Commodity risk assessment of Petunia spp. and Calibrachoa spp. unrooted cuttings from Guatemala.

The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to evaluate the probability of entry of pests (likelihood of pest freedom at entry), including both, regulated and non-regulated pests, associated with unrooted cuttings of the genera Petunia and Calibrachoa produced under physical isolation in Guatemala. The relevance of any pest for this opinion was based on evidence following defined criteria, based on the methodology used for high-risk plants adapted for the specificity of this assessment. Nineteen EU regulated pests (Bemisia tabaci, pepper golden mosaic virus, pepper huasteco yellow vein virus, tomato severe leaf curl virus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus, tomato spotted wilt virus, Liriomyza huidobrensis, Liriomyza sativae, Liriomyza trifolii, Bactericera cockerelli, Eotetranichus lewisi, Epitrix subcrinita, Epitrix cucumeris, Helicoverpa zea, Chloridea virescens, Spodoptera ornithogalli, Ralstonia solanacearum, Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum, Xanthomonas vesicatoria) and one EU non-regulated (Phenacoccus solenopsis) pest fulfilled all relevant criteria and were selected for further evaluation. For these pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Guatemala were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors, and an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The limited and partially conflicting information provided in the dossier contributes to the wide estimates of pest freedom. The estimated degree of pest freedom varies among the pests evaluated, with Ralstonia spp. (R. solanacearum and R. pseudosolanacearum) being the pest most frequently expected on the imported cuttings. The expert knowledge elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9916 and 10,000 bags containing unrooted cuttings per 10,000 would be free of Ralstonia spp.

Morpho-physiological and phytohormonal changes during the induction of adventitious root development stimulated by exogenous IBA application in Magnolia biondii Pamp / Alterações morfofisiológicas e fito-hormonais durante a indução do desenvolvimento radicular adventício estimulado pela aplicação exógena do AIB em Magnolia biondii Pamp

Magnolia biondii Pamp is an important ornamental tree species widely grown and used as a rootstock in the propagation of different Magnolia varieties. In the current studies, anatomical, physiological and endogenous hormones were studied to check the effect of IBA 750 mg/L on the adventitious rooting and to provide theoretical and technical support for the propagation of Magnolia biondii Pamp through stem cuttings. Two thousand stem cuttings were prepared and divided into two groups i.e., IBA treated cuttings and water control. For the evaluation of antioxidant enzyme activities, and endogenous hormones levels, samples were collected on the day of planting and each 5th day and further steps were carried out in the laboratory according to the protocols and proper precautions. For the anatomical observations, samples were collected on the 13th, 15th, and 17th day for IBA treated cuttings while 21st, 23rd, and 25th day for control. Collected samples were preserved in the FAA solution and further observations were carried out in the laboratory. Anatomical observations showed that it took 13 days for the differentiation of root primordia to the appearance of young adventitious roots in IBA treated cuttings, while it took 21 days to develop primordia in the control. Antioxidant enzyme activities involved in ROS were significantly higher in the IBA treated cuttings compared to control. POD showed a peak on the 13th day before the emergence of roots in IBA treated cuttings while it showed a peak on the 21st day in the control. PPO showed a peak on the 21st day in the IBA treated cuttings while it showed a peak on the 29th day in the control. SOD showed a peak on the 17th day in IBA treated cuttings, while it showed a peak on the 25th day in the control. Exogenous application of IBA enhanced the endogenous IAA and GA3 levels compared to CK, while it reduced the levels of ABA continuously at the time of rooting and then increased gradually. Inclusively, our study suggests that IBA 750 mg/L is efficient for the rooting of Magnolia biondii Pamp cuttings, as it enhanced the process of antioxidant enzyme activities, endogenous hormones levels and reduced the time of root formation which is evident from the anatomical observations.

Magnolia biondii Pamp é uma importante espécie de árvore ornamental muito cultivada e utilizada como porta-enxerto na propagação de diferentes variedades de Magnolia. Nos estudos atuais, hormônios anatômicos, fisiológicos e endógenos foram estudados para verificar o efeito do AIB na dose de 750 mg / L no enraizamento adventício e fornecer suporte teórico e técnico para a propagação de M. biondii Pamp por meio de estacas. Duas mil estacas foram preparadas e divididas em dois grupos, ou seja, tratadas com AIB e controle de água. Para a avaliação das atividades das enzimas antioxidantes e dos níveis de hormônios endógenos, as amostras foram coletadas no dia do plantio e a cada 5 dias, enquanto as demais etapas foram realizadas em laboratório de acordo com os protocolos e os devidos cuidados. Para as observações anatômicas, as amostras foram coletadas no 13º, 15º e 17º dias para estacas tratadas com AIB e no 21º, 23º e 25º dias para o controle. As amostras coletadas foram preservadas em solução FAA, e outras observações foram realizadas em laboratório. Observações anatômicas mostraram a necessidade de 13 dias para a diferenciação dos primórdios radiculares até o aparecimento de raízes adventícias jovens em estacas tratadas com AIB e de 21 dias para o desenvolvimento dos primórdios no controle. As atividades das enzimas antioxidantes envolvidas nas ROS foram significativamente maiores nas estacas tratadas com AIB em comparação com o controle. A POD apresentou pico no 13º dia antes da emergência das raízes nas estacas tratadas com AIB, enquanto no 21º dia apresentou pico no controle. A PPO teve pico no 21º dia nas estacas tratadas com AIB e no 29º dia no controle. A SOD apresentou pico no 17º dia nas estacas tratadas com AIB e no 25º dia no controle. A aplicação exógena de AIB aumentou os níveis endógenos de IAA e GA3 em relação ao controle, enquanto reduziu os níveis de ABA continuamente no momento do enraizamento e, em seguida, aumentou gradativamente. Inclusive, nosso estudo sugere que o AIB na dose de 750 mg / L é eficiente para o enraizamento de estacas de M. biondii Pamp, visto que potencializou o processo de atividades de enzimas antioxidantes e os níveis de hormônios endógenos, além de reduzir o tempo de formação de raízes, o que fica evidente nas observações anatômicas.

Morpho-physiological and phytohormonal changes during the induction of adventitious root development stimulated by exogenous IBA application in Magnolia biondii Pamp

Abstract Magnolia biondii Pamp is an important ornamental tree species widely grown and used as a rootstock in the propagation of different Magnolia varieties. In the current studies, anatomical, physiological and endogenous hormones were studied to check the effect of IBA 750 mg/L on the adventitious rooting and to provide theoretical and technical support for the propagation of Magnolia biondii Pamp through stem cuttings. Two thousand stem cuttings were prepared and divided into two groups i.e., IBA treated cuttings and water control. For the evaluation of antioxidant enzyme activities, and endogenous hormones levels, samples were collected on the day of planting and each 5th day and further steps were carried out in the laboratory according to the protocols and proper precautions. For the anatomical observations, samples were collected on the 13th, 15th, and 17th day for IBA treated cuttings while 21st, 23rd, and 25th day for control. Collected samples were preserved in the FAA solution and further observations were carried out in the laboratory. Anatomical observations showed that it took 13 days for the differentiation of root primordia to the appearance of young adventitious roots in IBA treated cuttings, while it took 21 days to develop primordia in the control. Antioxidant enzyme activities involved in ROS were significantly higher in the IBA treated cuttings compared to control. POD showed a peak on the 13th day before the emergence of roots in IBA treated cuttings while it showed a peak on the 21st day in the control. PPO showed a peak on the 21st day in the IBA treated cuttings while it showed a peak on the 29th day in the control. SOD showed a peak on the 17th day in IBA treated cuttings, while it showed a peak on the 25th day in the control. Exogenous application of IBA enhanced the endogenous IAA and GA3 levels compared to CK, while it reduced the levels of ABA continuously at the time of rooting and then increased gradually. Inclusively, our study suggests that IBA 750 mg/L is efficient for the rooting of Magnolia biondii Pamp cuttings, as it enhanced the process of antioxidant enzyme activities, endogenous hormones levels and reduced the time of root formation which is evident from the anatomical observations.

Resumo Magnolia biondii Pamp é uma importante espécie de árvore ornamental muito cultivada e utilizada como porta-enxerto na propagação de diferentes variedades de Magnolia. Nos estudos atuais, hormônios anatômicos, fisiológicos e endógenos foram estudados para verificar o efeito do AIB na dose de 750 mg / L no enraizamento adventício e fornecer suporte teórico e técnico para a propagação de M. biondii Pamp por meio de estacas. Duas mil estacas foram preparadas e divididas em dois grupos, ou seja, tratadas com AIB e controle de água. Para a avaliação das atividades das enzimas antioxidantes e dos níveis de hormônios endógenos, as amostras foram coletadas no dia do plantio e a cada 5 dias, enquanto as demais etapas foram realizadas em laboratório de acordo com os protocolos e os devidos cuidados. Para as observações anatômicas, as amostras foram coletadas no 13º, 15º e 17º dias para estacas tratadas com AIB e no 21º, 23º e 25º dias para o controle. As amostras coletadas foram preservadas em solução FAA, e outras observações foram realizadas em laboratório. Observações anatômicas mostraram a necessidade de 13 dias para a diferenciação dos primórdios radiculares até o aparecimento de raízes adventícias jovens em estacas tratadas com AIB e de 21 dias para o desenvolvimento dos primórdios no controle. As atividades das enzimas antioxidantes envolvidas nas ROS foram significativamente maiores nas estacas tratadas com AIB em comparação com o controle. A POD apresentou pico no 13º dia antes da emergência das raízes nas estacas tratadas com AIB, enquanto no 21º dia apresentou pico no controle. A PPO teve pico no 21º dia nas estacas tratadas com AIB e no 29º dia no controle. A SOD apresentou pico no 17º dia nas estacas tratadas com AIB e no 25º dia no controle. A aplicação exógena de AIB aumentou os níveis endógenos de IAA e GA3 em relação ao controle, enquanto reduziu os níveis de ABA continuamente no momento do enraizamento e, em seguida, aumentou gradativamente. Inclusive, nosso estudo sugere que o AIB na dose de 750 mg / L é eficiente para o enraizamento de estacas de M. biondii Pamp, visto que potencializou o processo de atividades de enzimas antioxidantes e os níveis de hormônios endógenos, além de reduzir o tempo de formação de raízes, o que fica evidente nas observações anatômicas.

Physical-chemical characterization and leaching studies involving drill cuttings generated in oil and gas pre-salt drilling activities.

This work describes characterization and leaching studies of pre-salt drill cuttings from offshore oil and gas exploration in ultradeep waters. The metals Fe, Al, and Ba were present in the highest concentrations in drill cuttings (30000 mg kg-1, 32600 mg kg-1, and 33000 mg kg-1 respectively). The most significant contents of Ba, Al, Fe, Cu, Pb, Mn, Si, and Zn were found in cuttings containing non-aqueous fluids (NADF), but the highest concentrations of Ni and Cr were found in samples containing aqueous fluids (WBDF). The content of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in the samples with WBDF fluids ranged from < 5.58 to 15.76 mg Kg-1 while the TPH content of the samples with NADF ranged from 28.46 to 47.16 mg Kg-1. Data on the content of unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs) and sheen tests indicated probable contamination of some cutting samples with oil. Most samples showed some degree of contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The metals present in the highest concentrations in saline and aqueous leachates were Si and Ba. The metals Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn were present in varied concentrations in the saline leachates, and the metals Si, Ba, Cu, and Zn were found in the aqueous leachates.

Electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution on the vegetative propagation of bell pepper and tomato / Condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva na propagação vegetativa de pimentão e tomate

ABSTRACT: The optimization of resources and time in the production of quality seedlings within a legal framework is of vital importance for greenhouse vegetable crops. This study evaluated the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution and its effect on the survival and growth of bell pepper and tomato seedlings propagated by cuttings. The electrical conductivities evaluated were 0.92, 1.25, 1.50, and 1.75 dS m-1. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The number of rooted plants, stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight of leaves, stem, root, and total were determined. In addition, the following indices were determined: stem root index, slenderness index, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, and pre-transplant horticultural quality index. In both crops, the highest number of rooted cuttings was obtained with the lowest electrical conductivity. Meanwhile, the average electrical conductivity favored leaf number, leaf area, biomass, and seedling quality indices. These results showed that the production of bell pepper and tomato seedlings can be done by cuttings using Stenier nutrient solution at electrical conductivities of 1.25 to 1.50 dS m-1 without affecting seedling quality.

RESUMO: A otimização de recursos e tempo na produção de mudas de qualidade dentro de um quadro legal é de vital importância para as hortaliças em estufa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva e seu efeito na sobrevivência e no crescimento de mudas de pimentão e tomate propagadas por estaquia. As condutividades elétricas avaliadas foram 0,92, 1,25, 1,50 e 1,75 dS m-1. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram determinados o número de plantas enraizadas, diâmetro do caule, comprimento da raiz, número de folhas, área foliar, massa seca das folhas, caule, raiz e total. Além disso, foram determinados os seguintes índices: índice de raiz do caule, índice de esbeltez, razão de área foliar, área foliar específica e índice de qualidade hortícola pré-transplante. Em ambas as safras, o maior número de estacas enraizadas foi obtido com a menor condutividade elétrica. Já a condutividade elétrica média favoreceu os índices de número de folhas, área foliar, biomassa e qualidade das mudas. Esses resultados mostram que a produção de mudas de pimentão e tomate pode ser feita por meio de estacas com solução nutritiva de Stenier em condutividades elétricas de 1,25 a 1,50 dS m-1 sem afetar a qualidade das mudas.

Electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution on the vegetative propagation of bell pepper and tomato / Condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva na propagação vegetativa de pimentão e tomate

The optimization of resources and time in the production of quality seedlings within a legal framework is of vital importance for greenhouse vegetable crops. This study evaluated the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution and its effect on the survival and growth of bell pepper and tomato seedlings propagated by cuttings. The electrical conductivities evaluated were 0.92, 1.25, 1.50, and 1.75 dS m-1. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The number of rooted plants, stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight of leaves, stem, root, and total were determined. In addition, the following indices were determined: stem root index, slenderness index, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, and pre-transplant horticultural quality index. In both crops, the highest number of rooted cuttings was obtained with the lowest electrical conductivity. Meanwhile, the average electrical conductivity favored leaf number, leaf area, biomass, and seedling quality indices. These results showed that the production of bell pepper and tomato seedlings can be done by cuttings using Stenier nutrient solution at electrical conductivities of 1.25 to 1.50 dS m-1 without affecting seedling quality.

A otimização de recursos e tempo na produção de mudas de qualidade dentro de um quadro legal é de vital importância para as hortaliças em estufa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva e seu efeito na sobrevivência e no crescimento de mudas de pimentão e tomate propagadas por estaquia. As condutividades elétricas avaliadas foram 0,92, 1,25, 1,50 e 1,75 dS m-1. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram determinados o número de plantas enraizadas, diâmetro do caule, comprimento da raiz, número de folhas, área foliar, massa seca das folhas, caule, raiz e total. Além disso, foram determinados os seguintes índices: índice de raiz do caule, índice de esbeltez, razão de área foliar, área foliar específica e índice de qualidade hortícola pré-transplante. Em ambas as safras, o maior número de estacas enraizadas foi obtido com a menor condutividade elétrica. Já a condutividade elétrica média favoreceu os índices de número de folhas, área foliar, biomassa e qualidade das mudas. Esses resultados mostram que a produção de mudas de pimentão e tomate pode ser feita por meio de estacas com solução nutritiva de Stenier em condutividades elétricas de 1,25 a 1,50 dS m-1 sem afetar a qualidade das mudas.

Conservación ex situ y propagación in vitro de germoplasma de Neltuma alba Griseb / Germoplasm ex situ conservation and in vitro propagation of Neltuma alba Griseb

RESUMEN Neltuma alba Griseb es una especie emblemática de la Ecorregión Chaqueña, por el valor de su madera y frutos. Los resultados de la presente investigación, dan cuenta de que las semillas de algarrobo blanco pueden ser críoconservadas sin afectar el poder y la energía para germinar. Las semillas fueron conservadas por tres meses a Temperatura ambiente (24° y 30°C, Congelamiento (-18°C) y Nitrógeno líquido (-196°C). Posteriormente, fueron escarificadas mecánicamente y sembradas en tierra negra y aserrín (3:1). Los resultados fueron sometidos a pruebas no paramétricas de Kruskal-Wallis, analizándose poder, energía y vigor germinativo, y no se detectaron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. Para la regeneración in vitro en medio de cultivo MS suplementados con 3 mg L-1 IBA y 0,05 mg L-1 CIN, se utilizaron segmentos nodales de 2 cm de longitud obtenidos de plántulas provenientes de semillas. Los porcentajes de enraizamiento obtenidos fueron elevados (87-90%). No existiendo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos ensayados. El almacenamiento de semillas a 24°-30°C resulta ser el más apropiado para alcanzar altos porcentajes de germinación

ABSTRACT Neltuma alba Gris is an emblematic specie of Chaco Ecoregion for its wood and fruits value. This research show that algarrobo blanco's seeds can cryopreserve without affecting germination power and energy. The seeds were kept for three months at 24°-30°C, (-18°C) and (-196°C). Later, they were mechanically scarified and sown in black soil and sawdust (3: 1). The results were subjected to non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests, analyzing germination power, energy and vigor. The test did not detect significant differences between treatments. The nodal segments (2 cm long) obtained from plants of seeds were used for in vitro regeneration in MS culture medium supplemented with 3 mg L-1 IBA and 0.05 mg L-1 CIN, The rooting percentages obtained were high (87-90%). There are no significant differences between treatments tested. The storage of seeds at 24°-30°C is the most approppiate to rich high percentages of germination.

Microbial biostimulants as alternatives for the rooting of olive tree cuttings

Currently, southern Minas Gerais (MG) state is an important producer of different olive tree (Olea europaea L.) cultivars because, in this region, the plants can differentiate the buds to produce flowers and fruit. To stimulate the rooting of cuttings, the synthetic hormone indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at a concentration of 3 g L−1 is used commercially. However, few studies have investigated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), isolated or combined with rhizobacteria, as a biotechnological tool to produce hormones that function in the rooting of olive tree cuttings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of different AMF species (Rhizophagus clarus, Gigaspora rosea, or Acaulospora scrobiculata), combined or not with IBA or rhizobacteria, to promote the rooting of three olive tree cuttings (Arbequina, Grappolo 541, and Maria da Fé) with potential for cultivation in this region. For this, three experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm of EPAMIG in Maria da Fé (MG), and the rooting potential of the olive tree cuttings inoculated with I) AMF, II) AMF combined with increasing doses of IBA, and III) AMF combined with three isolates of rhizobacteria was evaluated. The inoculation of olive tree cuttings of cultivars Arbequina, Grappolo 541, and Maria da Fé with Rhizophagus clarus, Gigaspora rosea, or Acaulospora scrobiculata combined or not with IBA or rhizobacteria did not significantly promote rooting. Alternative forms of rooting olive tree cuttings are still a challenge, and further studies for standardizing methodologies and experimental conditions are required.

Factores que afectan el enraizamiento adventicio y brotación en estacas de Hyptis australis (Lamiaceae) / Factors affecting adventitious rooting and sprouting in Hyptis australis (Lamiaceae) cuttings

Resumen Hyptis australis es una especie de la familia Lamiaceae, endémica del Bosque Atlántico, cuyo estado de conservación es crítico y se desconoce aún sus beneficios potenciales para el ecosistema y la sociedad. Con fines de rescate y conservación (ex situ/in situ), se plantea como necesidad, generar un protocolo de propagación vegetativa para facilitar y aumentar la disponibilidad de plantas. Con este objetivo, se estudiaron factores como el tipo de sustrato, tipo de estaca y hormona. Se utilizaron plantas de un año de edad, obtenidas de semillas cosechadas de las plantas ubicadas en la región sur de la provincia de Misiones (Argentina). Estacas apicales y subapicales fueron utilizadas en dos ensayos, en el primero se estudió la factibilidad de inducir raíces adventicias en los sustratos corteza de pino, arena y perlita. En el segundo ensayo, se evaluó la inducción de rizogénesis en estacas tratadas durante 30 minutos con una solución de 100 mg.kg -1 de ácido naftalenacetico (ANA) o ácido indolbutirico (AIB) en corteza de pino. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron en el sustrato arena y en las estacas terminales. El ANA fue la hormona que generó mayor porcentaje de estacas apicales (80.00±14.14 %) y subapicales (84.00±16.73 %) con raíces. En las estacas subapicales el porcentaje de brotación fue mayor en ambos experimentos. La probabilidad de que una estaca de H. australis desarrolle raíces adventicia depende del tipo de sustrato, pero la adicción de ANA mejora notablemente el porcentaje de enraizamiento.

Abstract Hyptis australis is a species of the Lamiaceae family, endemic to the Atlantic Forest, whose conservation status is critical and its potential benefits for the ecosystem and society are still unknown. For rescue and conservation purposes (ex situ/in situ), the need arises to generate a vegetative propagation protocol to facilitate and increase the availability of plants. With this objective, factors such as the type of substrate, type of stake and hormone were studied. One-year-old plants were used, obtained from seeds harvested from plants located in the southern region of the province of Misiones (Argentina). Apical and subapical cuttings were used in two trials, the first studied the feasibility of inducing adventitious roots in pine bark, sand and perlite substrates. In the second test, the induction of rhizogenesis was evaluated in cuttings treated for 30 minutes with a solution of 100 mg.kg-1 of naphthalenacetic acid (ANA) or indole butyric acid (IBA) in pine bark. The best results were obtained in the sand substrate and in the terminal stakes. ANA was the hormone that generated the highest percentage of apical cuttings (80.00±14.14%) and subapical (84.00±16.73%) with roots. In the subapical cuttings the sprouting percentage was higher in both experiments. The probability that an H. australis cuttings will develop adventitious roots depends on the type of substrate, but the addition of ANA notably improves the rooting percentage.

Influence of nitrogen fertilization in mother plants on the growth and quality of clonal seedlings of Coffea canephora 'Robusta' plants / Influência da fertilização com nitrogênio em plantas matrizes no crescimento e na qualidade de mudas clonais de plantas Coffea canephora 'Robusta'

The nutritional management of the coffee clonal garden influences the production and physiological quality and seedlings production of vegetative propagules. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the seedlings' production from clonal cuttings taken from Coffea canephora mother plants grown with increasing nitrogen mineral doses. The cuttings were taken from C. canephora var. botany Robusta, from the Embrapa Genetic Improvement Program of Rondônia. The mother plants received nitrogen fertilizer at different doses: 0 (Control); 50; 100; 150; 200; 250 and 300 kg of N per hectare divided into 4 applications, during 150 days of orthotropic stems growth (shoots). The following parameters were evaluated: Dry mass of cuttings, nutritional content of cuttings, and seedlings production, with growth analysis at 0, 48, 61, 80, 101, 122, 143, and 164 days after staking (DAS) and analysis of vegetative characteristics at 122 DAS. The nitrogen fertilization in the mother plant resulted in the variation of macronutrient accumulation in cuttings, but the order K> N> Ca> P> Mg> S was maintained, regardless of N dose. In addition, a positive correlation between nitrogen doses and dry matter accumulation, as well as the physiological quality of seedlings was identified.

O manejo nutricional do jardim clonal de cafeeiros influencia a produção e qualidade fisiológica dos propágulos vegetativos e na produção de mudas. Assim, objetivou-se analisar a produção de mudas a partir de estacas clonais retiradas de plantas matrizes de Coffea canephora cultivada com doses crescentes de nitrogênio mineral. As estacas foram retiradas de plantas matrizes de cafeeiros C. canephora var. botânica Robusta, do Programa de Melhoramento Genético da Embrapa-RO. As plantas matrizes receberam adubação nitrogenada nas doses: 0 (Controle); 50; 100; 150; 200; 250 e 300 kg de N por hectare, parceladas em quatro aplicações, durante 150 dias de crescimento das hastes ortotrópica (brotos). Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: massa seca das estacas, conteúdo nutricional das estacas e a produção de mudas, com análise de crescimento, aos zero, 48, 61, 80, 101, 122, 143 e 164 dias após o estaqueamento (DAE) e a análise das características vegetativas, aos 122 DAE. A adubação nitrogenada na planta matriz resultou na variação do acúmulo de macronutrientes nas estacas, mas a ordem K > N > Ca > P > Mg > S foi mantida independente da dose de N. Além disso, foi verificado que há correlação positiva entre as doses de nitrogênio e o acúmulo de massa seca, assim como, a qualidade fisiológica das mudas.

Vegetative propagation of hops (Humulus lupulus L. ): Historical approach and perspectives / Propagação vegetativa do lúpulo (Humulus lupulus L. ): Abordagem histórica e perspectivas

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) female inflorescences are important raw materials used to produce beers, cosmetics, and medicines. Vegetative propagation is the preferred way of obtaining seedlings for commercial cultivations as female plants produce more lupulin than male plants, a component of commercial interest. It can be carried out by macropropagation (stem cuttings or rhizomes) or micropropagation. This review aimed to systematize different techniques of hop vegetative propagation, with no time frame, from searches in the main academic research bases: Capes Journal Portal, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. Most studies are related to micropropagation, mainly addressing different plant regulators and concentrations, as well as types of explants and culture media, strategies to produce virus-free plants, artificial lighting, and cryopreservation. Experiments with stem cuttings are more common regarding macropropagation, but factors such as size and origin of cuttings, rooting period, and the response of different cultivars need to be better evaluated. Cultivation by cuttings allows the production of clones of female plants and micropropagation the production of virus-free clones in a short time and less physical space. Currently, micropropagation has been widely applied to cryopreservation.(AU)

As inflorescências femininas do lúpulo (Humulus lupulus L.) são matérias-primas importantes utilizadas na produção de cervejas, cosméticos e medicamentos. Como as plantas femininas produzem mais lupulina que as masculinas, componente de interesse comercial, a propagação vegetativa é a forma preferencial de obtenção de mudas para os cultivos comerciais. Esta pode ser realizada por macropropagação (estaquia caulinar ou rizomas) ou micropropagação. O objetivo desta revisão foi sistematizar as diferentes técnicas de propagação vegetativa do lúpulo, sem recorte temporal, a partir de buscas nas principais bases de pesquisa acadêmica: Portal de Periódicos Capes, Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Acadêmico e Research Gate. A maioria dos trabalhos são relacionados à micropropagação, abordando principalmente diferentes reguladores vegetais e concentrações, além de tipos de explantes e meios de cultura, estratégias para produzir plantas livres de vírus, iluminação artificial e criopreservação. Quanto à macropropagação, experimentos com estaquia caulinar são mais comuns, porém fatores precisam ser melhor avaliados tais como tamanho e origem das estacas, período de enraizamento e resposta de diferentes cultivares. O cultivo por estacas permite a produção de clones de plantas femininas e a micropropagação a produção de clones isentos de vírus, em pouco tempo e em menor espaço físico. Atualmente, a micropropagação tem sido muito aplicada à criopreservação.(AU)

Performance of mulberry cultivars (Morus spp) in response to different stem cuttings and fertilizers / Formação de mudas de amoreira (Morus spp) em diferentes tamanhos de estacas e de adubação

The objective is to analyze techniques to form mulberry seedlings with different cutting sizes and forms of fertilization with N-P-K aiming a low production cost and an easy application in field. The experiment was carried out in a screened nursery, with a shading of 34%. The treatments were distributed in randomized blocks (RB) and compared in a 2x4x3 factorial design with five replications and 12 plants per plot. The factorial design consisted of two cutting lengths (10 and 20 cm) distributed in plastic tubes of 70 and 120 mL, four mulberry cultivars (IZ40, IZ10/1, Korin, and IZ3/2), and two types of fertilization: addition of 84 g of Osmocote® for each kilo of substrate, fertigation with aqueous solution containing 84 g of 14-14-14 N-P-K for each kilo of substrate, plus a control treatment (without fertilization). The commercial substrate Basaplant citrus® was used. 90 and 140 days after planting, assessments of percentage of rooting were carried out. At 140 days, shoot length (cm), number of shoots, number of leaves, root length (cm), and shoot and root green and dry matter were evaluated. The data obtained were evaluated using the Sanest software and Tukey test (P<0.05). Cuttings of 20 cm in length in tubes of 120 mL are recommended for the best formation of mulberry seedlings with the application of N-P-K fertilizer through fertigation. The cultivars showed different rooting potentials and shoot development. The best results are for Korin and IZ 10/1.

Objetivou-se estudar técnicas de formação de mudas de amoreira com diferentes tamanhos de estacas e formas de adubação com NPK visando baixo custo de produção e fácil aplicação no campo. O experimento foi realizado em viveiro do tipo telado, com sombreamento de 34%. Os tratamentos, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso (DBC) foram comparados, em esquema fatorial do tipo 2x4x3 com 5 repetições e 12 plantas por parcela, a saber: dois comprimentos de estacas, 10 e 20 cm, distribuídas em tubetes plásticos de 70 e 120 mL, quatro cultivares de amoreira (IZ40, IZ10/1, Korin e IZ3/2) e dois tipos de adubação: adição de 84g de Osmocote® para cada quilo de substrato; fertirrigação com solução aquosa contendo 84g de NPK na formulação 14-14-14 para cada quilo de substrato e acrescido de um tratamento testemunha (sem adubação). Utilizou-se o substrato comercial Basaplant citrus®. Aos 90 e 140 dias após o plantio foram realizadas as avaliações da porcentagem de pegamento das estacas. Aos 140 dias, também, foram feitas avaliações do comprimento da parte aérea (cm), número de brotações, número de folhas, comprimento da raiz (cm), massas verde e seca da parte aérea e da raiz. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados por meio do programa Sanest e Teste de Tukey (P<0,05). Concluiu-se que para a melhor formação das mudas de amoreira são recomendadas estacas de 20 cm de comprimento em tubetes de 120 mL com a aplicação do adubo NPK através da fertirrigação. As cultivares apresentaram diferentes potenciais de enraizamento e desenvolvimento da parte aérea sendo os melhores resultados encontrados para a Korin e IZ 10/1.

Performance of mulberry cultivars (Morus spp) in response to different stem cuttings and fertilizers / Formação de mudas de amoreira (Morus spp) em diferentes tamanhos de estacas e de adubação

The objective is to analyze techniques to form mulberry seedlings with different cutting sizes and forms of fertilization with N-P-K aiming a low production cost and an easy application in field. The experiment was carried out in a screened nursery, with a shading of 34%. The treatments were distributed in randomized blocks (RB) and compared in a 2x4x3 factorial design with five replications and 12 plants per plot. The factorial design consisted of two cutting lengths (10 and 20 cm) distributed in plastic tubes of 70 and 120 mL, four mulberry cultivars (IZ40, IZ10/1, Korin, and IZ3/2), and two types of fertilization: addition of 84 g of Osmocote® for each kilo of substrate, fertigation with aqueous solution containing 84 g of 14-14-14 N-P-K for each kilo of substrate, plus a control treatment (without fertilization). The commercial substrate Basaplant citrus® was used. 90 and 140 days after planting, assessments of percentage of rooting were carried out. At 140 days, shoot length (cm), number of shoots, number of leaves, root length (cm), and shoot and root green and dry matter were evaluated. The data obtained were evaluated using the Sanest software and Tukey test (P<0.05). Cuttings of 20 cm in length in tubes of 120 mL are recommended for the best formation of mulberry seedlings with the application of N-P-K fertilizer through fertigation. The cultivars showed different rooting potentials and shoot development. The best results are for Korin and IZ 10/1.(AU)

Objetivou-se estudar técnicas de formação de mudas de amoreira com diferentes tamanhos de estacas e formas de adubação com NPK visando baixo custo de produção e fácil aplicação no campo. O experimento foi realizado em viveiro do tipo telado, com sombreamento de 34%. Os tratamentos, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso (DBC) foram comparados, em esquema fatorial do tipo 2x4x3 com 5 repetições e 12 plantas por parcela, a saber: dois comprimentos de estacas, 10 e 20 cm, distribuídas em tubetes plásticos de 70 e 120 mL, quatro cultivares de amoreira (IZ40, IZ10/1, Korin e IZ3/2) e dois tipos de adubação: adição de 84g de Osmocote® para cada quilo de substrato; fertirrigação com solução aquosa contendo 84g de NPK na formulação 14-14-14 para cada quilo de substrato e acrescido de um tratamento testemunha (sem adubação). Utilizou-se o substrato comercial Basaplant citrus®. Aos 90 e 140 dias após o plantio foram realizadas as avaliações da porcentagem de pegamento das estacas. Aos 140 dias, também, foram feitas avaliações do comprimento da parte aérea (cm), número de brotações, número de folhas, comprimento da raiz (cm), massas verde e seca da parte aérea e da raiz. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados por meio do programa Sanest e Teste de Tukey (P<0,05). Concluiu-se que para a melhor formação das mudas de amoreira são recomendadas estacas de 20 cm de comprimento em tubetes de 120 mL com a aplicação do adubo NPK através da fertirrigação. As cultivares apresentaram diferentes potenciais de enraizamento e desenvolvimento da parte aérea sendo os melhores resultados encontrados para a Korin e IZ 10/1.(AU)

Recovery of impregnated hydrocarbon in drill cuttings using supercritical carbon dioxide.

Pollution due to waste generated by the oil industry has led to serious damage to ecosystems and the environment. Therefore, preventive and corrective actions must be taken to mitigate the ecological impact of waste resulting from oil-related activities, to explore and implement environment-friendly approaches, and achieve sustainable development. In this study, an alternative treatment for cuttings generated during the drilling of oil wells was investigated by extracting the hydrocarbons present in such cuttings through the use of carbon dioxide under supercritical conditions. The extractions were performed in a Supercritical Fluid Technologies Inc. Model SFT-150 extractor, under varying pressure (2300-6600 psi) and temperature (52-109 °C), while maintaining constant carbon dioxide flow rate and extraction time, to analyse the effect of these two thermodynamic variables on the extraction efficiency. During supercritical extraction, 21.51 g of total hydrocarbons from drill cuttings (oil/kg) were recovered at 6000 psi and 100 °C. The results indicated that pressure had the strongest effect on the extraction yield, with only a small amount of hydrocarbons recovered at the lowest pressure for all fractions. At <3000 psi pressure, increasing the temperature led to a decrease in the amount of recovered hydrocarbons; at >3000 psi pressure, increasing the temperature led to an increase in the extraction yield.

Propagation of 'Bruno' kiwifruit: influence of cutting collection time and indolebutyric acid / Propagação de kiwizeiro 'Bruno': influência da época de coleta das estacas e ácido indolbutírico

In Brazil, the propagation of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) is achieved through seed-derived rootstocks, which results in low uniformity. An alternative to address this problem is the cuttings technique, a simple and fast method that generates individuals identical to the parent plant, maintaining the agronomic traits. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of cutting collection time and indolebutyric acid (IBA) on the rooting of 'Bruno' kiwifruit cuttings. The cuttings were collected in the months of May, August and December 2016 and March 2017 and treated with 0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg L-1 IBA, as a hydroalcoholic solution, for seven seconds. After 90 days, the percentages of rooted and dead cuttings and cuttings that produced shoots; leaf retention; average length of the three largest roots; average number of primary roots per cutting; and reserve contents before and after rooting were evaluated. The treatments with IBA influenced the rooting of cuttings collected in May, which showed 36.07% rooting at the calculated IBA concentration of 2,320 mg L-1, and in December, which exhibited 57.59% rooting at the concentration of 4000 mg L-1. In the present experimental conditions, it is recommended to root cuttings of 'Bruno' kiwifruit collected in December with the application of 4000 mg L-1 IBA.(AU)

No Brasil, para a propagação de kiwizeiros (Actinidia deliciosa) são utilizados porta-enxertos oriundos de sementes, resultando em baixa uniformidade. Uma alternativa é a estaquia, por ser método simples, rápido, que gera indivíduos idênticos à planta matriz, mantendo as características agronômicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a época de coleta das estacas e o efeito do ácido indolbutírico (AIB) sobre o enraizamento de estacas de kiwizeiro 'Bruno'. As estacas foram coletadas nos meses de maio, agosto e dezembro de 2016 e março de 2017; e tratadas com zero, 1.000, 2.000 e 4.000 mg L-1 de AIB, na forma de solução hidroalcoólica, por sete segundos. Após 90 dias, avaliou-se a percentagem de estacas enraizadas; mortas; brotadas; retenção foliar; comprimento médio das três maiores raízes; número médio de raízes primárias por estaca, além do conteúdo de reservas antes e após o enraizamento. Os tratamentos com AIB influenciam o enraizamento das estacas coletadas em maio, com 36,07% de enraizamento na concentração calculada de 2.320 mg L-1, e em dezembro, atingindo 57,59% de enraizamento na concentração de 4.000 mg L-1 de AIB. Nas condições do presente experimento recomenda-se o enraizamento de estacas de kiwizeiro 'Bruno' coletadas em dezembro, aplicando-se 4.000 mg L-1 de AIB.(AU)

Growth and Development of Stevia Cuttings During Propagation with Hormones in Different Months of the Year.

Stevia is an important non-caloric sweetener that has health-beneficial properties. The objective is to evaluate growth, development, and rooting of stevia plants during different seasons of the year using growth hormones. Eight experiments were set up in Ciudad Guzman, Jalisco, Mexico, with three treatments (T): T1, indol-3 butyric acid (IBA) 7.4 mM; T2, alphanaphthylacetamide (ANA) 6.4 mM + IBA 0.3 mM; and T3, control. The variables evaluated were rooted plantlets, plant height, root length, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, root dry weight, leaf area, shoot biomass, total biomass, as well as development and growth indexes. Four samplings were conducted in each experiment. The results show that the most appropriate months for propagating stevia cuttings are February, March, April, May, and July, when 96% to 99% of the cuttings rooted. The hormones had the best results related to production of root development. The control was outstanding only in variables related to production of shoot biomass and not to root development. It is concluded that stevia can be propagated vegetatively using cuttings treated with IBA 7.4 mM or ANA 6.4 mM + IBA 0.3 mM, preferable in the period from February to July, with the exception of June.

A leaf bud technique for rapid propagation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

The slow rate of multiplication is one of the main constraints on the production of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). This work aimed to evaluate the use of leaf buds for rapid propagation of cassava varieties. Leaf buds were excised from three cassava varieties (BRS Kiriris, 98150-06 and 9624-09) for plantlet generation. The experiment was completely randomized with a 5 (age of mother plant) × 3 (position of the leaf buds on the stems) × 2 (agrochemical treatments) factorial design. Data were collected on leaf sprouting percentage (Spro.Per), plantlet height (Plant.Hei) and total dry mass of plantlets (Dry.Mass.Plant). There was a difference between the three traits for most of the varieties, demonstrating significant effects on the agronomic attributes evaluated. Better agronomic performance (higher sprouting percentage, plantlet height and total dry mass) in plantlets was observed in leaf buds of: i) maturing plants up to six months old; ii) more herbaceous (upper) parts; and iii) plants treated with agrochemicals (fungicides and insecticides). Considering four-month-old plants, three annual cycles, and an 81 % average sprouting, it would be possible to reach an annual multiplication rate of 1:72, which is much higher than that achieved by traditional methods using mature stem cuttings from 12-month-old plants (around 1:5). These results are important because they demonstrate the possibility of using cassava leaf buds to produce high-quality plantlets rapidly for greater multiplication and diffusion of new varieties and cultivation on a larger scale.

A leaf bud technique for rapid propagation of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

The slow rate of multiplication is one of the main constraints on the production of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). This work aimed to evaluate the use of leaf buds for rapid propagation of cassava varieties. Leaf buds were excised from three cassava varieties (BRS Kiriris, 98150-06 and 9624-09) for plantlet generation. The experiment was completely randomized with a 5 (age of mother plant) × 3 (position of the leaf buds on the stems) × 2 (agrochemical treatments) factorial design. Data were collected on leaf sprouting percentage (Spro.Per), plantlet height (Plant.Hei) and total dry mass of plantlets (Dry.Mass.Plant). There was a difference between the three traits for most of the varieties, demonstrating significant effects on the agronomic attributes evaluated. Better agronomic performance (higher sprouting percentage, plantlet height and total dry mass) in plantlets was observed in leaf buds of: i) maturing plants up to six months old; ii) more herbaceous (upper) parts; and iii) plants treated with agrochemicals (fungicides and insecticides). Considering four-month-old plants, three annual cycles, and an 81 % average sprouting, it would be possible to reach an annual multiplication rate of 1:72, which is much higher than that achieved by traditional methods using mature stem cuttings from 12-month-old plants (around 1:5). These results are important because they demonstrate the possibility of using cassava leaf buds to produce high-quality plantlets rapidly for greater multiplication and diffusion of new varieties and cultivation on a larger scale.(AU)

Miniestaquia de mamoeiro hermafrodita ‘Golden’ com indutor auxínico, em sistema semi-hidropônico / Mini-cutting of hermaphrodite papaya 'Golden' with auxin inductor in semi-hydroponic system

O mamoeiro tradicionalmente é propagado por sementes. A propagação assexuada é uma alternativa para a produção de plantas hermafroditas com o padrão de frutos exigidos pelo mercado consumidor. Sendo assim, objetivou-se estudar a propagação vegetativa em mamoeiro hermafrodita ‘Golden’, testando o ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) no enraizamento de miniestacas, em sistema semi-hidropônico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco concentrações de AIB (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 mg L-1 ), com quatro repetições de seis miniestacas retiradas de plantas hermafroditas em cada parcela. Após 60 dias do cultivo, as miniestacas foram analisadas quanto à porcentagem de enraizamento, porcentagem de sobrevivência, comprimento da maior raiz, e número de folhas. A concentração em torno de 9 mg L-1 de AIB propiciou uma melhor indução ao enraizamento das miniestacas, bem como maior sobrevivência das mudas, formação de folhas e qualidade de suas raízes. Recomenda-se o uso de 9 mg L-1 de AIB no sistema semi-hidropônico de produção de mudas usando miniestacas de mamoeiro ‘Golden’ hermafrodita.

Papaya is traditionally propagated by seeds. Asexual propagation is an alternative for the production of hermaphrodite plants, with the fruit pattern required by the consumer market. The objective of this study was to study the vegetative propagation in 'Golden' hermaphrodite papaya, by testing the indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in the rooting of mini-cuttings in a semi-hydroponic system. The experimental design was completely randomized. The treatments consisted of five concentrations of IBA (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 mg L-1 ), with four replicates of six mini-cuttings taken from hermaphrodite plants in each plot. After 60 days of cultivation, the mini-cuttings were analyzed for rooting percentage, survival percentage, length of the largest root, and the number of leaves. The concentration around 9 mg L -1 of IBA provided a better induction to the rooting of mini-cuttings, as well as greater seedling survival, leaf formation, and root quality. The use of 9 mg L-1 of IBA in the semi-hydroponic system of seedling production is recommended using 'Golden' hermaphrodite papaya mini-cuttings.

Miniestaquia de mamoeiro hermafrodita ‘Golden com indutor auxínico, em sistema semi-hidropônico / Mini-cutting of hermaphrodite papaya 'Golden' with auxin inductor in semi-hydroponic system

O mamoeiro tradicionalmente é propagado por sementes. A propagação assexuada é uma alternativa para a produção de plantas hermafroditas com o padrão de frutos exigidos pelo mercado consumidor. Sendo assim, objetivou-se estudar a propagação vegetativa em mamoeiro hermafrodita ‘Golden, testando o ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) no enraizamento de miniestacas, em sistema semi-hidropônico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco concentrações de AIB (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 mg L-1 ), com quatro repetições de seis miniestacas retiradas de plantas hermafroditas em cada parcela. Após 60 dias do cultivo, as miniestacas foram analisadas quanto à porcentagem de enraizamento, porcentagem de sobrevivência, comprimento da maior raiz, e número de folhas. A concentração em torno de 9 mg L-1 de AIB propiciou uma melhor indução ao enraizamento das miniestacas, bem como maior sobrevivência das mudas, formação de folhas e qualidade de suas raízes. Recomenda-se o uso de 9 mg L-1 de AIB no sistema semi-hidropônico de produção de mudas usando miniestacas de mamoeiro ‘Golden hermafrodita.(AU)

Papaya is traditionally propagated by seeds. Asexual propagation is an alternative for the production of hermaphrodite plants, with the fruit pattern required by the consumer market. The objective of this study was to study the vegetative propagation in 'Golden' hermaphrodite papaya, by testing the indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in the rooting of mini-cuttings in a semi-hydroponic system. The experimental design was completely randomized. The treatments consisted of five concentrations of IBA (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 mg L-1 ), with four replicates of six mini-cuttings taken from hermaphrodite plants in each plot. After 60 days of cultivation, the mini-cuttings were analyzed for rooting percentage, survival percentage, length of the largest root, and the number of leaves. The concentration around 9 mg L -1 of IBA provided a better induction to the rooting of mini-cuttings, as well as greater seedling survival, leaf formation, and root quality. The use of 9 mg L-1 of IBA in the semi-hydroponic system of seedling production is recommended using 'Golden' hermaphrodite papaya mini-cuttings.(AU)