ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Isatin derivatives have extensive biological activities, such as antitumor. IF203, a novel isatin derivative, has not previously been reported to have antitumor activity. METHODS: Acid phosphatase assays (APAs) and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry were used to detect the proliferation of HepG2 cells. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) was applied to detect ultrastructural changes. Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to detect cell cycle, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of HepG2 cells in vitro. TUNEL, MMP and ROS immunofluorescence assays were applied to assess apoptosis, MMP, and ROS of HepG2 cells in vivo. Western Blotting was applied to assess the levels of apoptosis- and autophagy-related proteins. RESULTS: In this study, in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that IF203 possesses antitumor activity. The results of APAs and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry demonstrated that IF203 could inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells. Cell cycle assays, downregulation of Cyclin B1 and Cdc2, and upregulation of P53 suggested that IF203 could lead to G2/M cell cycle arrest. In addition, ultrastructural changes, apoptosis assays, TUNEL immunofluorescence results, upregulated expression of Bax, and downregulated expression of Bcl-2 suggest that IF203 can induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells. After IF203 treatment, intracellular ROS levels increased, MMP decreased, JC-1 green fluorescence was enhanced, and the levels of Caspase-9, Caspase-3 and Cytochrome C expression were upregulated, suggesting that IF203 could induce apoptosis of HepG2 cells through the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Moreover, characteristic apoptotic ultrastructural changes were accompanied by the appearance of many autophagy bubbles and upregulation of Atg5, Atg12, ULK1, Beclin-1 and LC3-II proteins, suggesting that IF203 could induce autophagy in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION: This study showed that IF203 leads to the death of HepG2 cells through cell cycle arrest, apoptotic induction, and autophagy promotion.
ABSTRACT
The water retained inside the sludge flocs is the bottleneck for the dehydration of sewage sludge, which hindered the following treatment. In this study, corn core powder was modified (MCCP) using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) to break the structure of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and cell membrane for enhancing the dewaterability of sewage sludge. The dewatering performance, the properties of the treated sludge, the composition and distribution of EPS were investigated to discuss the dewatering mechanism of sludge. Adding 20% DS (mass of dry solids in sludge) of MCCP reduced the moisture content (MC) and the specific resistance of filtration (SRF) of the sludge by 40% and 55%, respectively. Then, correlation analyses were performed between dewatering indices of sludge and sludge properties. A multiple linear regression model was established which indicated the relationship between MC and the key factors reflecting sludge dewaterability, demonstrating that larger particle size of sludge flocs and more total dissolved solids in filtrate may be propitious to reduce content of bound water in sludge.
Subject(s)
Sewage/chemistry , Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods , Zea mays/chemistry , PowdersABSTRACT
Acute spinal cord injury(ASCI)can be divided into primary injury and secondary injury.Spinal cord edema is important for the development of secondary injury after ASCI.Spinal cord edema can be mainly divided into cytotoxic edema and angioedema.The application of dehydrating agents in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury is obvious.This article de-scribed the application of mannitol,hypertonic saline,glycerol fructose,furosemide,human serum albumin,resveratrol and other dehydrating agents in the treatment of ASCI.
