componentes: Componente 1 (Infracciones graves); Componente 2 (Infracciones leves). Dichos componentes se agruparon en un Indicador General (IG) con un modelo PLS-SEM, cuya invarianza parcial fue verificada. La estructura y la consistencia interna son razonables. Hubo divergencia en el historial familiar de infracciones y los estilos de crianza. También existen diferencias significativas entre estudiantes universitarios y reclusos en las puntuaciones de los Componentes 1 e IG, cuya gravedad aumenta. El instrumento se mostró prometedor para evaluar la transmisión intergeneracional del comportamiento delictivo. La identificación de descendientes que puedan estar en riesgo de delincuencia permitirá la creación de programas de intervención para familias en riesgo.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Prisoners/psychology , Family Relations/psychology , Antisocial Personality Disorder/psychology , Psychometrics , Students/psychology , Universities , Reproducibility of Results , Education, Primary and Secondary , Self ReportABSTRACT
El cuestionamiento del por qué alguien querría asesinar a otra persona aún no tiene una respuesta única: ¿supervivencia, odio, placer, venganza? Frente a este fenómeno, las neurociencias ofrecen un espacio de comprensión relevante y actual para dar respuesta a este interrogante. Diversos estudios clínicos y en neuroimagen han mostrado diversas alteraciones anatómicas, bioquímicas, genéticas y su relación con una variedad de redes neuronales asociadas a conductas agresivas. Subregiones en la corteza prefrontal, la amígdala, el hipocampo y el lóbulo temporal juegan un papel importante en el desarrollo y el funcionamiento de la biología de la agresión. Variaciones genéticas en la regulación de proteinas y neurotransmisores tales como la serotonina y la dopamina han sido establecidas como mediadores en las conductas agresivas y homicidas. Las interacciones epigenéticas y los mediadores sociales representan importantes factores de riesgo adicionales para la agresividad. El presente artículo sistematiza algunos de los factores que influyen en la conducta homicida. Delimita sus factores de riesgo y correlato neurobiológico, así como aporta información basada en evidencia que ayude en la prevención de dichos comportamientos, la comprensión multidimensional del delito y el desarrollo de intervenciones efectivas fundamentadas en las neurociencias cognitivas forenses.
The question of why someone would want to murder another person still has no single answer: survival, hatred, pleasure, revenge? In the face of this phenomenon, neuroscience offers a relevant and current area of understanding to answer this question. Several clinical and neuroimaging studies have shown diverse anatomical, biochemical and genetic alterations and their relationship with a variety of neural networks associated with aggressive behaviors. Subregions in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and temporal lobe play an important role in the development and functioning of the biology of aggression. Genetic variations in the regulation of proteins and neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine have been established as mediators of aggressive and homicidal behaviors. Epigenetic interactions and social mediators represent additional important risk factors for aggression. The present article systematizes some of the factors that influence homicidal behavior. It delineates their risk factors and neurobiological correlates, as well as provides evidence-based information to aid in the prevention of such behaviors, the multidimensional understanding of crime, and the development of effective interventions based on forensic cognitive neuroscience.
A questão de pôr que alguém quereria matar outra pessoa ainda não tem uma única resposta: sobrevivência, ódio, prazer, vingança? Diante deste fenômeno, as neurociências oferecem uma área relevante e atual de compreensão para responder a esta pergunta. Vários estudos clínicos e de neuroimagem têm mostrado diversas alterações anatômicas, bioquímicas e genéticas e sua relação com uma variedade de redes neurais associadas a comportamentos agressivos. Sub-regiões no córtex pré-frontal, amígdala, hipocampo e lobo temporal desempenham um papel importante no desenvolvimento e funcionamento da biologia da agressão. Variações genéticas na regulação de proteínas e neurotransmissores como a serotonina e a dopamina foram estabelecidas como mediadores de comportamentos agressivos e homicidas. As interações epigenéticas e os mediadores sociais representam fatores de risco adicionais importantes para a agressão. Este artigo sistematiza alguns dos fatores que influenciam o comportamento homicida. Ela delineia seus fatores de risco e correlatos neurobiológicos e fornece informações baseadas em evidências para ajudar na prevenção de tais comportamentos, na compreensão multidimensional do crime e no desenvolvimento de intervenções eficazes baseadas na neurociência cognitiva forense.
Subject(s)
Humans , Neurobiology , Genetics , Psychopathology , Biochemistry , Neurosciences , Crime , Homicide , NeurologyABSTRACT
A criminalidade figura entre as maiores preocupações da sociedade contemporânea, que tem ficado cada vez mais apreensiva com a crescente insegurança que a circunda. Em sintonia com essa inquietação social, pesquisadores de diferentes áreas do conhecimento têm diligenciado no sentido de lançar luz sobre as causas da delinquência. O presente trabalho teórico elucida e discute alguns dos principais fenômenos que têm sido apontados pela literatura como fatores de risco para o envolvimento de indivíduos com o crime, nas esferas microssocial, macrossocial e psíquica, bem como alguns dentre os mais aceitos modelos teórico-explicativos desse fenômeno. O artigo conclui sinalizando para a multideterminação do envolvimento criminal, subjacente ao qual há uma constelação de fatores que atuam em rede e interagem dinamicamente entre si, arranjando-se de forma personalizada e singular em cada trajetória infracional. A compreensão desses fatores insinua-se como um importante passo na direção do planejamento e da implementação de estratégias sociais mais eficazes de prevenção e enfrentamento à criminalidade.(AU)
Criminality is one of the main concerns of contemporary society, which has become increasingly apprehensive about the growing climate of insecurity arising from it. In line with this social anxiety, researchers from different knowledge areas have endeavored to shed light on the causes of delinquency. This theoretical work elucidates and discusses some of the principal phenomena described in the literature as risk factors for an individual's involvement in crime, in the micro-social, macro-social and psychological spheres, as well as some from the most accepted theoretical and explanatory models for this phenomenon. The paper concludes by pointing out the multi-determinants of criminal involvement, underlying which is a constellation of factors that operate and interact dynamically in conjunction with one another, forming a personalized and singular pathway for each offender trajectory. Understanding these factors is an important step towards planning and implementing more effective social strategies for preventing and combating crime.(AU)
La criminalidad figura entre las mayores preocupaciones de la sociedad contemporánea, que ha quedado cada vez más preocupada por el creciente clima de inseguridad que la rodea. En sintonía con esa inquietud social, investigadores de distintas áreas del conocimiento se han esforzado, en el sentido de lanzar luces sobre las causas de la delincuencia. El presente trabajo teórico elucida y discute algunos de los principales fenómenos que han sido apuntados por la literatura como factores de riesgo para la implicación de individuos con el crimen, en las esferas micro-social, macro-social y psíquica, así como algunos de los más aceptados modelos teórico-explicativos de ese fenómeno. El artículo concluye señalando la multi-determinación de la implicación criminal, subyacente al cual hay una constelación de factores que actúan en red e interactúan dinámicamente entre sí, disponiéndose de forma personalizada y singular en cada trayectoria infraccional. La comprensión de estos factores implica un paso importante hacia la planificación y aplicación de estrategias sociales más eficaces de prevención y enfrentamiento a la criminalidad.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Crime/prevention & control , Crime/trends , Criminal BehaviorABSTRACT
Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se há associação entre o uso de maconha e o envolvimento em gangues por adolescentes em internação socioeducativa. Trata-se de um estudo misto, do tipo explanatório sequencial, realizado com 177 adolescentes em cinco unidades de internação socioeducativa no município de Belo Horizonte-MG. Para coleta dos dados, na primeira etapa, foi realizada a tradução e validação dos instrumentos Adolescent Cannabis Problems Questionnaire (CPQ-A) e do Youth Questionnaire do Eurogang Program. Além dos questionários: ficha de informações sociodemográficas, Escala de Severidade da Dependência (SDS) e Escala Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Os dados qualitativos foram coletados por meio de sete grupos focais, interpretados e analisados conjuntamente com os dados quantitativos. A amostra foi composta por 160 (90,4%) adolescentes do sexo masculino, 84 (47,5%) com média de idade de 17 anos, 156 (88,1%) Raça negra, 89 (50,3%) não tinham religião, 109 (61,6%) dependiam de auxílio financeiro de programas governamentais e 133 (75,1%) mencionaram que o dinheiro do crime complementa a renda familiar. Entre os adolescentes 103 (58,2%) apresentaram dependência moderada/grave de maconha e 170 (96%) pertenciam a uma gangue. Os adolescentes classificados com dependência moderada/grave eram do sexo masculino, não dependiam de renda proveniente de programas governamentais, não estavam preocupados em perder contato com pai/responsável devido ao uso de maconha; apresentavam baixo desempenho escolar, principalmente, após uso de maconha; uso vaporizado de maconha e haviam cometido alguns delitos, como roubo de carro e arrombamento. Os adolescentes que pertenciam a uma gangue: possuíam renda proveniente do crime, faziam uso de substâncias junto com familiar; apresentavam baixo desempenho, evasão e expulsão escolares; usavam maconha fumada e vaporizada, tinham problemas com a polícia devido ao uso de maconha e cometeram delitos, como tráfico de drogas, não pagavam propositalmente por algo e portavam armas. Conclui-se que houve relação entre uso vaporizado de maconha e envolvimento em gangues, indicando a necessidade de ações de promoção e prevenção da saúde a respeito dessas duas temáticas e dos riscos associados a esses comportamentos.
This study aimed to assess whether there is an association between marijuana use and gang involvement by adolescents in socio-educational detention. This is a mixed study, of the sequential explanatory type, carried out with 177 adolescents in five socio-educational inpatient units in the city of Belo Horizonte-MG. For data collection, in the first stage, the Adolescent Cannabis Problems Questionnaire (CPQ-A) and the Youth Questionnaire of the Eurogang Program were translated and validated. In addition to the questionnaires: sociodemographic information sheet, Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) and Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence Scale (FTND). Qualitative data were collected through seven focus groups, interpreted and analyzed together with quantitative data. The sample consisted of 160 (90.4%) male adolescents, 84 (47.5%) with a mean age of 17 years, 156 (88.1%) Black race, 89 (50.3%) no they had a religion, 109 (61.6%) depended on financial aid from government programs, and 133 (75.1%) mentioned that crime money complements their family income. Among adolescents, 103 (58.2%) had moderate/severe marijuana dependence and 170 (96%) belonged to a gang. Adolescents classified as moderate/severe dependence were male, did not depend on income from government programs, were not concerned about losing contact with a parent/guardian due to marijuana use; had low school performance, especially after using marijuana; vaporized marijuana use and had committed certain offenses such as car theft and burglary. Adolescents who belonged to a gang: had income from crime, used substances with a family member; had low performance, school dropout and expulsion; they used smoked and vaporized marijuana, had problems with the police due to the use of marijuana, and committed crimes such as drug trafficking, purposely did not pay for anything and carried guns. It is concluded that there was a relationship between vaporized marijuana use and involvement in gangs, indicating the need for health promotion and prevention actions regarding these two themes and the risks associated with these behaviors.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Marijuana Abuse , Criminal Behavior , Juvenile DelinquencyABSTRACT
Resumen Este artículo de investigación es un ejercicio exploratorio que busca identificar las condiciones socioeconómicas y los contextos en los que se desarrollan actividades delictivas asociadas a las pandillas juveniles en Popayán, capital del departamento del Cauca. Para tal fin, se acude por un lado a estrategias cuantitativas a partir de información estadística de la Policía Nacional para describir los delitos de hurto y riñas. Además, se utilizan datos obtenidos del Sistema de Identificación de Beneficiarios (Sisben) para caracterizar las condiciones de vida de la población juvenil de la ciudad. Por otra parte, se acude a estrategias cualitativas en las que destaca el análisis documental mediante la revisión de prensa y de documentos institucionales, con el fin de conocer las acciones que se adelantan para la atención de las pandillas juveniles. Lo examinado permite advertir que las pandillas no son expresiones exclusivas de las grandes ciudades, en las ciudades intermedias están en el centro mismo de las acciones delincuenciales y son un importante desafío para la seguridad y la convivencia. Sin embargo, más allá de la intervención represiva, son pocas las iniciativas estatales para su atención, como poco el interés por comprender su complejidad. En consecuencia, las posibilidades efectivas de cambio de la situación son limitadas.
Abstract This research article is an exploratory exercise that seeks to identify the socioeconomic conditions and contexts in which criminal activities associated with youth gangs in Popayán, capital of the Department of Cauca, are performed. To that end, we resorted to, on one hand, quantitative strategies based on statistical information from the National Police to describe the crimes of theft and brawls. On the other hand, data obtained from the Beneficiary Identification System (Sisben) was used to characterize the living conditions of Colombia's juvenile population. Furthermore, qualitative strategies were used, in which documentary analysis stands out by means of press reviews and institutional documents, in order to know the actions being performed to attend to youth gangs. The analyzed information allowed cautioning that gangs are not exclusive expressions of large cities. Medium-sized cities are at the very center of crime and are a significant challenge to security and coexistence. However, beyond repressive intervention, there are few state initiatives related to this challenge and there is scant interest in understanding its complexity. Consequently, the situation's effective possibilities of change are limited.
Resumo Este artigo de pesquisa é um exercício exploratório que busca identificar as condições socioeconómicas e os contextos em que ocorrem atividades criminosas associadas a gangues juvenis em Popayán, capital do departamento de Cauca. Para este fim, por um lado, são utilizadas estratégias quantitativas com base em informações estatísticas da Polícia Nacional para descrever os delitos de furto e brigas. Além disso, para caracterizar as condições de vida da população jovem da cidade, são utilizados os dados obtidos do Sistema de Identificação de Beneficiários (Sisben). Por outro lado, são utilizadas estratégias qualitativas destacando a análise documental por meio da revisão de imprensa e de documentos institucionais, a fim de conhecer as ações que estão sendo realizadas para o atendimento das gangues juvenis. O resultado permite advertir que as gangues não são expressões exclusivas das grandes cidades, estão no centro das ações criminosas nas cidades médias e são um importante desafio para a segurança e a convivência. Porém, além da intervenção repressiva, são poucas as iniciativas estatais para sua atenção e é pouco o interesse por compreender a sua complexidade. Consequentemente, as possibilidades efetivas de mudança desta situação são limitadas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Juvenile Delinquency , Theft , Violence , Criminal BehaviorABSTRACT
Resumen Objetivo. Establecer el grado de relación entre la desregulación emocional y la conducta antisocial y delictiva en adolescentes que se encuentran en conflicto con la ley. Método. Diseño no experimental, enfoque cuantitativo, con alcance descriptivo-correlacional de temporalidad transversal. Participaron 62 adolescentes en conflicto con la ley. Se implementaron la ficha de caracterización MINI KID y la Escala de Desregulación Emocional (DERS-E). Resultados. El 54.8% de los adolescentes reportaron problemas de conducta. Según los hallazgos, la desatención emocional es diferente entre las personas con trastorno disocial y las que no lo presentan (t =4.853, p =0.031). La desatención emocional predice la aparición de trastorno disocial (β =0.030, p= 0.05, Exp(β)= 1.362). Conclusión. Los datos dan cuenta de la importancia de la revisión teórica de la conducta antisocial y de los factores asociados a ella, para establecer mejores modelos de intervención y de comprensión del fenómeno, principalmente la influencia de la regulación emocional en la aparición de la conducta disocial en adolescentes.
Abstract Objective. To establish the degree of relationship between emotional dysregulation and antisocial and criminal behavior in adolescents who conflict with the law. Method. Non-experimental design, quantitative approach, with descriptive scope - correlation of transversal temporality. Sixty-two adolescents in conflict with the law participated. The instruments used were the Characterization Sheet, MINI KID and Emotional Deregulation Scale (DERS-E). Results. 54.8% of adolescents reported behavioral problems. Emotional neglect is different between people with antisocial personality disorder and those who do not have it (t = 4.853, p = 0.031). Emotional neglect predicts the onset of antisocial personality disorder (A = 0.030, p = 0.05; Exp(-) = 1,362). Conclusion. The data showed the importance of the theoretical review of antisocial behavior and the factors associated with it in order to establish better models of intervention and understanding of the phenomenon, mainly the influence of emotional regulation on the onset of dissocial behaviour in adolescents.
Resumo Escopo. Estabelecer o grau de relação entre a desregulação emocional e a conduta antissocial e delitiva em adolescentes que estão em conflito com a lei. Metodologia. Desenho não experimental, enfoque quantitativo, com alcance descritivo-correlacional de temporalidade transversal. Participaram 62 adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Foi implementada a ficha de caracterização MINI KID e a escada de Desregulação Emocional (DERS-E). Resultados. O 54.8% dos adolescentes reportaram problemas de conduta. Segundo os achados, a desatenção emocional é diferente entre as pessoas com transtorno dissocial e as que não a presentam (t= 4.853, p= 0.031). A desatenção emocional prediz a aparição de transtorno dissocial (β = 0.030, p= 0.05, Exp(β) = 1.362). Conclusão. Os dados dão conta da importância da revisão teórica da conduta antissocial e dos fatores associados a ela, para estabelecer melhores modelos de intervenção e de compreensão do fenómeno, principalmente a influencia da regulação emocional na aparição da conduta dissocial em adolescentes.
ABSTRACT
In this article, we analyze the contributions of neuroscience to the development of the adolescent brain and shed additional light on the minimum age of criminal responsibility in the context of Latin America. In neurobiology, maturity is perceived to be complex because the brain's temporal development process is not uniform across all its regions. This has important consequences for adolescents' behavior; in their search for the acceptance of their peers, they are more vulnerable to pressure and more sensitive to stress than adults. Their affectivity is more unstable, and they show signs of low tolerance to frustration and important emotional reactivity, with a decrease in the capacity to self-regulate. Consequently, risky behavior presents itself more frequently during adolescence, and behaviors that transgress norms and social conventions typically peak between the ages of 17 and 19 years. However, only a small percentage of young offenders escalate their behavior to committing crimes during adulthood. In comparative law, there are considerable differences in Latin American countries' legal dispositions regarding the minimum age of criminal responsibility; Brazil, Costa Rica, and Ecuador regard the age of criminal responsibility to be 12 years, while Argentina accepts this to be 16 years. From a legal viewpoint, however, the debate about the minimum age of criminal responsibility is connected to other circumstances that, because they are still at a developmental stage, are attributed to adolescents' rights in their decision-making and understanding of autonomy (e.g., the minimum ages for voting, alcohol consumption, and medical consent). We argue that research on the development of the adolescent brain does not provide definitive answers about the exact age required for different juridical purposes. Nonetheless, the current state of knowledge does allow for reflection on the development and maturation of adolescents and the implications for considering them criminally responsible. It also validates demands for a system that provides adolescents with greater protection and that favors their healthy integral development. In any case, although a specific minimum age is not evident, this study is disposed not to recommend lowering the age of criminal responsibility, but rather increasing it.
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Abstract Introduction Adolescents who use drugs present several health problems, including criminal behavior. The Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD) is a test that evaluates current conduct disorders in adolescents. Objective This research carried out a cross-cultural adaptation of the APSD on Mexican population. Method The original version of the APSD was translated into Mexican Spanish. The final version was administered to 1 070 adolescents (958 students, 72 with minor faults, and 40 with criminal behavior) who completed the APSD and the ENCODE, the National survey on drug use. We computed correlations and regression models between APSD and ENCODE. We carried out a multivariate analysis to compare samples and quantity of drugs. Finally, we fitted the two-and three-factor models of the APSD with a CFA. Results The APSD scores correlated significantly with all of the ENCODE variables. In the multivariate analysis, the variable quantity of drugs was significant to rise the APSD score (F [3 847] = 7.53, p = .000). The CFA with three factors had the best fit. Reliability analysis suggests acceptable internal consistency (α = .79). Discussion and conclusion Our results confirmed that the Mexican Spanish version of the APSD has good psychometric properties to be used in future research.
Resumen Introducción Los adolescentes que consumen drogas presentan varios problemas de salud, incluida la conducta delictiva. El Test de Tamizaje de Proceso Antisocial (APSD, por sus siglas en inglés) es una prueba que evalúa los trastornos de conducta actual en adolescentes. Objetivo Esta investigación realizó una adaptación intercultural de la APSD en población mexicana. Método La versión original del APSD fue traducida al español de México. La versión final se administró a 1 070 adolescentes (958 estudiantes, 72 con delitos menores y 40 con conducta delictiva) que completaron el APSD y la Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Drogas en Estudiantes (ENCODE). Calculamos correlaciones y modelos de regresión entre APSD y ENCODE. Realizamos un análisis multivariado para comparar muestras y cantidad de drogas consumidas. Finalmente, ajustamos los modelos de dos y tres factores del APSD con un CFA. Resultados Las puntuaciones APSD se correlacionaron significativamente con todas las variables ENCODE. En el análisis multivariado, la variable cantidad de drogas consumida fue significativa para incrementar el puntaje en APSD (F [3 847] = 7.53, p = .000). El CFA con tres factores tuvo el mejor ajuste. El análisis de confiabilidad sugiere una consistencia interna aceptable (α = .79). Discusión y conclusión Nuestros resultados confirmaron que la versión mexicana en español del APSD tiene adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para su utilización en futuras investigaciones.
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Resumen La finalidad de la presente investigación es realizar la caracterización psicosocial de personas de origen latinoamericano que delinquieron en España y que se encuentran internas en el Centro de Inserción Social de la comunidad de Andalucía en la ciudad de Málaga. Para esto, se utilizó una metodología mixta (cualitativa y cuantitativa) de tipo empírica e inductiva. En la cual se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, observación participante, la aplicación de pruebas psicológicas para evaluar los constructos de autoestima e impulsividad y una encuesta. Se analizó la información en los siguientes tópicos: características sociodemográficas, dinámica cultural y social, composición familiar, salud física y psicológica, autoestima, impulsividad, motivaciones para delinquir, escalamiento de conductas análogas, antisociales y delictivas, redes de apoyo o vínculos socio familiares, factores del proceso de inserción social, reincidencia y proyecto de vida. Como resultado se obtuvieron similitudes en los factores culturales, sociales y geográficos entre otros, no obstante, se determinó que no existe un solo factor que explique la conducta delictiva.
Abstract The purpose of the present investigation is to perform psychosocial characterization of people of Latin American origin who have committed crimes in Spain and who are internal in the Center of Social Insertion of the community of Andalusia in the city of Malaga; for this, mixed (qualitative and quantitative) methodology of empirical and inductive type was used, where different tools were used to collect information, including semi-structured interviews, participant observation, the application of psychological tests to evaluate the constructs of self-esteem and impulsivity and a survey; Subsequently, the information collected on the following topics was analyzed and processed: sociodemographic characteristics, cultural and social dynamics, family composition, physical and psychological health, self-esteem, impulsivity, motivation to commit a crime, escalation of analogous, antisocial and criminal behaviors, support networks or socio - family ties, factors of the social insertion process, recidivism and life project. As a result, similarities were obtained in cultural, social and geographical factors among others, however, it was determined that there is not a single factor that explains the criminal behavior.
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ABSTRACT Lampião, the most infamous Brazilian brigand leader, was killed and decapitated during an ambush in 1938. The Alagoas police coroner, Dr. José Lages Filho, performed an autopsy of his head. Strongly biased toward the anthropologic ideas of the famous Italian psychiatrist and criminalist Cesare Lombroso, the examination found only a few of the so-called criminal inborn traits. The Lombrosian doctrine and a number of related theories strongly influenced medical and political reasoning in the first half of the 20th century. Modern genetic and neuroscientific studies are still looking for the potential biological roots of misbehavior and criminality.
RESUMO Lampião foi o líder cangaceiro mais famoso do Brasil. Foi morto e decapitado após emboscada em 1938. O Dr. José Lages Filho, perito médico-legal da polícia de Alagoas, realizou a autópsia parcial, restrita à cabeça. O exame focalizou essencialmente a busca de traços físicos característicos do chamado criminoso nato, de acordo com a teoria antropológica criminal desenvolvida pelo psiquiatra italiano Cesare Lombroso. A doutrina de Lombroso e outras com ela relacionadas influenciaram fortemente o raciocínio médico e político na primeira metade do século 20. Seus ecos são ainda hoje perceptíveis em estudos genéticos e neurocientíficos contemporâneos, que seguem procurando as raízes biológicas dos desvios comportamentais e da criminalidade.
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Autopsy/history , Forensic Anthropology/history , Criminals/history , Brazil , Decapitation/history , Head/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
RESUMEN Esta investigación está relacionada con la integración social de jóvenes que presentan conductas delictivas, a través de las potencialidades que ofrece el deporte para contrarrestar estas dificultades. Por tanto, se propone la actividad deportiva como medio de inclusión en condiciones de vulnerabilidad. En correspondencia con ello, se trazó como objetivo la elaboración de un sistema de actividades, desde el deporte, que favorezca la integración social de jóvenes con conductas delictivas, específicamente para ser desarrollado en la comunidad Cuba Libre, en la ciudad de Pinar del Río, Cuba. Con tales propósitos, se partió del método investigación acción, apoyado en la revisión documental, la observación, la entrevista y el cuestionario. La actualidad del tema se manifiesta en su incidencia en el proceso de incorporación social del grupo poblacional en cuestión, como condición indispensable para la sostenibilidad y perfeccionamiento del modelo socialista cubano. Mientras, la novedad científica radica en las posibilidades que ofrece para su contextualización desde el deporte, considerando la necesaria relación entre el diagnóstico, la orientación y el seguimiento a jóvenes con conductas delictivas. Se refuerza su importancia, de cara al perfeccionamiento de todo el Sistema de Prevención y Atención Social en Cuba, especialmente en el ámbito comunitario.
ABSTRACT This research is related to the social integration of a group of young people who have experienced determined behaviors after criminal penalties. Considering the strength that sports present to tackle these difficulties is that the author of this work has made use of sport activity as a means of inclusion under vulnerability conditions. In correspondence with it, it was traced as objective to elaborate a system of activities, from the sport, favor the social integration of youngsters with criminal behaviors. The present time of the topic is motivated by these previous reasons, in this very challenging moments for the unity of the Cuban people, the agglutination of all the social sectors as indispensable conditions in the sustainability and improvement of Socialism, includes the process of the youths' social incorporation with criminal behaviors. Their scientific novelty deals with the possibilities that it offers for its adjustment according to sports, considering the necessary relationship among the diagnosis, the orientation and the treatment to youngsters with criminal behaviors. Their importance is reinforced, with the support of the whole System of Prevention and Social Care in Cuba, especially in the community environment it is applied the method investigation action fundamentally. For this aim it was applied essentially methods at empirical level such as: the observation, the documentary revision, the interview, the questionnaire and the experiment. On this base it was carried out evaluations leading to recommend their implementation in other contexts with the purpose of contributing to the social integration of youngsters with criminal behaviors.
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BACKGROUND: Studies indicate high rates of criminal behavior, violent activities, and legal problems among illicit drug users (IDU) in Brazil. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with criminal behavior among IDU undergoing treatment for chemical dependency in Central Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out with IDU undergoing treatment for chemical dependence. Data were collected by means of face-to-face interviews and analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the total participants (n = 274), 46.7%, 15.7%, and 10.9% reported involvement in robbery, drug trafficking and homicide, respectively. Robbery was associated with young age, withdrawal symptoms, prison record, sex work, and crack use, while drug trafficking was associated with young age, low education, and marijuana use. Homicides were associated with cocaine and marijuana use. CONCLUSION: The results show high rates of criminal behavior among drug users, demonstrating associations between socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics, illicit drug use, and practices of illegal activities. These variables must be considered when planning programs and policies to reduce harm related to drug use and abuse.
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Crime/psychology , Criminal Behavior , Drug Users/psychology , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Adult , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Young AdultABSTRACT
Resumo O artigo faz uma revisão narrativa da literatura científica visando identificar e discutir os contextos de vulnerabilidade e exclusão social que situam os usuários de crack e outras drogas à margem da norma social no contexto brasileiro e internacional. Lança-se mão de uma variedade de marcos teóricos de modo a integrar as áreas temática do uso de drogas, com ênfase no de crack e sua inter-relação com vulnerabilidade social, marginalidade, exclusão social e desvio. Inicialmente são discutidos aspectos gerais da pesquisa qualitativa em drogas. Em seguida são pontuadas questões acerca da exclusão e vulnerabilidade social dos usuários de crack, seguido das principais associações descritas na literatura sobre uso de drogas e envolvimento criminal. Por fim, o conceito de “margens do Estado” é discutido através do exemplo de situações vivenciadas pelos usuários de crack e outras drogas, como relatado pela literatura.
Abstract The article comprises a narrative review of the scientific literature, aiming to identify and discuss the contexts of vulnerability and social exclusion faced by users of crack cocaine and other substances who live on the sidelines of society in the Brazilian and international context. The paper summarizes insights from different theoretical frameworks, focusing on an integrated perspective of substance use and abuse, with an emphasis on the use of crack and its inter-relationships with social vulnerability, marginalization, social exclusion and deviation. In a first step, broad aspects of qualitative research on drugs are outlined. The subsequent section highlights issues associated with exclusion and social vulnerability of crack users, followed by an assessment of the main associations mentioned in the literature on drug use and criminal involvement. Finally, the concept of “sidelines of society” is discussed, as exemplified by situations and events experienced by users of crack and other substances, as mentioned in the literature.
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Humans , Crack Cocaine , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Cocaine-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Crime/statistics & numerical data , Vulnerable Populations/statistics & numerical data , Social Stigma , Social MarginalizationABSTRACT
O estudo foi realizado na Cidade de Maputo, em Moçambique, e teve como objetivo investigar as motivações do comportamento infrator e as perspectivas do futuro de jovens reclusos. Para tal foram usados os construtos da Teoria Bioecológica de Urie Bronfenbrenner. Metodologicamente optou-se pela abordagem qualitativa e exploratória, na qual entrevistou-se seis jovensdos 16-25 anos internados em três penitenciárias.O cometimento dos crimes esteve relacionado à satisfação de necessidades básicas de sobrevivência no contexto das limitações socioeconômicas vividasno momento. Os jovens mostraram interesse em reintegrar-se à sociedade e desenvolver projetos pessoais após o cumprimento da pena. Estes resultados sugerem a necessidade de programas estruturados de acompanhamento psicossocial no período de retorno à comunidade.
The study took place in Maputo City, Mozambique, and investigated young offender´s motivations for crime and their expectations for the future. Bronfenbrenner´s Bioecological Theory was used to guide the research. Methodologically, qualitative and exploratory approaches were adopted, in which six young incarcerated men, with age range from 16-25 years old, from three prisons were interviewed. The committing of the crimes was related to meeting basic survival needs in the context of socio-economic limitations experienced at the moment. Participants showed interest in reintegrate into society and to develop personal projects. These results suggest the need for implementation of structured psychosocial programs for those people after release from prison.
El estudio fue realizado en la ciudad de Maputo, en Moçambique, y tuvo como objetivos investigar las motivaciones del comportamiento infractor y las perspectivas de futuro de jóvenes reclusos. Con ese fin fueron utilizados los constructos de la Teoría Bioecológica de Urie Bronfenbrenner. Esta es una investigación cualitativa y exploratoria, en la cual fueron entrevistados seis jóvenes entre 16-25 años de edad detenidos en tres penitenciarias. Cometer crímenes se relacionó a la satisfacción de necesidades básicas de sobrevivencia en el contexto de limitaciones socioeconómicas vividas. Los jóvenes mostraron interés en volver a la sociedad y desarrollar proyectos personales después de la sentencia. Estos resultados sugirieron la necesidad de programas estructurados de acompañamiento psicosocial durante el retorno a la comunidad.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Adolescent, Institutionalized , Criminal Behavior , Juvenile DelinquencyABSTRACT
El objetivo de este estudio es analizar factores vinculados a la estructura y funcionalidad familiar, así como de carácter sociodemográfico, relacionados con el comportamiento delictivo en adolescentes. Para ello, seleccionamos aleatoriamente una muestra de escolares (n=118) del Principado de Asturias (España), divididos en dos grupos: cívico (n=87) y comportamiento delictivo (n=31), así como un grupo de adolescentes que cumplen Medida Judicial en Régimen Medio Abierto (n=22). Hallamos diferencias significativas en función de características individuales como edad, género y nivel de estudios, siendo los varones con mayor edad los que presentan más conductas delictivas. La formación académica de la madre, la separación conyugal y la ausencia del padre, son factores influyentes en el desarrollo de comportamientos delictivos que deriven en una sanción penal. Proponemos una discusión sobre las implicaciones de los resultados para la prevención de los comportamientos delictivos en menores.
This study aims to analyze factors associated with family structure and functionality, as well as socio-demographic characteristics, related to criminal behavior in adolescents. The authors selected a random sample of students (n=118) from the Principality of Asturias (Spain) that were divided into two groups: civic-minded (n=87) and criminal behavior (n= 31) and a group of adolescents that are currently the subject of court ordered sanctions (n=22). Significant differences were found in terms of individual characteristics such as age, gender and educational level, with older male adolescents presenting the highest levels of criminal behavior. The educational level of mothers, whether parents have separated and absent fathers are influential in the development of criminal behavior that could result in court-ordered punishments. The implications of these results for the prevention of juvenile criminal behavior are discussed.
O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os fatores associados à estrutura e à funcionalidade familiar, bem como a natureza sociodemográfica, relacionados ao comportamento criminal em adolescentes. Para isso, foi selecionada uma amostra aleatória de estudantes (n=118) do Principado de Asturias (Espanha), divididos em dois grupos: cívico (n= 87) e comportamento criminoso (n=31), assim como um grupo de adolescentes que cumprem Medida Judicial em regime semiaberto (n=22). Foram encontradas diferenças significativas em termos de características individuais, tais como idade, sexo e nível de escolaridade, sendo os homens mais velhos os que apresentam maior comportamento criminal. A formação acadêmica da mãe, a separação dos pais e a ausência do pai são fatores que influenciam no desenvolvimento de comportamento criminoso que poderia resultar em sanção penal. São discutidas as implicações dos resultados para a prevenção de comportamento criminoso juvenil.