Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) treatment in the medical setting: a systematic review.

Background: Literature points towards the potential benefits of the application of Eye Movement and Desensitization Processing (EMDR)-therapy for patients in the medical setting, with cancer and pain being among the domains it is applied to. The field of applying EMDR-therapy for patients treated in the medical setting has evolved to such an extent that it may be challenging to get a comprehensive overview.Objective: This systematic literature review aims to evaluate the use and effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in patients treated in the medical setting.Methods: We performed a literature search following the PRISMA guidelines. Studies were included if the effectiveness of EMDR-therapy was assessed in adult patients treated in a medical setting. Excluded were patients exclusively suffering from a mental health disorder, without somatic comorbidity. A risk of bias analysis was performed. This review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022325238).Results: Eighty-seven studies, of which 26 (pilot)-RCTs were included and categorized in 14 medical domains. Additionally, three studies focusing on persistent physical complaints were included. Most evidence exists for its application in the fields of oncology, pain, and neurology. The overall appraisal of these studies showed at least moderate to high risks of bias. EMDR demonstrated effectiveness in reducing symptoms in 85 out of 87 studies. Notably, the occurrence of adverse events was rarely mentioned.Conclusions: Overall, outcomes seem to show beneficial effects of EMDR on reducing psychological and physical symptoms in patients treated in a medical setting. Due to the heterogeneity of reported outcomes, effect sizes could not be pooled. Due to the high risk of bias of the included studies, our results should be interpreted with caution and further controlled high-quality research is needed.

First overview on the use of EMDR for adult patients treated in the medical setting.EMDR seems beneficial in improving psychological and physical symptoms.Given the heterogeneity of studies and high risk of bias, further controlled studies are needed in this field.

Protocolo de desensibilización para adalimumab en artritis psoriásica / Desensitization protocol for adalimumab in psoriatic arthritis

Adalimumab es una alternativa terapéutica en diversas enfermedades inflamatorias y autoinmunes. Aunque suele ser un fármaco bien tolerado, las reacciones de hipersensibilidad se presentan aproximadamente en un 1% de los pacientes, y si aparecen, el tratamiento debe interrumpirse y considerarse el cambio a otro fármaco. Se describe el caso de una mujer con artropatía psoriásica que presentó episodios de hipersensibilidad a varias líneas de tratamiento: apremilast, secukinumab, adalimumab, etanercept y tofacitinib. Ante el fracaso de las diversas alternativas utilizadas, se realizó una valoración conjunta por los Servicios de Reumatología, Alergología y Farmacia Hospitalaria sobre la posibilidad de reintroducir adalimumab, proponiéndose un protocolo de desensibilización (PD) con el objetivo de inducir tolerancia a dicho fármaco. El PD se diseñó con el objetivo de alcanzar progresivamente la dosis terapéutica de 40 mg. Para ello, se programó la administración de 6 dosis –una cada 15 días– con un aumento progresivo de la concentración en cada dosis. Durante los ciclos de administración no se observaron efectos adversos. Después de las 6 dosis del PD, la paciente continuó con la dosis habitual de adalimumab de 40 mg cada 15 días durante 7 meses. Se alcanzó mejoría clínica y analítica, con la perspectiva de continuar el tratamiento. Este protocolo permitió la reintroducción de adalimumab con éxito. (AU)

Adalimumab is a therapeutic alternative for several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Although it is generally a well-tolerated drug, hypersensitivity reactions occur in approximately 1% of patients, and if they appear, treatment should be discontinued and a switch to another drug should be considered. We describe the case of a woman with psoriatic arthritis who presented episodes of hypersensitivity to several lines of treatment: apremilast, secukinumab, adalimumab, etanercept and tofacitinib. Given the failure of the various alternatives used, a joint assessment was made by the Rheumatology, Allergology and Hospital Pharmacy Departments on the possibility of reintroducing adalimumab, proposing a desensitization protocol (DP) with the aim of inducing tolerance to this drug. The DP was designed with the objective of progressively reaching the therapeutic dose of 40 mg. For this purpose, the administration of 6 doses was scheduled -one every 15 days- with a progressive increase in concentration at each dose. No adverse events were observed during the administration cycles. After the 6 doses of DP, the patient continued with the usual dose of adalimumab of 40 mg every 15 days for 7 months. Clinical and analytical improvement was achieved, with the prospect of continuing treatment. This protocol allowed the successful reintroduction of adalimumab. (AU)

[Desensibilización a Rituximab en paciente con proteinuria persistente secundaria a LES].

Introduction: Rituximab is an Anti-CD20 chimeric monoclonal antibody, being the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases and rheumatological disorders; hypersensitivity reactions (HRS) are associated with infusion, cytokine release, type I (IgE/non-IgE), mixed, type III and IV. Desensitization seeks to induce tem- porary tolerance, decreasing the probability of clinical manifestations through gradual administration of the total dose of the drug, being target cells of the procedure, basophils, and mast cells, preventing their activation. Case report: The objective is to present a personalized desensitization protocol in a 36-year-old female patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pre- viously treated with rituximab in 2019, 4 doses, presenting during the fourth administration, after 10 minutes, dyspnea, feeling foreign body in the pharynx, chest pain, angioedema, and neurological alteration. Requiring new administration of rituximab due to persistent proteinuria secondary to SLE. After performing skin tests (negative), a 13-step desensitization scheme was performed with 3 concentrations (solution: A [1:100], B [1:10] and C [1:1]). Since only 52% of RHS to rituximab are positive in skin tests and given the degree of reaction (serious), desensitization is decided, based on reactions presented by patient and clinical context. Achieving a cumulative dose of 897.87 mg in a period of 5 hours, without reactions during or after the procedure, concluding successfully. Conclusion: By carrying out desensitization protocols, the administration of a drug is allowed, offering a safe therapeutic option, when this is the treatment of choice in previously sensitized patients, offering an alternative when the benefits outweigh the risks of its administration.

Introducción: El rituximab es un anticuerpo monoclonal quimérico Anti-CD20, siendo tratamiento de enfermedades linfoproliferativas y trastornos reumatológi- cos; las reacciones de hipersensibilidad (RHS) se asocian con la infusión, liberación de citocinas, tipo I (IgE/no-IgE), mixtas, tipo III y IV. La desensibilización busca inducir tolerancia temporal disminuyendo probabilidad de manifestaciones clínicas mediante administración gradual de dosis total del medicamento, siendo células blanco del procedimiento, basófilos y mastocitos, previniendo su activación. Reporte de caso: El objetivo es presentar un protocolo de desensibilización personalizado en paciente femenino de 36 años, con Lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) tratada previamente con rituximab en 2019, 4 dosis, presentando durante cuarta administración, a los 10 minutos, disnea, sensación de cuerpo extraño en faringe, dolor torácico, angioedema y alteración neurológica. Requiriendo nueva administración de rituximab por proteinuria persistente secundario a LES. Previa realización de pruebas cutáneas (negativas), se realiza esquema de desensibilización de 13 pasos con 3 concentraciones (solución: A [1:100], B [1:10] y C [1:1]). Ya que sólo 52% de RHS a rituximab resultan positivas en pruebas cutáneas y ante grado de reacción (grave), se decide desensibilización, basado en reacciones presentadas por paciente y contexto clínico. Logrando llegar a dosis acumulada de 897.87 mg en un periodo de 5 horas, sin reacciones durante ni posterior a procedimiento, concluyéndose exitosamente. Conclusión: Mediante realización de protocolos de desensibilización se permite administración de un medicamento, ofreciendo una opción terapéutica segura, cuando éste es tratamiento de elección en pacientes sensibilizados previamente, ofreciendo una alternativa cuando los beneficios superan los riesgos de su administración.

Exploration of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in treating posttraumatic stress-disorder in patients with acquired brain injury: a retrospective case series.

Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is prevalent in people with acquired brain injury (ABI). Despite the established efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD in general, evaluation studies on EMDR in ABI patients with PTSD are limited.Objective: The aim of this study is to explore clinical features, treatment characteristics, feasibility and first indications of efficacy of EMDR in adult ABI patients with PTSD.Method: This retrospective consecutive case series included ABI patients, who received at least one session of EMDR for PTSD between January 2013 and September 2020. PTSD symptoms were measured using the Impact of Event Scale (IES) pre- and post-treatment. Affective distress was measured using the Subjective Units of Distress (SUD) pre- and post-treatment of the first target.Results: Sixteen ABI patients (median age 46 years, 50% males), with predominantly moderate or severe TBI (50%) or stroke (25%) were included. Treatment duration was a median of seven sessions. Post-treatment IES scores were significantly lower than pre-treatment scores (p < .001). In 81% of the cases there was an individual statistically and clinically relevant change in IES score. Mean SUD scores of the first target were significantly lower at the end of treatment compared to scores at the start of treatment (p < .001). In 88% of the patients full desensitization to a SUD of 0-1 of the first target was accomplished. Only few adjustments to the standard EMDR protocol were necessary.Conclusions: Findings suggest that EMDR is a feasible, well tolerated and potentially effective treatment for PTSD in ABI patients. For clinical practice in working with ABI patients, it is advised to consider EMDR as a treatment option.

This retrospective consecutive case series (N = 16) explores clinical features, treatment characteristics, feasibility and first indications of efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) in adult patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) and Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).The results suggest that EMDR is a feasible and potentially efficacious treatment for PTSD in ABI patients, as patients demonstrated statistically and clinically significant large sized reductions in PTSD-symptoms after EMDR treatment.For clinical practice in working with ABI patients, we advise to consider EMDR as a treatment option.

Efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy for fear of cancer recurrence among cancer survivors: a randomized single-case experimental design.

Background: Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is one of the greatest problems with which cancer survivors have to deal. High levels of FCR are characterized by intrusive thoughts about cancer-related events and re-experiencing these events, avoidance of reminders of cancer, and hypervigilance, similar to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy focuses on these images and memories. It is effective in reducing PTSD and may be effective in reducing high levels of FCR.Objective: The aim of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of EMDR for severe FCR in breast and colorectal cancer survivors.Method: A multiple-baseline single-case experimental design (n = 8) was used. Daily repeated measurements for FCR were taken during the baseline phase and treatment phase, post-treatment, and at the 3 month follow-up. Participants answered the Cancer Worry Scale (CWS) and the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory, Dutch version (FCRI-NL) five times, i.e. at the start and at the end of each phase (baseline, treatment, post-treatment, and follow-up). The study was prospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NL8223).Results: Visual analysis and effect size calculation by Tau-U were executed for the daily questionnaire on FCR. The weighted average Tau-U score was .63 (p < .01) for baseline versus post-treatment, indicating large change, and .53 (p < .01) between baseline and follow-up, indicating moderate change. The scores on the CWS and FCRI-NL-SF decreased significantly from baseline to follow-up.Conclusion: The results seem promising for EMDR therapy as a potentially effective treatment for FCR. Further research is recommended.

Patients who experience high fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) often have intrusive memories and images about (future) cancer-related events.Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy can focus on these intrusions.EMDR therapy is found to be a promising therapy for patients experiencing high FCR.

Exposición y Desensibilización a la Violencia en Jóvenes Mexicanos en Distintos Contextos Sociales / Exposure and Desensitization to Violence among Mexican Youth from Different Social Contexts

Resumen El objetivo fue conocer la exposición y desensibilización a la violencia en jóvenes de cinco contextos en distintas instituciones educativas y de readaptación social de la ciudad de San Luis Potosí. Método: se realizó un estudio analítico transversal comparativo de 25 instituciones de educación media superior, ubicados en Zonas Rurales (ZR), en Polígonos de Violencia (PV), Cercanas a Polígonos de Violencia (CPV), en Zonas Alejadas de los Polígonos de Violencia (ZAPV), y en un Centro de Internamiento Juvenil (CIJ) con un total de 1720 participantes; 851 (49.5 %) hombres y 869 (50.5%) mujeres. Resultados: Se encontraron medias significativamente más altas en desensibilización a la violencia en participantes del CIJ, seguidos por participantes de las ZAPV, y al final el ZR. Referente a la exposición a la violencia fue mayor en aquellos provenientes de las ZAPV después en jóvenes del CIJ y finalmente los de ZR. Conclusiones: La desensibilización a la violencia se presenta como consecuencia a la exposición de la violencia y las conductas que atentan contra la seguridad social. Finalmente, se encontró que las actividades artísticas y los padres unidos funcionan como factores de protección contra la desensibilización a la violencia.

Abstract The aim of this research was to measure the exposure and desensitization to violence in young people from five contexts in different educational institutions and a Juvenile Detention Center in the city of San Luis Potosí and its surroundings in Mexico. Desensitization to violence is a phenomenon that is generated due to constant exposure to violence, resulting in a decrease in emotional responses, adverse judgments, and opposition to violent acts, it can lead to a normalization of violent acts and with it a minimization of their seriousness, which promotes positive emotions in the individual such as pleasure, fun or entertainment when exposed to said acts or events. Method: a comparative cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in 25 institutions of higher secondary education, located in rural areas and in polygons identified as violent, near to polygons and far from them, and in a Juvenile Detention Center with a total of 1720 male participants. Results: Significantly higher means were found in desensitization to violence in participants from the internment center, later from those of the areas that were initially identified as far from the polygons of violence, and finally the lowest in the rural context. Regarding exposure to violence, it was higher in those participants far from the polygons of violence, then in young people from the internment center, and finally those from the rural context. In addition, of the three areas analyzed, lower levels of schooling were found in people in a situation of internment. Conclusions: Desensitization to violence occurs as a consequence of exposure to violence and behaviors that threaten social security. Also, it was found that artistic activities and being part of a family, with father and mother together, worked as a protective factor against desensitization to violence. Some plausible explanations for these findings are suggested.

Aproximaciones psicoterapéuticas para el manejo del tinnitus crónico no pulsátil / Psychotherapy approaches for the management of non-pulsatile chronic tinnitus

Resumen La fisiopatología del tinnitus crónico no pulsátil es poco clara, pero se reconoce un componente psicológico relevante, por tanto, existen distintas aproximaciones psicoterapéuticas que han sido estudiadas. La terapia cognitivo conductual es la que cuenta con mayor evidencia. Ella contempla la reestructuración de las cogniciones disfuncionales que favorecen la presencia del tinnitus. Se ha verificado su eficacia en los niveles de distrés, calidad de vida, severidad, sintomatología depresiva e insomnio asociados. La desensibilización y reprocesamiento por movimientos oculares recoge algunos presupuestos de la terapia cognitivo conductual, pero considera técnicas como la estimulación bilateral. Sus resultados en patologías crónicas somáticas han sugerido la aplicación en tinnitus, corroborando su eficacia en calidad de vida, distrés y sintomatología depresiva. Dos psicoterapias basadas en mindfulness aplicadas en tinnitus son la reducción del estrés basado en el mindfulness y la terapia cognitiva basada en mindfulness. La primera ha demostrado eficacia en la calidad de vida y en la disminución y el refuerzo de cogniciones negativas y positivas, respectivamente. La segunda, es eficaz en la severidad, intensidad, distrés, ansiedad, depresión y discapacidad asociadas a tinnitus. Finalmente, la terapia de aceptación y compromiso promueve la aceptación como componente central del tratamiento de condiciones crónicas, considerando el control que ejerce el contexto sobre la vivencia de estas condiciones y el compromiso terapéutico. Esta terapia es eficaz en calidad de vida. Se promueve la investigación en aproximaciones psicoterapéuticas para el tinnitus, lo que posibilitará la aplicación de terapias más específicas y la clarificación de su fisiopatología.

Abstract The pathophysiology of non-pulsatile chronic tinnitus is unclear, but it is recognized a relevant psychological component. In this sense, different psychotherapeutic approaches have been studied. Cognitive behavioral therapy is the psychotherapy with the most evidence. It considers the restructuring of dysfunctional cognitions that favor the presence of tinnitus. Its efficacy has been verified on distress, quality of life, severity, associated depressive symptoms and insomnia. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing includes some conceptions of cognitive behavioral therapy and considers techniques such as bilateral stimulation. Its results in chronic somatic pathologies have suggested its application in tinnitus, corroborating its efficacy in quality of life, distress, and depressive symptoms. Two mindfulness-based psychotherapies applied in tinnitus are mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. The first has shown efficacy on quality of life and reduction and reinforcement of negative and positive cognitions, respectively. The second is effective on severity, loudness, distress, anxiety, depression and disability associated with tinnitus. Finally, acceptance and commitment therapy promote acceptance as a central component of the treatment of chronic conditions, considering the control exerted by the context over the experience of these conditions and the therapeutic commitment. This therapy is effective on quality of life. We foster the research on psychotherapeutic approaches to tinnitus, which will make it possible the application of more specific interventions and, at the same time, elucidate its pathophysiology.

Alergia al cacahuete en niños: probable ventana de oportunidad para la desensibilización / Peanut allergy in children: probable window of opportunity for desensitization

Conclusiones de los autores del estudio: los niños menores de 4 años de edad alérgicos al cacahuete, que recibieron inmunoterapia oral al alérgeno, presentaron una mayor desensibilización y remisión frente al mismo. Por tanto, parece existir una ventana de oportunidad de desensibilizarse al cacahuete en esta franja etaria.Comentario de los revisores: la inmunoterapia se mostró eficaz para conseguir la desensibilización y remisión en niños alérgicos al cacahuete entre 1 y 4 años. Este efecto fue más evidente en el grupo de menor edad y con niveles más bajos de marcadores inmunológicos. (AU)

Authors’ conclusions: children under 4 years of age allergic to peanuts who received oral allergen immunotherapy exhibited greater desensitization and achieved remission more frequently. Thus, there seems to be a window of opportunity for desensitization to desensitized to peanuts in this age range.Reviewers’ commentary: immunotherapy proved effective in achieving desensitization and remission in children allergic to peanuts aged 1 to 4 years. This effect was more evident in the younger children and in children with lower levels of immunological markers. (AU)

Hipersensibilidad al trimetoprim + sulfametoxazol en un paciente con osteomielitis en esquema de desensibilización

Introducción: La osteomielitis es una inflamación del tejido óseo, la cual puede ser causada por un agente infeccioso de tipo Gram positivo como Gram negativo, generalmente ocasionado por Staphylococcus aureus; esta infección usualmente es tratada con trimetoprim + sulfametoxazol, desafortunadamente durante el tratamiento pueden aparecer reacciones adversas a medicamentos de tipo alérgicas, lo que implicaría un cambio de antibiótico o someter al paciente a esquema de desensibilización. Objetivo: Reportar el caso de un paciente que fue sometido a dicho esquema, empleando la vía intravenosa. Resultados: Paciente masculino de 14 años de edad ingresó a la institución con osteomielits de tibia derecha en su posoperatorio de osteosintesis realizado dos meses antes. Se decidió iniciar tratamiento con TMP-SMX 300 mg intravenoso (IV) cada 12 horas. Se informó al paciente y ya que era menor de edad, a su familiar a cargo sobre la importancia del procedimiento, posibles riesgos y beneficios mediante consentimiento informado por escrito. El paciente presentó una erupción cutánea acompañada de prurito en el pecho y espalda, lo cual fue tratado y solucionado, por consiguiente se dispuso a someter al paciente al esquema para su desensibilización el cual fue realizado empleando el medicamento en solución inyectable (trimetoprim + sulfametoxazol 400 mg + 80 mg/5 mL) para dar continuidad a su tratamiento, además el paciente fue monitorizado y no se le administró tratamiento con antihistamínicos o corticoides para así evitar una respuesta errónea o resultados falsos/positivos durante el procedimiento. Conclusión: El paciente fue desensibilizado con éxito para continuar con su tratamiento farmacológico. Este caso reportado puede contribuir a modificar los esquemas de desensibilización actuales, el esquema de desensibilización es una herramienta muy útil para continuar el tratamiento farmacológico en pacientes con hipersensibilidad al TMP/SMX, sin necesidad de optar por otras alternativas terapéuticas que podrían ser menos eficaces para el control de la infección.

SUMMARY Introduction: Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of the bone tissue, which can be caused by a Gram-positive or Gram-negative infectious agent, generally caused by Staphylococcus aureus. This infection is usually treated with trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole. Unfortunately, adverse drug reactions of the allergic type may appear during treatment, which would imply a change of antibiotic or subject the patient to a desensitization scheme. Objective: To report the case of a patient who underwent this scheme, using the intravenous route. Results: A 14-year-old male patient was admitted to the institution with osteomyelitis of the right tibia in his postoperative period of osteosynthesis performed two months earlier. It was decided to start treatment with TMP-SMX 300 mg intravenously (IV) every 12 hours. The patient and, since he was a minor, his dependent relative were informed about the importance of the procedure, possible risks and benefits through written informed consent. The patient presented a skin rash accompanied by itching on the chest and back. which was treated and resolved, therefore, the patient was submitted to the scheme for his desensitization, which was carried out using the medicine in injectable solution (trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole 400 mg + 80 mg/5 mL) to continue his treatment, In addition, the patient was monitored and treatment with antihistamines or corticosteroids was not administered in order to avoid an erroneous response or false/positive results during the procedure. Conclusion: The patient was successfully desensitized to continue with his pharmacological treatment. This reported case can contribute to modify the current desensitization schemes; the desensitization scheme is a very useful tool to continue pharmacological treatment in patients with hypersensitivity to TMP/SMX, without the need to opt for other therapeutic alternatives that could be less effective for infection control.

Introdução: A osteomielite é uma inflamação do tecido ósseo, que pode ser causada por um agente infeccioso Gram-positivo ou Gram-negativo, geralmente causado por Staphylococcus aureus; essa infecção geralmente é tratada com trimetoprima + sulfametoxazol, mas infelizmente, durante o tratamento, podem surgir reações adversas medicamentosas do tipo alérgico, o que implicaria na troca de antibiótico ou submeter o paciente a um esquema de dessensibilização. Objetivo: Relatar o caso de um paciente submetido a esse esquema, pela via intravenosa. Resultados: Um paciente do sexo masculino de 14 anos foi admitido na instituição com osteomielite da tíbia direita em pós-operatório de osteossíntese realizada há dois meses. Optou-se por iniciar o tratamento com TMP-SMX 300 mg por via intravenosa (IV) a cada 12 horas. O paciente e, por ser menor de idade, seu familiar dependente foram informados sobre a importância do procedimento, possíveis riscos e benefícios por meio do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. O paciente apresentou erupção cutânea acompanhada de coceira no tórax e nas costas, que foi tratado e resolvido, portanto, o paciente foi submetido ao esquema para sua dessensibilização, que foi realizada utilizando o medicamento em solução injetável (trimetoprim + sulfa-metoxazol 400 mg + 80 mg/5 mL) para continuar seu tratamento. o paciente foi monitorado e não foi administrado tratamento com anti-histamínicos ou corticos-teróides para evitar resposta errônea ou resultados falsos/positivos durante o procedimento. Conclusão: O paciente foi dessensibilizado com sucesso para continuar com seu tratamento farmacológico. Este caso relatado pode contribuir para modificar os esquemas de dessensibilização atuais, o esquema de dessensibilização é uma ferramenta muito útil para continuar o tratamento farmacológico em pacientes com hipersensibilidade ao TMP/SMX, sem a necessidade de optar por outras alternativas terapêuticas que poderiam ser menos eficazes para o controle de infecção.

Desensibilización y reprocesamiento por movimientos oculares (EMDR) para trastornos ansiosos y depresivos en niños y adolescentes: revisión de la evidencia disponible / Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for anxiety and depressive disorders in children and adolescents: a review of the available literature

Resumen Introducción: la desensibilización y reprocesamiento por movimientos oculares (EMDR) tiene abundante evidencia de eficacia en desórdenes del espectro traumático. Su eficacia en trastornos ansiosos (TA) y depresivos (TD) en niños, niñas y adolescentes ha sido escasamente estudiada. Método: se realizó una revisión narrativa para describir la evidencia disponible sobre eficacia de EMDR en TA y TD en población infantojuvenil. Se buscaron artículos disponibles en PubMed/Medline, SciELO, PsycINFO y Cochrane Library. Se incluyeron todos los artículos primarios y secundarios que evaluaron el efecto de EMDR en TA y TD en población infantojuvenil. Se revisaron sus referencias como segundo método de inclusión. Resultados: se identificaron nueve estudios (cinco en TA y cuatro en TD); tres fueron observacionales y seis experimentales. Todos tuvieron tamaños muestrales reducidos. En TA, los estudios corroboraron la eficacia de EMDR sobre el temor fóbico en fobia a las arañas, pero no sobre la conducta evitativa, donde sería superior la exposición in vivo. Dos series de casos expusieron la utilidad de EMDR en fagogobia y en TA asociados a epilepsia. En TD, EMDR fue eficaz en la reducción de sintomatología depresiva en el contexto del trastorno depresivo mayor, trastorno de estrés agudo y trastornos conductuales. EMDR fue comparable a terapia cognitivo-conductual. Conclusiones: la evidencia corrobora la eficacia de EMDR en TA y TD en niños, niñas y adolescentes. Sin embargo, es muy escasa y cuenta con limitaciones metodológicas. Es necesario realizar estudios experimentales con protocolos estandarizados y especializados de EMDR para TA y TD en población infantojuvenil.

Introduction: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has abundant evidence of efficacy in traumatic spectrum disorders. Its efficacy in anxiety disorders (AD) and depressive disorders (DD) in children and adolescents has been scarcely studied. Methods: We conducted a narrative review to describe the available evidence on the efficacy of EMDR in AD and DD in children and adolescents. We searched for articles available in PubMed/Medline, SciELO, PsycInfo and the Cochrane Library. All primary and secondary studies evaluating the effect of EMDR on AD and DD in children and adolescents were included. Their references were reviewed as a second method of inclusion. Results: nine studies were identified (five in AD and four in DD); three were observational and six experimental. All had small sample sizes. In AD, studies corroborated the efficacy of EMDR on phobic fear in spider phobia, but not on avoidance behavior, where in vivo exposure would be superior. Two case series reported the efficacy of EMDR in choking phobia and AD associated with epilepsy. In DD, EMDR was effective in reducing depressive symptomatology in the context of major depressive disorder, acute stress disorder, and conduct disorders. EMDR was comparable to cognitive behavioral therapy. Conclusions: The evidence corroborates the efficacy of EMDR in AD and DD in children and adolescents. However, it is very scarce and has methodological limitations. It is necessary to carry out experimental studies with standardized and specialized EMDR protocols for AD and DD in the child and adolescent population.

Reacciones de hipersensibilidad a quimioterapéuticos y biológicos / Hypersensitivity reactions to chemotherapeutics and biologics

Las reacciones a medicamentos han aumentado con el tiempo, estas implican ahora una carga importante de enfermedad, principalmente en los servicios de hospitalización. Los agentes quimioterapéuticos y biológicos son fármacos utilizados con frecuencia en enfermedades reumatológicas y neoplasias de diferente orden. Las reacciones de hipersensibilidad a quimioterapéuticos y monoclonales impactan en la calidad de vida, el pronóstico y la mortalidad de los pacientes con enfermedades autoinmunes y cáncer, es por eso que deben ser reconocidas y manejadas por un equipo de trabajo multidisciplinar. La desensibilización es una herramienta terapéutica que ofrece grandes beneficios a los pacientes con reacciones de hipersensibilidad, permitiéndoles la utilización de medicamentos de primera línea de manera segura y costoefectiva, con un impacto importante en la morbilidad y mortalidad de estos pacientes. El objetivo de este artículo fue revisar la información y evidencia más reciente sobre las reacciones de hipersensibilidad a quimioterapéuticos y biológicos, y los datos sobre las opciones de desensibilización con estos medicamentos y su desenlace

Drug reactions have increased over time, they now imply a significant burden of disease mainly in hospital services. Chemotherapeutic and biological agents are drugs frequently used in different rheumatological diseases and neoplasms. Hypersensitivity reactions to chemotherapeutic and monoclonal drugs impact the quality of life, prognosis and mortality of patients with autoimmune diseases and cancer, that is why they must be recognized and managed by a multidisciplinary team. Desensitization is a therapeutic tool that offers great benefits to patients with hypersensitivity reactions, allowing them to use first-line drugs in a safe and cost-effective manner, with a significant impact on patient morbidity and mortality. The objective of this article was to review the most recent information and evidence on hypersensitivity reactions to chemotherapeutics and biologics, and data on desensitization options with these drugs and their outcome

Reacciones de hipersensibilidad a alglucosidasa alfa en enfermedad de Pompe: dos casos de desensibilización exitosa / Hypersensitivity reactions to alglucosidase alfa in Pompe disease: two cases of successful desensitization

La enfermedad de Pompe es un desorden neuromuscular autosómico recesivo de baja prevalencia, causado por la deficiencia total o parcial de la enzima alfa glucosidasa ácida (GAA), cuya única terapia de reemplazo enzimático disponible es la alglucosidasa alfa recombinante. Las reacciones adversas asociadas a la infusión se presentan con frecuencia. Se reportan dos casos de desensibilización exitosa con alglucosidasa alfa utilizando protocolos con dosis meta de 20 mg/kg, administrados quincenalmente; el primero de ellos, en una niña con historia de reacción adversa grave a los 15 meses de edad, en quien se utilizó un esquema con una dilución inicial de 1/10.000.000 de 28 pasos y una duración total de 13,1 horas. En el segundo caso, la paciente tuvo una reacción adversa grave a los 4 años de edad, se utilizó el protocolo de 22 pasos, concentración inicial de 1/1.000.000 y duración total de 7,2 horas. Se concluye que en pacientes con enfermedad de Pompe que presentan reacciones adversas durante la terapia de reemplazo enzimático, es posible realizar la desensibilización cada dos semanas con la dosis estándar de 20 mg/kg de forma exitosa, y progresivamente lograr la administración usual de la infusión

Pompe disease is a low prevalence autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder, caused by total or partial deficiency of the acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) enzyme, and its only available enzyme replacement therapy is the recombinant alglucosidase alfa. Infusion-associated adverse reactions occur frequently. Two cases of successful desensitization with alglucosidase alfa using protocols with a target dose of 20 mg/kg administered biweekly are reported; the first was a girl who had a history of serious adverse reaction at the age of 15 months, and undergone to a scheme with an initial dilution of 1/10,000,000 with 28 steps and a total duration of 13.1 hours. In the second case, the patient had a severe adverse reaction at the age of 4 years, a 22-step protocol was used with an initial concentration of 1/1,000,000 and a total duration of 7.2 hours. In conclusion, in patients with Pompe disease who presented adverse reactions during enzyme replacement therapy with alglucosidase alfa, it is possible to perform desensitization every two weeks with the standard dose of 20 mg/kg, and progressively achieve the usual administration of the infusion