Living on the Edge: Physiological and Kinetic Trade-Offs Shape Thermal Tolerance in Intertidal Crabs From Tropical to Sub-Antarctic South America.

Temperature is an important abiotic factor that drives the evolution of ectotherms owing to its pervasive effects at all levels of organization. Although a species' thermal tolerance is environmentally driven within a spatial cline, it may be constrained over time due to differential phylogenetic inheritance. At the limits of thermal tolerance, hemolymph oxygen is reduced and lactate formation is increased due to mismatch between oxygen supply and demand; imbalance between enzyme flexibility/stability also impairs the ability to generate energy. Here, we characterized the effects of lower (LL50) and upper (UL50) critical thermal limits on selected descriptors of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in 12 intertidal crab species distributed from northern Brazil (≈7.8°S) to southern Patagonia (≈53.2°S), considering their phylogeny. We tested for (i) functional trade-offs regarding aerobic and anaerobic metabolism and LDH kinetics in shaping thermal tolerance; (ii) influence of shared ancestry and thermal province on metabolic evolution; and (iii) presence of evolutionary convergences and adaptive peaks in the crab phylogeny. The tropical and subtropical species showed similar systemic and kinetic responses, both differing from the sub-Antarctic crabs. The lower UL50's of the sub-Antarctic crabs may reflect mismatch between the evolution of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism since these crabs exhibit lower oxygen consumption but higher lactate formation than tropical and subtropical species also at their respective UL50's. LDH activity increased with temperature increase, while Km Pyr remained fairly constant; catalytic coefficient correlated negatively with thermal niche. Thermal tolerance may rely on a putative evolutionary trade-off between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism regarding energy supply, while temperature compensation of kinetic performance is driven by thermal habitat as revealed by the LDH affinity/efficiency equilibrium. The overall physiological evolution revealed two homoplastic adaptive peaks in the sub-Antarctic crabs with a further shift in the tropical/subtropical clade. The physiological traits at UL50 have evolved in a phylogenetic manner while all others were more plastic. Thus, shared inheritance and thermal environment have driven the crabs' thermal tolerance and metabolic evolution, revealing physiological transformations that have arisen in both colder and warmer climes, especially at higher levels of biological organization and phylogenetic diversity.

Critical limits for urgent clinician notification at South African intensive care units.

BACKGROUND: Critical value policies are used by clinical laboratories to decide when to notify caregivers of life-threatening results. There, however, remains much debate regarding which tests should be included in critical value lists and clinically relevant limits. METHOD: An electronic survey was designed to determine the critical value policies of specialists for haematology tests in South African intensive care units. Data collected included a demographic component, critical value policies and critical value reporting. RESULTS: There were 68 respondents who represented a range of specialists from different disciplines. Four key critical values were identified, namely white cell count (WCC), haemoglobin, platelet count and international normalised ratio (INR). Median low and high adult and paediatric critical limits for the most frequently listed tests were as follows: haemoglobin <7 and >20 g/dL, platelet count <50 and >1000 × 10(9) /L, WCC < 2 and >20 × 10(9) /L and INR > 4. Specific critical limits for neonates were reported by 20 of the respondents. Of the respondents, 95.92% indicated that it was important to be contacted with first-time critical results and approximately half for repeat critical values. The majority preferred that the person notified of the critical value be the caregiver directly involved with the patient's care. CONCLUSION: It is important for critical value policies to be reviewed by each discipline to ensure cut-offs are clinically relevant.

Wheat cultivar tolerance to boron deficiency and toxicity in nutrient solution

Field symptoms of open spikelets in wheat were observed in specific cultivars and supposedly related to low B soils and differential B requirement among cultivars. This study aimed to evaluate the response of four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, IAC 24, IAC 60, IAC 287 and IAC 289, to increasing B concentrations in nutrient solution. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates and five B concentrations (0.0, 0.05, 0.2, 0.8 and 2.0 mg L-1), during 1997/1998, in a greenhouse. Plants were grown to maturity and evaluated for plant height, spike number and length, open spikelet number, grains per spike, plant parts dry matter, B, P, K, Ca and Mg leaf concentrations and total nutrient contents. The visual symptoms of B deficiency consisted of open spikelets, distorted spikes without grains. 'IAC 60' and 'IAC 287' had higher B efficiency, with the highest grain yields in lower B concentrations. The 'IAC 287' and 'IAC 24' were more tolerant to the highest B concentrations. 'IAC 24' required more B for grain production as compared to the other cultivars. The critical leaf B concentration for deficiency was 25 mg kg-1 of dry matter tissue for all cultivars, and for toxicity were: 44 to 45 mg kg-1 for 'IAC 60' and 'IAC 289'; 228 and 318 mg kg-1 for 'IAC 24' and 'IAC 287', respectively. Except for the highest B level in the nutrient solution, the leaf P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations and whole plant contents were in an adequate range in the plants and did not vary among cultivars.

Sintomas esporádicos de espiguetas sem grãos observados em campos de trigo apenas para determinadas cultivares induziram pesquisadores à hipótese de uma possível relação destes sintomas com baixo teor de boro (B) disponível no solo e com diferenças entre as cultivares na exigência a B. Este experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar as cultivares IAC 24, IAC 60, IAC 287 e IAC 289, em concentrações de B em solução nutritiva. O ensaio foi instalado em casa de vegetação, durante 1997/1998, em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e cinco concentrações de boro (0,00; 0,05; 0,20; 0,80 e 2,00 mg L-1). As plantas cresceram até a maturidade e foram avaliadas quanto à altura, número e comprimento das espigas, número de espiguetas sem grãos, grãos por espiga, matéria seca das partes das plantas, teores de B, P, K, Ca e Mg nas folhas e conteúdos totais desses nutrientes. Os sintomas visuais de deficiência de B consistiram de espiguetas abertas, retorcidas e sem grãos. 'IAC 60' e 'IAC 287' mostraram-se mais eficientes, apresentando as maiores produções de grãos nas concentrações mais baixas de B. 'IAC 287' e 'IAC 24' foram mais tolerantes às concentrações mais altas de B, sendo 'IAC 24' bem mais exigente. O teor limite de B nas folhas, para deficiência, foi de 25 mg kg-1 para todas as cultivares e, para toxicidade, foram de: 44 a 45 mg kg-1 para 'IAC 60' e 'IAC 289'; e 228 e 318 mg kg-1 para 'IAC 24' e 'IAC 287', respectivamente. Exceto para o tratamento com a mais alta concentração de B, os teores e conteúdos de P, Ca, K e Mg encontrados nas plantas estavam dentro da normalidade e não variaram com os tratamentos.

Wheat cultivar tolerance to boron deficiency and toxicity in nutrient solution

Field symptoms of open spikelets in wheat were observed in specific cultivars and supposedly related to low B soils and differential B requirement among cultivars. This study aimed to evaluate the response of four wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, IAC 24, IAC 60, IAC 287 and IAC 289, to increasing B concentrations in nutrient solution. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates and five B concentrations (0.0, 0.05, 0.2, 0.8 and 2.0 mg L-1), during 1997/1998, in a greenhouse. Plants were grown to maturity and evaluated for plant height, spike number and length, open spikelet number, grains per spike, plant parts dry matter, B, P, K, Ca and Mg leaf concentrations and total nutrient contents. The visual symptoms of B deficiency consisted of open spikelets, distorted spikes without grains. 'IAC 60' and 'IAC 287' had higher B efficiency, with the highest grain yields in lower B concentrations. The 'IAC 287' and 'IAC 24' were more tolerant to the highest B concentrations. 'IAC 24' required more B for grain production as compared to the other cultivars. The critical leaf B concentration for deficiency was 25 mg kg-1 of dry matter tissue for all cultivars, and for toxicity were: 44 to 45 mg kg-1 for 'IAC 60' and 'IAC 289'; 228 and 318 mg kg-1 for 'IAC 24' and 'IAC 287', respectively. Except for the highest B level in the nutrient solution, the leaf P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations and whole plant contents were in an adequate range in the plants and did not vary among cultivars.

Sintomas esporádicos de espiguetas sem grãos observados em campos de trigo apenas para determinadas cultivares induziram pesquisadores à hipótese de uma possível relação destes sintomas com baixo teor de boro (B) disponível no solo e com diferenças entre as cultivares na exigência a B. Este experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar as cultivares IAC 24, IAC 60, IAC 287 e IAC 289, em concentrações de B em solução nutritiva. O ensaio foi instalado em casa de vegetação, durante 1997/1998, em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e cinco concentrações de boro (0,00; 0,05; 0,20; 0,80 e 2,00 mg L-1). As plantas cresceram até a maturidade e foram avaliadas quanto à altura, número e comprimento das espigas, número de espiguetas sem grãos, grãos por espiga, matéria seca das partes das plantas, teores de B, P, K, Ca e Mg nas folhas e conteúdos totais desses nutrientes. Os sintomas visuais de deficiência de B consistiram de espiguetas abertas, retorcidas e sem grãos. 'IAC 60' e 'IAC 287' mostraram-se mais eficientes, apresentando as maiores produções de grãos nas concentrações mais baixas de B. 'IAC 287' e 'IAC 24' foram mais tolerantes às concentrações mais altas de B, sendo 'IAC 24' bem mais exigente. O teor limite de B nas folhas, para deficiência, foi de 25 mg kg-1 para todas as cultivares e, para toxicidade, foram de: 44 a 45 mg kg-1 para 'IAC 60' e 'IAC 289'; e 228 e 318 mg kg-1 para 'IAC 24' e 'IAC 287', respectivamente. Exceto para o tratamento com a mais alta concentração de B, os teores e conteúdos de P, Ca, K e Mg encontrados nas plantas estavam dentro da normalidade e não variaram com os tratamentos.