Exploring the Association Between Detention Conditions, Detention-Related Abuse, and Mental Health Among Deported Mexican Migrants.

Migration, detention, and deportation are often rife with violence. This study sought to examine associations between pre-migration experiences, detention conditions, and mental health among Mexicans deported from the U.S. to Mexico between 2020 and 2021. Data from the Migrante Project (N=306, weighted N=14,841) were analyzed using descriptive statistics and unadjusted and adjusted multivariate regression models. The prevalence of a lifetime mental health diagnosis was 18.5%. Exposure to adverse conditions in detention (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=17.56, p<.001) and having been detained in both immigration and non-immigration facilities (AOR=9.70, p=.042) were significantly associated with increased odds of experiencing abuse during migrants' most recent detention. Experiencing abuse during migrants' most recent detention was, in turn, associated with increased odds of a lifetime mental health diagnosis (AOR=4.72, p<.005). Targeted, trauma-informed mental health services are needed for deported Mexican migrants.

Adolescents de facto deported in Oaxaca, Mexico: Mental and emotional health impacts.

This paper examines the experiences of adolescents from mixed migratory status families affected by deportation. We analyze the impacts on their mental and emotional health when they are separated from one parent in the United States, forcibly displaced with another to Oaxaca, and experience the consequences of their deportation in Mexico. We use a qualitative and ethnographic methodology. This paper focuses on data from semi-structured interviews and focus groups with 15 parents who had been deported from the United States and 53 adolescents who moved with them to Mexico. The data was collected between 2018 and 2020. The main findings show the existence of emotions that are sustained in the transnational flow and acquire new nuances upon return. They also show the emergence of new conditions related to family separation, all of which have an impact on the adolescents' well-being and on important areas of their lives, such as education. The research contributes to knowledge in two main ways: 1) it addresses the impacts of parental deportation on the well-being of adolescents in mixed-status families, which have typically focused on children; 2) it studies how parental deportation affects the mental and emotional health of adolescents de facto deported to Mexico, a field still little studied.

"I Don't Want to Be Here." returning from the U.S. to Mexico and emotional distress: A qualitative study.

The psychosocial impact on people who were deported to Mexico from the United States or were forcibly returned tends to be greater than on those who return voluntarily. This text examines the way the emotional discomfort experienced by a group of Mexicans who were returned in these ways is constructed, through the analysis of anthropological interviews conducted with five women and thirteen men in which the following phases were explored: pre-migration, stay in the United States, return and reinsertion. This discomfort began in the pre-migration stage, during which they experienced various forms of disempowerment caused by the socioeconomic conditions of Mexico that determine the migratory trajectory, including reintegration. If, despite the disadvantages accumulated during the pre-migration phase, migrants manage to partly reverse their material and psychosocial disempowerment during their stay in the United States, on their return to a context such as Mexico, both their disempowerment and emotional discomfort are exacerbated. We therefore consider that the harm associated with the migratory saga will continue for an indefinite number of years following a person's return to Mexico and must be treated as a social rather than a clinical problem.

Two pathways to Mexico: Forced deportation or voluntary return of parents and US citizen children.

Hundreds of thousands of undocumented Mexican immigrants were deported from the United States or returned to Mexico voluntarily in the past two decades, taking with them their US-born citizen children (USCC). A family's relocation-forced deportation or voluntary return-and the subsequent settlement and adjustment to Mexico affect everyone's well-being. We interviewed 18 USCC whose parents were forcibly deported and 18 whose parents returned voluntarily about their circumstances, experiences, and perceptions. Four categories of relocation and adjustment issues emerged. USCC with deported parents felt the sudden and harsh arrest, detention, deportation, and separation from parents, and family reunification after deportation. Those in the voluntary-return group told of concerns about the planned separation and relocation to Mexico. Both groups experienced issues of family reintegration and adjustment to a new environment. While relocation prompted similarities and differences in families' settlement, issues unique to families played a part in children's adjustment. Clinicians in both the United States and Mexico must take into consideration the nature of the relocation, families' distinctive reactions, and the individual child's experience as some USCC will remain in Mexico and others will return to the US Mexican clinicians will encounter USCC still settling and adjusting to Mexico, and USCC who decide to remain permanently in Mexico. US clinicians may encounter USCC facing the challenges of re-entering American society, joining educational institutions, and becoming part of the labor force. USCC forming families may feel the impact of their pasts in parenting dynamics.

Tattoo discrimination in Mexico motivates interest in tattoo removal among structurally vulnerable adults.

Tattoos are less prevalent in Mexico and tattooed persons are frequently stigmatized. We examine the prevalence and correlates of interest in receiving tattoo removal services among 278 tattooed Mexican adults living in Tijuana, Mexico who responded to interviewer-administered surveys, including open-ended questions. Overall, 69% of participants were interested in receiving free tattoo removal services, 31% reported facing employment barriers due to their tattoos, and 43% of respondents regretted or disliked some of their tattoos. Having a voter identification card, reporting moderate/severe depression symptoms and believing that tattoo removal would remove employment barriers were independently associated with interest in tattoo removal. Our findings suggest that there is substantial interest in tattoo removal services. Publicly financed tattoo removal services may help disadvantaged persons gain access to Mexico's labor market and it may positively impact other life domains such as mental well-being and interactions with law enforcement.

COVID-19 testing, infection, and vaccination among deported Mexican migrants: Results from a survey on the Mexico-U.S. border.

Background: Migrants detained and held in immigration and other detention settings in the U.S. have faced increased risk of COVID-19 infection, but data on this population is scarce. This study sought to estimate rates of COVID-19 testing, infection, care seeking, and vaccination among Mexican migrants detained by U.S. immigration authorities and forcibly returned to Mexico. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional probability survey of Mexican migrants deported from the U.S. to three Mexican border cities: Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, and Matamoros (N = 306). Deported migrants were recruited at Mexican migration facilities after being processed and cleared for departure. A two-stage sampling strategy was used. Within each city, a selection of days and shifts were selected during the operating hours of these deportation facilities. The probability of selection was proportional to the volume of migrants deported on each day of the month and during each time period. During the selected survey shifts, migrants were consecutively approached, screened for eligibility, and invited to participate in the survey. Survey measures included self-reported history of COVID-19 testing, infection, care seeking, vaccination, intentions to vaccinate, and other prevention and risk factors. Weighted data were used to estimate population-level prevalence rates. Bivariate tests and adjusted logistic regression models were estimated to identify associations between these COVID-19 outcomes and demographic, migration, and contextual factors. Results: About 84.1% of migrants were tested for COVID-19, close to a third were estimated to have been infected, and, among them, 63% had sought care for COVID-19. An estimated 70.1% had been vaccinated against COVID-19 and, among those not yet vaccinated, 32.5% intended to get vaccinated. Close to half (44.3%) of respondents had experienced crowdedness while in detention in the U.S. Socio-demographic (e.g. age, education, English fluency) and migration-related (e.g. type of detention facility and time in detention) variables were significantly associated with COVID-19 testing, infection, care seeking, and vaccination history. Age, English fluency, and length of detention were positively associated with testing and vaccination history, whereas detention in an immigration center and length of time living in the U.S. were negatively related to testing, infection, and vaccination history. Survey city and survey quarter also showed adjusted associations with testing, infection, and vaccination history, reflecting potential variations in access to services across geographic regions and over time as the pandemic unfolded. Conclusion: These findings are evidence of increased risk of COVID-19 infection, insufficient access to testing and treatment, and missed opportunities for vaccination among Mexican migrants detained in and deported from the U.S. Deportee receiving stations can be leveraged to reduce disparities in testing and vaccination for deported migrants. In addition, decarceration of migrants and other measures informed by public health principles must be implemented to reduce COVID-19 risk and increase access to prevention, diagnostic, and treatment services among this underserved population.

Sibling relationships among U.S. citizen children of undocumented Mexican parents.

Current U.S. immigration policies disproportionately impact Mexican-origin mixed-status families, yet few studies examine the consequences of immigration enforcement (e.g., immigration-related arrest and detention) and deportation on sibling dynamics. Given this gap, this study focuses on the experiences and changes within sibling relationships in the aftermath of parental detention and deportation. We analyzed a subsample of 20 citizen children interviews (7 sibling dyads; 2 sibling triads) from a multi-site binational study that examined the psychosocial functioning of U.S. citizen children with undocumented Mexican parents. Using inductive thematic analysis, we explored the roles and functional importance of sibling relationships before and after experiences of parents' detention and deportation. Our findings suggest that prior to detention or deportation experiences, sibling relationships were described as "normal." After these experiences, however, sibling relationships changed and developed protective adaptations, including more open communication about their experiences and the assumption of caregiving roles. In cases where deportation did not occur, there still existed the threat of future immigration-related action, which contributed to fear and an inability to share feelings and experiences among siblings. Our findings suggest that sibling relationships might serve as an important locus of stability and protection. Yet, adaptive communication may not emerge as long as the threat of apprehension, detention, and deportation exists.

Las políticas migratorias actuales de los Estados Unidos afectan de manera desproporcionada a las familias de condición migratoria mixta de origen mexicano, sin embargo, pocos estudios analizan las consecuencias de la aplicación de las leyes de inmigración (por ej.: el arresto y la detención relacionados con la inmigración) y la deportación en la dinámica fraternal. Teniendo en cuenta esta falta de datos, el presente estudio se centra en las experiencias y los cambios dentro de las relaciones fraternales después de la detención y la deportación de los padres. Analizamos una submuestra de 20 entrevistas a niños ciudadanos (7 díadas de hermanos; 2 tríadas de hermanos) de un estudio binacional realizado en varios sitios que analizó el funcionamiento psicosocial de niños ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos con padres mexicanos indocumentados. Utilizando el análisis temático inductivo, analizamos los roles y la importancia funcional de las relaciones fraternales antes y después de las experiencias de detención y deportación de los padres. Nuestros resultados indican que, antes de las experiencias de detención o deportación, las relaciones fraternales se describieron como "normales". Sin embargo, después de estas experiencias, las relaciones fraternales cambiaron y surgieron adaptaciones protectoras, por ejemplo, una comunicación más abierta acerca de sus experiencias y la asunción de roles de cuidado. En los casos donde no hubo deportación, igualmente existió la amenaza de una futura acción relacionada con la inmigración, la cual generó miedo e incapacidad de compartir sentimientos y experiencias entre hermanos. Nuestros resultados sugieren que las relaciones fraternales podrían servir como lugar importante de estabilidad y protección. Sin embargo, es posible que la comunicación adaptativa no surja mientras exista la amenaza de arresto, detención y deportación.

"We have to do a lot of healing": LGBTQ migrant Latinas resisting and healing from systemic violence.

Using narratives from oral histories of LGBTQ migrant Latinas in Los Angeles, California, and Mexico City, Mexico, this article argues that, despite experiences of oppression, the narrators practice resistance in their daily lives. The article first addresses how the narrators confront conditions of detainability and deportability, making survival a constant struggle. It then presents different ways in which the narrators engage in resistance, from survival to community building and activism. Finally, it argues that healing is a key factor in the narrators' resistance-healing functions as both a tool for and outcome of resistance.

Prevalence and Correlates of Injecting with Visitors from the United States Among People Who Inject Drugs in Tijuana, Mexico.

Cross-border infectious disease transmission is a concern related to drug tourism from the U.S. to Mexico. We assessed this risk among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Tijuana, Mexico. We measured the prevalence and identified correlates of injecting with PWID visiting from the U.S. among PWID in Tijuana using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Of 727 participants, 18.5% injected during the past 6 months in Mexico with U.S. PWID described mostly as friends (63%) or acquaintances (26%). Injecting with U.S. PWID was independently associated with higher education [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.13/year], deportation from the U.S. (aOR = 1.70), younger age at first injection (aOR = 0.96/year), more lifetime overdoses (aOR = 1.08), and, in the past 6 months, backloading (aOR = 4.00), syringe confiscation by the police (aOR = 3.02) and paying for sex (aOR = 2.98; all p-values < 0.05). Nearly one-fifth of PWID in Tijuana recently injected with U.S. PWID, and their reported risk behaviors could facilitate cross-border disease transmission.

Tourism Labor, Embodied Suffering, and the Deportation Regime in the Dominican Republic.

In this article, we use syndemic theory to examine socio-structural factors that result in heightened vulnerability to HIV infection and drug addiction among Dominican deportees who survive post-deportation through informal tourism labor. Through an ongoing NIDA-funded ethnographic study of the syndemic of HIV and problematic drug use among men involved in tourism labor in the Dominican Republic, we argue that the legal and political-economic context of the global deportation regime contributes to structural vulnerabilities among deportees in the Dominican Republic, most of whom are men with histories of incarceration in the United States and/or Puerto Rico. While Dominican laws and institutional practices work conjointly with foreign policies to reconfigure non-criminal deportees as hardened criminals unworthy of full citizenship rights, the informal tourism economy provides one of the few absorption points for male deportee labor, linking the deportation regime directly to the Caribbean tourism industry.

Exploring the Experiences of Deportation and Reintegration of Aging Deported Men in Trinidad and Tobago.

Older deported men in Trinidad and Tobago face unique challenges in reintegrating into life after deportation. This qualitative study examined the intersection of aging and deportation to identify factors that affect the reintegration experiences of aging deported men. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 16 deported men over the age of 50 and were analyzed using the constant comparison method. Findings show that reintegration was influenced by complex intrapersonal, subsistence, and social challenges. The findings in this study point to the need to expand social support networks available to aging deported men and provide greater opportunities for them to meet their economic and subsistence needs, and the need to strengthen strategies to reduce the stigma and discrimination associated with aging deported populations.

[Leonhard Riedmüller: Swiss public enemy or pawn sacrifice?] / Leonhard Riedmüller: Schweizer Staatsfeind oder Bauernopfer?

INTRODUCTION: On June 9, 1945 the Zurich cantonal government issued the lifetime deportation from Switzerland for Prof. Dr. med. vet. Leonhard Riedmüller (1898-1976) and his spouse Helena, née Eltze (1910-1990), both German citizens on grounds of Riedmüllers' membership in the NSDAP, "Landesgruppe Schweiz". Riedmüllers' several attempts to appeal at court were not successful. Riedmüllers biography shows that he served in the German Army at the Western front during WW I. Following the war he studied Veterinary Medicine at the University of Munich where he received the degree of Dr. med. vet. Moving to Zurich in 1926, Riedmüller took a position as veterinary bacteriologist at the University of Zurich. In 1941 he was promoted and became head of the Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology. He left Europe in 1947 for Brazil and took a position as a veterinary bacteriologist at a government laboratory. After retiring from his position in Brazil he returned to Germany where he passed away in 1976. Based on available documents from several Swiss archives the question is discussed whether Riedmüllers' deportation as public enemy in 1945 was appropriate or if Swiss authorities might have been tempted to sacrifice Riedmüller as a pawn in consideration of Switzerlands international political position immediately after the end of WW II.

Prevalencia de desesperanza y factores sociodemográficos de migrantes mexicanos repatriados / Prevalence of despair and social-demographic factors related of repatriated mexican migrants / Prevalência de desesperança e fatores sociodemográficos de migrantes mexicanos repatriados

Objetivo: Describir las características sociodemográficas generales, así como algunas vinculadas con el proceso de migración y evaluar el nivel de desesperanza de los mexicanos que son deportados de los Estados Unidos de América (EE.UU) al Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México (AICM), a través del Programa de Repatriación al Interior de México (PRIM). Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal en el periodo de julio a diciembre de 2015. Se aplicó en forma aleatoria, confidencial y previo consentimiento un cuestionario estructurado a migrantes mexicanos deportados a su arribo a México y provenientes de los EE.UU, se incluyó una sección de datos sociodemográficos generales; de aspectos relacionados con la migración y, se evaluó el nivel de desesperanza por medio de la Escala de Desesperanza de Beck. Resultados: Se encuestó a 367 migrantes mexicanos deportados, sólo siete fueron mujeres, la mayoría en un rango de edad de 18 a 35 años, el 23% reporta enfermedades pre-existentes, sólo el 45% tuvo un buen acceso a servicios de salud en EE.UU, el 56% ya había sido repatriado en dos o más ocasiones, el 75% había vivido más de cinco años en ese país, sólo el 13% utilizó una Ventanilla de Salud de algún consulado mexicano durante su estancia. La prevalencia de desesperanza fue del 6% en esta población. Conclusiones: El abordaje de la salud mental en poblaciones de migrantes mexicanos carece de políticas públicas. La caracterización de la población migrante repatriada debe ser el punto de partida para incidir en políticas públicas que mejoren la calidad de vida de los migrantes de retorno.

Objective: To describe some general social-demographic characteristics associated with the phenomenon of migration and assess the level of despair among Mexicans who are deported from USA to the City of Mexico International Airport through the Program of Repatriation. Methods: This is a descriptive and transversal study carried out from July to December 2015. A confidential questionnaire was randomly given, provided the previous informed consent, to Mexican migrants who had been deported from USA. Data sections on general social-demographic characteristics and migration-related issues were included. The level of despair was estimated using Beck's Despair Scale. Results: 367 deported Mexican migrants were studied. Only 7 were women. The majority were in the range of 18 to 35 years old. 23% reported having had preexisting illnesses and only 45% had access to health services in USA. 56% had previously been deported in two or more occasions. 75% had been living in USA for more than 5 years. Only 13% used the Health Window at any Mexican Consulate during their stay. The prevalence of despair was 6%. Conclusions: Addressing the condition of mental health among these populations requires further public policies and the precise identification of their characteristics should be the starting point to improve their quality of life upon return.

Objetivo: Descrever as características sociodemográficas gerais, assim como algumas associadas ao processo de migração e avaliar o nível de desesperança dos mexicanos que são deportados dos Estados Unidos da América (EE.UU) ao Aeroporto Internacional da Cidade do México (AICM), através do Programa de Repatriação ao Interior do México (PRIM). Métodos: Estudo descritivo de tipo transversal no período de julho a dezembro de 2015. Aplicou-se em forma aleatória, confidencial e com consentimento prévio, um questionário estruturado a migrantes mexicanos deportados a seu arribo ao México e provindos dos EE.UU. Incluiu-se uma secção de dados sociodemográficos gerais; de aspectos relacionados com a migração e, avaliou-se o nível de desesperança por médio da Escala de Desesperança de Beck. Resultados: Foram questionados 367 migrantes mexicanos deportados, só sete foram mulheres, a maioria em uma faixa etária de 18 a 35 anos, o 23% informa doenças pré-existentes, só o 45% teve um bom acesso a serviços de saúde nos EE.UU, o 56% já tinha sido repatriado em dois ou mais ocasiões, o 75% tinha vivido mais de cinco anos nesse país, só o 13% utilizou um guiché de Saúde de algum consulado mexicano durante sua permanência. A prevalência de desesperança foi do 6% nesta população. Conclusões: A abordagem da saúde mental em populações de migrantes mexicanos carece de políticas públicas. A caracterização da população migrante repatriada deve ser o ponto de partida para promover políticas públicas que melhorem a qualidade de vida dos migrantes de retorno.

Deportation and mental health among migrants who inject drugs along the US-Mexico border.

This study describes the prevalence and factors of depressive symptoms among a sample of persons who inject drugs (PWID) with a history of deportation from the US in Tijuana, Mexico. In 2014, 132 deported PWID completed a structured questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale (CESD-10) screening instrument. Eligible participants were ≥18 years old, injected drugs in the past month, spoke English or Spanish, and resided in Tijuana. Multivariate analyses identified factors associated with depressive symptoms. Among deported PWID, 45% reported current symptoms of depression. Deported PWID who were initially detained in the US for a crime-related reason before being deported (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 5.27; 95% CI: 1.79-15.52) and who perceived needing help with their drug use (AOR: 2.15; 95% 1.01-4.61) had higher odds of reporting depressive symptoms. Our findings highlight the need for effective strategies targeting deported migrants who inject drugs to treat mental health and drug abuse in Tijuana. Investing in the mental health of deported PWID may also be a viable HIV prevention strategy.

The ripple effects of deportations in Honduras.

Hondurans have been targeted for deportation since the 1980s, but today their deportations have grown disproportionate to their immigrant population size. They are more likely to face deportation than other targeted groups, such as Mexicans, Salvadorans and Guatemalans. Given Hondurans' singular position in the deportation system and the dearth of research about this group, we ask: What are the potential short- and long-term consequences of deportation for Honduran migrants, their families, and the broader community? To address this question, we utilize qualitative interviews with deportees, their families, and community members collected in Honduras in 2011 and 2014 as part of a multi-country research project our team conducted on the social impacts of deportations. While our findings in Honduras parallel those in other studies, we capture economic, social, and emotional effects beyond the individual deportees, including non-migrant family members and the broader community that receives them. Our longitudinal approach allows us to capture re-migration patterns as well.

Health-damaging policing practices among persons who inject drugs in Mexico: Are deported migrants at greater risk?

BACKGROUND: Evidence-based public health and criminal justice policies aimed at addressing the structurally vulnerable population of persons who inject drugs (PWID) and who are involved in the immigrant enforcement and deportation system are lacking. Policing practices are critical structural determinants of HIV among PWID. PWID in Mexico who have been deported from the US are at elevated risk of HIV. METHODS: From 2011 to 2013, 733 PWID were recruited to complete structured questionnaires, including past 6-month experiences with police. Eligible PWID were 18 years or older, had injected in the past month, and resided in Tijuana, Mexico with no intentions of moving. To determine if deportation status was associated with experiences of arrests and problematic policing practices, we conducted separate multivariate logistic regression models for independent policing variables. RESULTS: In multivariate analyses, deportation status was independently associated with higher odds of being arrested (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.45; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.02-2.05), being asked for a bribe (AOR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.05-2.04), and being forced to leave a place of residence (AOR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.08-3.70) in the past 6 months. CONCLUSION: Results highlight a previously poorly understood elements of the US-deportation experience: migrants' experiences with law enforcement post-deportation and the role of deportation policies and practices as structural drivers of public health risk in destination countries. We provide policy recommendations for Mexico and the US based on our findings, which have potential application in other countries seeking to improve enforcement and related policing practices from a public health perspective.

Processes of Belonging for Citizen-Children of Undocumented Mexican Immigrants.

In this article, we focus on the developmental contexts of middle childhood and early adolescence to explore the lives of citizen-children living with undocumented Mexican parents. We draw on the concept of belonging to highlight the distinct situation of citizen-children and the ways in which they come to understand their place in a world. To capture the experiences of citizen-children born to undocumented Mexican immigrant parents and their sense of belonging to place and community, we conducted in-depth interviews with 83 citizen-children in late childhood and early adolescence in three groups. One group of citizen-children lived in Mexico after their parents' deportation. Another group remained in the U.S. after parents were detained or deported. The third group did not have a parent in deportation proceedings. Qualitative analyses of children's recorded interviews revealed their experiences of discovery of parents' undocumented status; political, social and material exclusion; and rupture of family ties. Children were keenly aware that birthright citizenship afforded them numerous privileges unavailable to their parents, but that it did not extend to the very privilege, they valued most: an intact family. The loss of parents through detention or deportation forced some children to consider existential questions about who they were and where they belonged, sometimes pitting family members against one another. Our findings suggest that belonging is intimately tied to broader forces of legal persecution that go beyond individualized notions of illegality and have deep, possibly lasting psychological effects.

Exploring the Effects of U.S. Immigration Enforcement on the Well-being of Citizen-Children in Mexican Immigrant Families.

In this article, we draw on ecocultural theories of risk and resilience to examine qualitatively the experiences of U.S. citizen-children living with their undocumented Mexican parents. Of central importance is the fact that citizen-children's daily lives are organized around the very real possibility that their undocumented parents could one day be detained and deported. Our purpose is to render visible the various ways in which citizen-children confront and navigate the possibilities-and realities-of parental deportation. We develop a framework to conceptualize the complex multidimensional, and often multidirectional, factors experienced by citizen-children vulnerable to or directly facing parental deportation. We situate youth well-being against a backdrop of multiple factors to understand how indirect and direct encounters with immigration enforcement, the mixed-status family niche, and access to resources shape differential child outcomes. In doing so, we offer insights into how different factors potentially contribute to resilience in the face of adversity.

Relationships Between Integration and Drug Use Among Deported Migrants in Tijuana, Mexico.

Deported migrants face numerous challenges which may elevate their risk for drug use. We examined relationships between integration and drug use among deported migrants in Tijuana, Mexico. A cross-sectional survey conducted at a free health clinic included 255 deported Mexican-born migrants residing in Tijuana ≥6 months. Multivariable logistic regression examined associations between variables across four integration domains (public participation, social connections, macro-level facilitators and foundations) and recent (past 6-month) drug use. The prevalence of recent drug use was 46 %. Having sought work in Tijuana in the past 6 months, greater household affluence, lifetime history of incarceration in both US and Mexico, and lacking health insurance were independently associated with recent drug use. Policies that support access to employment, adequate housing and healthcare in Mexico, particularly for justice-involved deportees, may facilitate successful integration and reduce potential stressors that may contribute to drug use.