Construcciones identitarias en gendarmes: un enfoque de género / Identity constructions in gendarmes: a gender perspective / Construções de identidade em gendarmes: uma abordagem de gênero

Objetivo: Se presenta un análisis sobre la identidad organizacional y el rol ocupacional de los y las gendarmes pertenecientes al Centro de Detención Preventiva Santiago Sur desde el concepto de "trabajo sucio" y una perspectiva de género. Metodología: Se realizaron diez entrevistas semiestructuradas a gendarmes ­cinco gendarmes hombres y cinco gendarmes mujeres­ en cuanto a su rol e identidad organizacional, ocupacional, profesional y personal. Resultados: Se verificaron diferencias de género en cuanto a la configuración de sus identidades personales y ocupacionales, situación que no es replicada en el plano de sus identidades organizacionales y profesionales, que tienden a compartir. Conclusiones: Existen diferencias significativas en la forma en la que los y las gendarmes desarrollan su identidad personal, y que radican principalmente en la relevancia que atribuyen a los roles e identidades asociadas con la vida familiar. En cuanto a las restantes dimensiones identitarias, se identificaron importantes similitudes en cuanto a valores y creencias que los sujetos expresan y vivencian; estas parecen vincularse a prácticas y a una cultura tradicional y conservadora institucional en materia de género. Alcance: La investigación es de carácter exploratorio y busca aportar antecedentes empíricos sobre los cuales basar futuras investigaciones en este campo.

Objective: An analysis is presented on the organisational identity and occupational role of the gendarmes belonging to the Santiago Sur Preventive Detention Centre from the concept of "dirty work" and a gender perspective. Methodology: Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted with gendarmes -five male gendarmes and five female gendarmes- regarding their organisational, occupational, professional and personal roles and identities. Results: Gender differences were found in the configuration of their personal and occupational identities, a situation that is not replicated in their organisational and professional identities, which tend to be shared by both gendarmes and gendarmes. Conclusions: There are significant differences in the way in which gendarmes develop their personal identities, which lie mainly in the relevance they attribute to the roles and identities associated with family life. As for the remaining identity dimensions, important similarities were identified in terms of the values and beliefs that the subjects express and experience; these seem to be linked to traditional and conservative institutional gender practices and culture. Scope: The research is exploratory in nature and seeks to provide empirical background on which to base future research in this field.

Objetivo: Apresenta-se uma análise da identidade organizacional e do papel ocupacional dos gendarmes pertencentes ao Centro de Detenção Preventiva Santiago Sur a partir do conceito de "trabalho sujo" e de uma perspectiva de gênero. Metodologia: Foram realizadas dez entrevistas semiestruturadas com policiais - cinco homens e cinco mulheres - sobre seus papéis e identidades organizacionais, ocupacionais, profissionais e pessoais. Resultados: Foram verificadas diferenças de gênero em termos da configuração de suas identidades pessoais e ocupacionais, uma situação que não se repete no nível de suas identidades organizacionais e profissionais, que elas tendem a compartilhar. Conclusões: Existem diferenças significativas na forma como os gendarmes desenvolvem suas identidades pessoais, que residem principalmente na relevância que atribuem aos papéis e identidades associados à vida familiar. Quanto às demais dimensões da identidade, foram identificadas semelhanças importantes em termos dos valores e crenças que os sujeitos expressam e vivenciam, que parecem estar ligados às práticas e à cultura de gênero institucionais tradicionais e conservadoras. Escopo: A pesquisa é de natureza exploratória e busca fornecer antecedentes empíricos que sirvam de base para futuras pesquisas nesse campo

Two pathways to Mexico: Forced deportation or voluntary return of parents and US citizen children.

Hundreds of thousands of undocumented Mexican immigrants were deported from the United States or returned to Mexico voluntarily in the past two decades, taking with them their US-born citizen children (USCC). A family's relocation-forced deportation or voluntary return-and the subsequent settlement and adjustment to Mexico affect everyone's well-being. We interviewed 18 USCC whose parents were forcibly deported and 18 whose parents returned voluntarily about their circumstances, experiences, and perceptions. Four categories of relocation and adjustment issues emerged. USCC with deported parents felt the sudden and harsh arrest, detention, deportation, and separation from parents, and family reunification after deportation. Those in the voluntary-return group told of concerns about the planned separation and relocation to Mexico. Both groups experienced issues of family reintegration and adjustment to a new environment. While relocation prompted similarities and differences in families' settlement, issues unique to families played a part in children's adjustment. Clinicians in both the United States and Mexico must take into consideration the nature of the relocation, families' distinctive reactions, and the individual child's experience as some USCC will remain in Mexico and others will return to the US Mexican clinicians will encounter USCC still settling and adjusting to Mexico, and USCC who decide to remain permanently in Mexico. US clinicians may encounter USCC facing the challenges of re-entering American society, joining educational institutions, and becoming part of the labor force. USCC forming families may feel the impact of their pasts in parenting dynamics.

Responsabilização socioeducativa: entre a coerção e a educação / La responsabilité socio-éducative: entre contrainte et éducation / Socio-educational accountability: between coercion and education

O presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar alguns resultados de uma pesquisa de mestrado relativa à responsabilização socioeducativa. Discute as formas de prevenir e tratar o delito juvenil na atualidade, reconhecendo a aplicação das medidas socioeducativas como o principal mecanismo de responsabilização pela prática de ato infracional. Realizamos um breve histórico da legislação e das instituições destinadas ao atendimento dos adolescentes no intuito de conhecer as maneiras de tratar o delito juvenil antes do advento do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA). Partimos do pressuposto que a medida socioeducativa, em especial a internação, se reveste tanto por um aspecto coercitivo quanto educativo, sendo que a articulação na prática desses dois elementos tem se revelado como um constante desafio. Assim sendo, investigou-se, a compreensão da socioeducação, bem como sua articulação com a temática da responsabilização. A pesquisa revelou que há três tipos de responsabilização ­ a jurídica, a subjetiva e a educativa ­ e que o trabalho socioeducativo se faz a partir dessa tensão.

Cet article vient présenter quelques résultats de la recherche de maîtrise sur la responsabilité socio-éducative. Il aborde les moyens de prévenir et de traiter la délinquance juvénile de nos jours, en reconnaissant l'application de mesures socio-éducatives comme le principal mécanisme de responsabilisation pour la pratique d'actes délictueux. Nous faisons un bref historique de la législation et des institutions destinées à la prise en charge des adolescents afin de connaître les manières de traiter la criminalité juvénile avant l'avènement du Statut de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent (ECA). Nous partons de l'hypothèse que la mesure socio-éducative, en particulier l'internement, est couverte par un aspect coercitif autant qu'éducatif, étant donné que l'articulation dans la pratique de ces deux éléments s'est révélée être un défi constant. Nous avons donc étudié la compréhension de la socio-éducation, ainsi que son articulation avec le thème de la responsabilité. La recherche a révélé qu'il existe trois types de responsabilité - légale, subjective et éducative - et que le travail socio-éducatif se fait à partir de cette tension.

This article aims to present some results of the master's research on socio-educational accountability. It discusses ways to prevent and treat juvenile crime today, recognizing the application of social and educational measures as the main mechanism of accountability for the practice of transgressive acts. We conducted a brief history of legislation and institutions designed to assist adolescents in order to understand the ways of dealing with juvenile crime before the advent of the Statute of the Child and Adolescent (ECA). We assume that the socio-educational measure, especially internment, has both a coercive and educational aspect, and that the articulation of these two elements has objectively revealed itself as a constant challenge. Therefore, we investigated the understanding of socioeducation, as well as its articulation with the theme of accountability. The research revealed that there are three types of accountability - legal, subjective and educational - and that the socioeducational work is based on this tension.

COVID-19 testing, infection, and vaccination among deported Mexican migrants: Results from a survey on the Mexico-U.S. border.

Background: Migrants detained and held in immigration and other detention settings in the U.S. have faced increased risk of COVID-19 infection, but data on this population is scarce. This study sought to estimate rates of COVID-19 testing, infection, care seeking, and vaccination among Mexican migrants detained by U.S. immigration authorities and forcibly returned to Mexico. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional probability survey of Mexican migrants deported from the U.S. to three Mexican border cities: Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, and Matamoros (N = 306). Deported migrants were recruited at Mexican migration facilities after being processed and cleared for departure. A two-stage sampling strategy was used. Within each city, a selection of days and shifts were selected during the operating hours of these deportation facilities. The probability of selection was proportional to the volume of migrants deported on each day of the month and during each time period. During the selected survey shifts, migrants were consecutively approached, screened for eligibility, and invited to participate in the survey. Survey measures included self-reported history of COVID-19 testing, infection, care seeking, vaccination, intentions to vaccinate, and other prevention and risk factors. Weighted data were used to estimate population-level prevalence rates. Bivariate tests and adjusted logistic regression models were estimated to identify associations between these COVID-19 outcomes and demographic, migration, and contextual factors. Results: About 84.1% of migrants were tested for COVID-19, close to a third were estimated to have been infected, and, among them, 63% had sought care for COVID-19. An estimated 70.1% had been vaccinated against COVID-19 and, among those not yet vaccinated, 32.5% intended to get vaccinated. Close to half (44.3%) of respondents had experienced crowdedness while in detention in the U.S. Socio-demographic (e.g. age, education, English fluency) and migration-related (e.g. type of detention facility and time in detention) variables were significantly associated with COVID-19 testing, infection, care seeking, and vaccination history. Age, English fluency, and length of detention were positively associated with testing and vaccination history, whereas detention in an immigration center and length of time living in the U.S. were negatively related to testing, infection, and vaccination history. Survey city and survey quarter also showed adjusted associations with testing, infection, and vaccination history, reflecting potential variations in access to services across geographic regions and over time as the pandemic unfolded. Conclusion: These findings are evidence of increased risk of COVID-19 infection, insufficient access to testing and treatment, and missed opportunities for vaccination among Mexican migrants detained in and deported from the U.S. Deportee receiving stations can be leveraged to reduce disparities in testing and vaccination for deported migrants. In addition, decarceration of migrants and other measures informed by public health principles must be implemented to reduce COVID-19 risk and increase access to prevention, diagnostic, and treatment services among this underserved population.

Trauma exposure and mental health outcomes among Central American and Mexican children held in immigration detention at the United States-Mexico border.

We explored the associations between early-life adversity and migration-related stress on the mental health of Central American and Mexican migrating children held in United States immigration detention facilities. Migrating children have high rates of trauma exposure prior to and during migration. Early-life adversity increases risk for developing mental health disorders. Forced separation of migrating children from their parents at the United States-Mexico border potentially exacerbates this risk. We sought to determine whether exposure to trauma prior to immigration and specific features of immigration detention were associated with posttraumatic stress symptomatology. We interviewed parents of 84 migrating children (ages 1-17) after families were released from immigration detention facilities to assess children's migration- and detention-related experiences. A modified version of the University of California Los Angeles Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Reaction Index was administered to assess children's PTSD symptoms and document trauma exposure. A total of 97.4% of children experienced at least one premigration traumatic event. PTSD symptom severity was most strongly predicted by premigration trauma and duration of parent-child separation. This study contributes to a growing empirical literature documenting that early-life adversity increases risk of developing mental health disorders, particularly following additional stress exposure, and that remaining with parents during immigration detention may help mitigate children's stress response.

Characteristics of Persons With Secondary Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 ≥90 days After First Detection, New Mexico 2020.

The New Mexico Department of Health (NMDOH) conducted a matched case-control study to compare 315 persons (cases) with and 945 persons (controls) without severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) secondary detection (ie, positive SARS-CoV-2 test ≥90 days after first detection as of December 10, 2020). Compared with controls, cases had greater odds of higher SARS-CoV-2 testing frequency (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.2), being female (aOR = 1.6), being non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native (aOR = 2.3), having diabetes mellitus (aOR = 1.8), and residing and/or working in detention and/or correctional facilities (aOR = 4.7). Diagnostic tools evaluating infectiousness at secondary detection are urgently needed to inform infection control practices.

A criação de institutos disciplinares: uma análise histórica / Creation of juvenile detention facilities: a historical analysis / La creación de institutos disciplinares: un análisis Histórico

Neste estudo objetivamos compreender as origens do Instituto Disciplinar de São Paulo, estabelecimento criado no início do período republicano, que atendia adolescentes ditos "delinquentes". Para isso, analisamos documentos históricos e as obras Classificação dos criminosos: introdução ao estudo do direito penal (1925) e Os menores delinquentes e o seu tratamento no Estado de São Paulo (1909), ambas de autoria de Candido Naziazeno Nogueira da Motta (1870-1942), jurista que apresentou o projeto de criação do primeiro Instituto Disciplinar do estado de São Paulo. Concluímos que a Escola Positiva de Direito Penal, exerceu grande influência na criação de Institutos Disciplinares no Brasil e que a predileção histórica do Estado brasileiro, em geral, pelo isolamento social ou aprisionamento como solução para o problema da delinquência juvenil demonstra que o ideário da higiene social ainda permanece na execução das políticas públicas voltadas aos jovens que atualmente denominamos em conflito com a lei. (AU)

This study aimed to understand the origins of Juvenile Detention Center of São Paulo, establishment created at the beginning of the republican period, which served so-called "delinquent" teenagers. For this, we analyzed historical documents and the works Classificação dos criminosos: introdução ao estudo do direito penal (1925) and Os menores delinquentes e o seu tratamento no Estado de São Paulo (1909), both by Candido Naziazeno Nogueira da Motta (1870-1942), jurist who presented the project to create the first Juvenile Detention Center in the state of São Paulo. We conclude that the Positive School of Criminal Law had a great influence on the creation of Juvenile Detention Centers in Brazil and that the historical predilection of the Brazilian State, in general, for social isolation or imprisonment as a solution to juvenile delinquency demonstrates that the ideal of social hygiene still remains in the execution of public policies aimed at young people that are currently in conflict with the law. (AU)

En este estudio se tuvo por objetivo comprender los orígenes de lo Instituto Disciplinar de São Paulo, establecimiento creado en el inicio del período republicano, que atendía adolescentes dichos "delincuentes". Para eso, analizamos documentos históricos y las obras Classificação dos criminosos: introdução ao estudo do direito penal (Clasificación de los criminales: introducción al estudio del derecho penal ) y Os menores delinquentes e o seu tratamento no Estado de São Paulo (1909), (Los menores delincuentes y su tratamiento en el Estado de São Paulo) (1925) ambas de autoría de Candido Naziazeno Nogueira da Motta (1870-1942), jurista que presentó el proyecto de creación del primer Instituto Disciplinar del estado de São Paulo. Concluimos que la Escola Positiva de Derecho Penal, ejerció gran influencia en la creación de Institutos Disciplinares en Brasil y que la predilección histórica del Estado brasileño, en general, por el aislamiento social o aprisionamiento como solución para el problema de la delincuencia juvenil apunta que el ideario de la higiene social aún permanece en la ejecución de las políticas públicas volcadas a los jóvenes que actualmente se denomina en conflicto con la ley. (AU)

Aportes interdisciplinarios a la represión política: el caso del ex Fuerte "El Morro" (1973-1985), región del Biobío, Chile / Interdisciplinary contributions to the notion of political repression: the case of the former Fort "El Morro" (1973-1985), Biobío region, Chile

Resumen Esta investigación aborda la noción de represión política que, atendiendo a su complejidad, requiere un enfoque interdisciplinario que considera, además de las disciplinas de la historia, las ciencias políticas o la psicología social, los aportes de la filosofía. Interesa precisar que la represión política tiene entre sus objetivos desintegrar la cohesión social y política, mediante la modificación del vínculo del sujeto con el mundo, entendida, en este estudio, como resonancia. Para ello, se investiga el caso del ex Fuerte "El Morro" (1973-1985), centro clandestino de detención y tortura instaurado durante la dictadura chilena cívico militar (1973-1990). Como método, se realizan estudios de caso que consideran entrevistas semiestructuradas, así como la revisión de fuentes de información histórica y de testimonios de sobrevivientes del lugar. Las fuentes secundarias son de tipo académicas, de prensa y audiovisuales. Los principales resultados destacan la noción de resonancia como un modelo que permite comprender, en los vínculos sociales, la relevancia de valores políticos.

Abstract This research addresses the notion of political repression which, considering its complexity, requires an interdisciplinary approach that considers in addition to the disciplines of history, political science or social psychology, the contributions of philosophy. In this regard, the complexity is linked to the semantic richness of the word repression that allows formulating some philosophical questions that can be answered from social psychology regarding the notion of trauma and violence, and from political science considering the concept of social control. Thus, the relationships and distinctions between repression and associated concepts are established in a multidimensional way and through mutual influences. It is interesting to specify that political repression has among its objectives, to disintegrate social and political cohesion, by modifying the subject's bond with the world, which has three dimensions: orientation or disposition to action towards and with the other, values personal, social and political and the nexus with the collective. In this study, resonance is understood as the mutual influence or co-variation between the subject and the world in each of these dimensions in a complementary or synchronous way. To this end, the case of the former Fort "El Morro" (1973-1985), located in the coastal zone of the Biobío region, and with an important historical antecedent of military occupation, which functioned as a clandestine detention and torture center, is being investigated during the Chilean civic-military dictatorship (1973-1990). As a method, case studies are carried out, which consider semi-structured interviews, the objective of which was to account for the experience of repression as a form of harm justified by State agents. Historical information sources that detail the background on the civic military coup in the Biobío region, mainly in the city of Concepción, and testimonies of survivors of the place that relate the repressive events of which they were direct witnesses were also reviewed. The secondary sources are academic, which in this study constitute the interdisciplinary theoretical contributions to support the notion of repression. The secondary press and audiovisual sources used are of a recent nature and reveal other historical antecedents that allowed the declaration of the site as a historical monument. The main results highlight the notion of resonance as a comprehensive model that allows a broad and complex visualization of social and political phenomena such as the case of repression, emphasizing the interactions between the subjects and institutions that make up a socio-political network. The main finding is linked to the concept of resonance, understood not only as an identification of the group with political ideology but as a proposal that, from the contributions of philosophy, articulates social ties with political values. In this regard, the resonance that considers the social ties sustained in political relationships, favors reconsidering subjectivity and social ties in relation to transcendental political principles that guide subjectivities towards the restitution of social and political cohesion. In this sense, resonance can be considered a fundamental notion since it illuminates the nexus between the social and the political from another perspective. In this way, it can be affirmed that a projection of this study consists of exploring political phenomena attending to historical, spatial and temporal dimensions from different disciplines, particularly highlighting the contribution of philosophy, whose questions can collaborate with the study of historical events from new prospects.

Avaliação de bacias de detenção de águas pluviais implantadas no município de São Carlos (SP), Brasil / Assessment of rainwater detention basins located in the municipality of São Carlos (SP), Brazil

RESUMO O processo de urbanização e a impermeabilização do solo provocam alterações no balanço hídrico, gerando maior percentagem de escoamento superficial, com o aumento da frequência e da magnitude de inundações. Para mitigar esses impactos, podem ser implantadas bacias de detenção (BD) que diminuem os picos de vazão. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as BD implantadas no município de São Carlos (SP), por meio de variáveis relativas a aspectos físicos, de gestão e integração urbana (posição, isolamento, conservação, uso, enchimento/ esvaziamento, processos construtivos, manutenção, custos). Para tanto, foram realizadas visitas in loco a cada uma das 26 unidades identificadas, em momentos com e sem evento de precipitação. Também foram consultados os projetos de drenagem e foram feitas entrevistas com agentes envolvidos. Como resultado, observou-se que todas as unidades previam somente a função hidrológica, que vem sendo atendida na medida em que ocorre o enchimento e posterior esvaziamento por meio de orifício de fundo em menos de 24 horas (exceto em três casos onde somente há infiltração no solo). Não há preocupação de integração com o espaço urbano nem de se encontrarem outros usos para o espaço ocupado pelas unidades. Observou-se uma tendência de falta de manutenção frequente, com crescimento excessivo de vegetação, principalmente naquelas sob gestão pública. Os custos obtidos de implantação variaram em torno de valores mencionados na literatura. Mesmo considerando que o controle hidrológico está sendo atendido, recomendam-se melhorias quanto à manutenção, bem como uma mudança de paradigma na concepção das BD, que passe a prever usos múltiplos.

ABSTRACT The accelerated urbanization process, together with a disordered occupation of the land, causes changes in the water balance, generating a greater percentage of surface runoff and increasing the frequency and magnitude of floods. As a measure to mitigate these impacts, detention basins (DB) are implemented in the urban environment to reduce the peak flow. This study aimed to evaluate the DB built in São Carlos (SP), Brazil, through established variables related to physical as well as management and urban integration aspects (position, insulation, conservation, use, filling/emptying, construction processes, maintenance, costs). For this purpose, on-site visits were made to each of the 26 identified units, with or without precipitation events. Drainage projects were also consulted and interviews were conducted with agents involved in the issue. Results showed that all units serve only a hydrological function, through the filling and subsequent emptying of stored water by means of a bottom hole in less than 24 hours (except in three cases where there is only soil infiltration). There is no concern about integration with the urban space or about finding other uses for the space occupied by the units. There is a tendency of lack of frequent maintenance, with excessive vegetation growth, especially in units under public management. The costs of implementation vary around values mentioned in the literature (between R$ 50 and R$ 25/m3). Although hydrological control is being provided, improvements in maintenance are recommended, as well as a paradigm shift in design that allows for multiple uses for DB.

Corpos trans* na medida socioeducativa de internação: desestabilizando práticas e produzindo novidades / Trans* bodies in the juvenile detention centers: destabilizing practices and producing novelties / Los cuerpos trans* en centros de encarcelamiento juvenil: prácticas desestabilizadoras y producción de novedades

O presente trabalho discute como a chegada de uma jovem trans* em uma unidade feminina de internação do Departamento Geral de Ações Socioeducativas (Degase-RJ) movimentou, produziu tensões e revelou importantes dinâmicas, práticas e discursos a respeito de gênero, sexualidade, transexualidade e direitos. Tomando como acontecimento a chegada de dessa jovem, a qual chamaremos de Estrela, procuramos identificar as forças que possibilitam e/ou dificultam a discussão de gênero no sistema socioeducativo, bem como os modos como o corpo de Estrela produz movimentos instituintes que desestabilizam certezas e verdades a respeito do gênero, do sexo e do desejo. O trabalho se desenvolveu a partir de duas pesquisas realizadas na referida unidade, ambas pautadas pelo paradigma ético/estético/político da cartografia. Buscando acompanhar alguns processos desenrolados a partir da chegada de Estrela, como a criação de um Grupo de Trabalho sobre diversidade sexual e de gênero e a produção do Regimento Interno do Degase (Decreto n. 46.525/18), discutimos como a presença da jovem demandou a criação de ações e estratégias institucionais que, não sem dificuldades e desafios, buscaram pautar a temática de gênero a partir de uma perspectiva da garantia de direitos...(AU)

This article debates how the arrival of a young transexual woman in a female juveniledetention center (Degase) in Rio de Janeiro tensioned and revealed important dynamics, practices and discourses about gender, sexuality, transexuality and rights. Taking Esrela's arrival as a starting point, we aim to identify the forces that produce and/or make difficult some discussions about gender in this context, as well as to debate the ways Estrela's body made unstable some certainties about gender, sex and desire. The discussions here come from two different researches developed in the female juvenile detention center where Estrela was, both using the cartographic method and its ethical/aesthetic/political paradigm. In order to follow some processes unrolled by Estrela's arrival, such as the creation of a group to discuss gender and sexual diversity and Degase's internal regiment, we discuss how Estrela's presence emanded actions and strategies to talk about gender from a human right's perspective, although not without difficulties and challenges...(AU)

El presente trabajo discute cómo la llegada de una joven trans* en una unidad femenina de internación del Departamento General de Acciones Socioeducativas (Degase-RJ) movió, produjo tensiones y reveló importantes dinámicas, prácticas y discursos acerca de género, sexualidad, transexualidad y derechos. Tomando como acontecimiento la llegada de esa joven, a la que llamaremos Estrela, buscamos identificar las fuerzas que posibilitan y/o dificultan la discusión de género en el sistema socioeducativo, así como los modos como el cuerpo de Estrela produce movimientos instituyentes que desestabilizan certezas y verdades sobre género, sexo y deseo. El trabajo se desarrolló a partir de dos investigaciones realizadas en la referida unidad, ambas pautadas por el paradigma etico/estético/político de la cartografía. Buscando acompañar algunos procesos desenrollados a partir de la llegada de Estrela, como la creación de un Grupo de Trabajo sobre diversidad sexual y de género y la producción del Reglamento Interno del Degase, discutimos cómo la presencia de la joven demandó la creación de acciones y estrategias institucionales que, no sin dificultades y desafíos, buscaron pautar la temática de género desde una perspectiva de la garantía de derechos...(AU)

Potencialidade de uso não potável de água de lagoa de detenção / Potencial for non-potable use of detention ponds water

RESUMO As águas de lagoas de detenção geralmente não são utilizadas produtivamente e o seu potencial é desperdiçado. Por estarem disseminadas nas cidades, a utilização dessas águas pode reduzir os custos com transporte de água, além de permitir a preservação de águas de melhor qualidade para fins mais nobres. Algumas das possíveis utilizações são na irrigação de áreas verdes; em caldeiras, torres de resfriamento e outros usos industriais; na compactação do solo; na limpeza de vias públicas; na piscicultura; em sistemas de combate a incêndio; etc. A qualidade dessas águas sofre influência de lançamentos indevidos de esgotos sanitários na rede de drenagem. O estudo foi realizado em seis lagoas de detenção e infiltração do sistema de drenagem de Natal (RN), no Nordeste brasileiro, com o objetivo de verificar as condições de uso não potável de suas águas no meio urbano. Observou-se que as águas de algumas lagoas estudadas apresentaram compatibilidade para uso em piscicultura e em torres de resfriamento, enquanto outras requerem tratamento prévio de suas águas para posterior utilização, para diminuir, principalmente, organismos patogênicos.

ABSTRACT Detention reservoirs waters are generally not used productively and their potential is wasted. By their scattered location in the cities, their use can decrease water transport costs, and also allow water to be preserved for higher quality water uses. Some of their possible uses are irrigation of green areas, use in boilers, cooling towers and other industrial uses, in soil compaction, cleaning of public areas, in pisciculture, in fire fighting systems, etc. The improper dumping of water sewage into the drainage system influences the quality of this water. The study was performed in six infiltration and detention reservoirs of the Natal drainage system, northeastern Brazil, to verify the non-potable use condition of these waters in the urban environment. It was observed that some reservoir waters were compatible to be used in pisciculture and cooling towers and others require previous treatment, to decrease, mainly, pathogenic organisms before being used.

"Salía de uno y me metí en otro 1 ": Exploring the Migration-Violence Nexus Among Central American Women.

Increasing numbers of Central American women cross the U.S.-Mexico border, prompting social service providers, advocates, and policy makers to investigate motivations and appropriate responses. Drawing from a constructivist grounded theory study and in-depth qualitative interviews, this article explores women's experiences of domestic and sexual violence in relation to migration. Findings reveal interconnections across multiple and interconnecting categories of violence as precipitating factors for migration, during border-crossing, and following arrival in the United States. This study fills gaps in our understanding of the violence-migration nexus and provides direction for policy, practice, and advocacy, in the context of shifting political landscapes and migration trends.

Pedofilia: história de vida e o retorno para a família por meio de alta progressiva / Pedophilia: life story of individuals and their return to family by means of gradual discharge / Pedofilia: historia de la vida y el retorno a la familia por medio de alta progresiva

O transtorno pedofilico faz parte do grupo das parafilias sexuais e se caracteriza pela prática de conteúdo sexual por adultos com crianças e adolescentes de até 14 anos de idade. Muitos homens que apresentam este diagnóstico estão cumprindo medida de segurança em Hospitais de Custódia por crimes sexuais contra vulneráveis, passando pela prática de desinternação gradual, chamada Alta Progressiva (AP). Este estudo objetivou investigar a história de vida e o retorno para as famílias, por meio da AP, de pacientes diagnosticados como pedófilos. O método utilizado foi o estudo de casos múltiplos e a construção dos casos foi feita pela análise das entrevistas e do prontuário dos pacientes, além de entrevistas realizadas com parentes dos mesmos. Este estudo corroborou achados da literatura, no sentido de que, nos dois casos analisados, constatou-se que um ambiente repressor e violento na infância pode estar relacionado com atos violentos quando adultos. Também foi evidenciado que o envolvimento da família no tratamento do paciente e na fase da AP mostrou-se fundamental, pois o sofrimento e a sobrecarga foram minimizados, aumentando a empatia e a interação entre eles. Essa alternativa de reabilitação psicossocial parece favorecer a reinserção no mundo fora do ambiente institucional.

Pedophilic disorder is a sexual deviation characterized when adults sexually offend children and teenagers up to the age of 14. A large number of men diagnosed with such disorder are admitted in mental prison hospitals (as they have committed sexual crimes against vulnerable people) are subject to the so-called gradual discharge. The present study aims to investigate the life story and the return to family by gradual discharge process of patients with pedophilic disorder. The method used was the study of multiple cases and investigation was carried out by analyzing patients' interviews and their medical records. This study corroborates the findings in literature, considering both cases of study, in which a repressive and violent environment in childhood may be related to violent acts in adulthood. It was also proved that family engagement with the patients' treatment, especially during gradual discharge process, is of crucial importance as it minimizes patients' suffering and their burden of misery, thus developing empathy and interaction with each other. This model of psychosocial rehabilitation seems to favor social insertion outside an institutional environment.

El trastorno pedófilo es parte del grupo de parafilias sexuales y se caracteriza por la práctica de contenido sexual para adultos con niños y adolescentes de hasta 14 años de edad. Muchos hombres con este diagnóstico están cumpliendo las medidas de seguridad en los hospitales de custodia para los crímenes sexuales contra los vulnerables, a través de la práctica de la suspensión gradual de internamiento, llamado Alta Progresista (AP). Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la historia de vida y el retorno a la familia, por medio de AP, de pacientes con trastorno de pedofilia. El método utilizado fue el estudio de caso múltiple y la construcción de los casos se realizó mediante el análisis de las entrevistas y los registros de los pacientes. Este estudio corrobora los hallazgos en la literatura, en el sentido de que, en los dos casos de estudio, un ambiente represivo y violento en la infancia puede estar relacionado con los actos de violencia en la vida adulta. También se demostró que la participación de la familia en el tratamiento del paciente y en la etapa de Alta Progresista es fundamenta, ya que el sufrimiento y la carga se reducen al mínimo mediante el aumento de la empatía y la interacción entre ellos. Esta alternativa de rehabilitación psicosocial parece alentar el retorno al mundo fuera del entorno institucional.

Consumo de medicação psicotrópica em uma prisão feminina / Consumption of psychotropic medication on a female prison / El consumo de medicamentos psicotrópicos en una prisión femenina / Consommation de médicaments psychotropes dans une prison pour femmes

Esse estudo teve por objetivo mapear o uso de medicação psicotrópica em uma prisão feminina identificando os fatores associados ao uso dessas substâncias no contexto prisional. Foi aplicado um questionário em 92 das 110 mulheres atualmente reclusas. Detectou-se que 18,47% (17 detentas) delas fazem uso de medicação psicotrópica. Após essa etapa foram realizadas seis rodas de conversa com as detentas que fazem uso de medicação psicotrópica, visando aprofundar as análises sobre o uso dessas substâncias. Os resultados apontam que 58,8% (10) das mulheres passaram a fazer uso após a entrada na prisão. Identificou-se que o cotidiano da prisão, a dificuldade de assistência médico-psiquiátrica e a ausência de visitas/contato com a família são elementos centrais para compreender o uso de medicação psicotrópica pelas detentas. Por fim, ressalta-se a importância da atuação e construção de uma psicologia política de caráter interdisciplinar e a serviço de uma sociedade mais justa.

This study aimed to map the use of psychotropic medication in a women's prison identifying the factors associated with the use of these substances in the prison context. Questionnaires were used in 92 of the 110 inmates. Afterwards, six wheel talks were made with prisoners that were using psychotropic medication in order to deepen discussions on the use of these substances. The results show that 18.47% (17) of the prisoners interviewed make use of psychotropic medication, and 58,8% (10) out of those started taking that kind of drug after being captive. Among the factors that contribute to this phenomenon, the quotidian of the prison, the difficult access to medical and psychiatric care and lack of visits /contact with the family are central to understand the use of psychotropic medication by inmates. Finally, we emphasize the importance of the performance and construction of an interdisciplinary character of political psychology and the service of a more just society.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo mapear el uso de medicación psicotrópica en una prisión de mujeres identificando los factores asociados con el uso de estas sustancias en el contexto penitenciario. Se utilizaron cuestionarios en 92 de las 110 reclusas. Después de eso, se hicieron seis ruedas de conversaciones con las mujeres que utilizaban medicación psicotrópica con el fin de profundizar las discusiones sobre el uso de estas sustancias. Los resultados muestran que el 18,47% (17) de las presas entrevistadas hacen uso de medicación psicotrópica, y el 58,8% (10) comenzaron a tomar después de su ingreso en prisión. Entre los factores que contribuyen a este fenómeno, el cotidiano de la prisión, la dificultad de médicos, psiquiátricos y la falta de visitas /contacto con la familia son fundamentales para la comprensión del uso de la medicación psicotrópica por las internas. Por último, destacamos la importancia de la actuación y la construcción de la psicología política, interdisciplinar y al servicio de una sociedad más justa.

Cette étude visait à cartographier l'utilisation des médicaments psychotropes dans la prison pour femmes à fin d'identifier les facteurs associés à l'utilisation de ces substances dans le contexte carcéral. Un questionnaire a été appliqué dans 92 des 110 femmes actuellement détenues. Il a été constaté que 18,47% (17 détenus) d'entre eux font usage de médicaments psychotropes. Après cette étape ont eu lieu six rondes de conversation avec les détenuesqui font usage de médicaments psychotropes, visant à approfondir l'analyse de l'utilisation de ces substances. Les résultats montrent que 58,8% (10) des femmes ont commencél'utilisation après l'entrée dansla prison. Il a été constaté que le quotidien de la prision, sont au cœur de la compréhension de l'utilisation de médicaments psychotropes par les détenues. Enfin, nous soulignons l'importance de la performance et la construction d'un caractère interdisciplinaire de la psychologie politique et au service d'une société plus juste.

El modelo de control de gestión migratoria francés: una extensión del sistema penal / The French model for migratory control management: an extension of the penal system

Este artículo se desprende de la tesis doctoral realizada sobre las políticas y prácticas de expulsión de migrantes en Francia. En primer lugar, se propone la expulsión de extranjeros como un dispositivo de seguridad2 que se concentrará especialmente en una parte de la población, los migrantes, catalogados como necesarios o excedente en función de los lineamientos que impone el mercado. Este dispositivo post-disciplinario se puede concebir como parte del sistema penal, conjugando con éste mecanismos y modalidades de intervención al mismo tiempo que se deslinda del peso burocrático y simbólico que éste ha adquirido. Esto se comprueba por ejemplo con la trasferencia del “publico” de un mecanismo al otro, es decir desde la prisión hacia los centros, a partir de la instauración del dispositivo de expulsión, pero también por medio de las prácticas y los innumerables puntos de contacto. Se señala asimismo el caso francés como un modelo de gestión migratoria que presenta características propias y distintivas de otras formas de gestión.(AU).

This article follows from the doctoral thesis on the policies and practices of expulsion of migrants in France. First, the expulsion of foreigners is proposed as a security dispositif24 that is especially concentrated in one part of the population: migrants, classified as necessary or surplus according to the guidelines imposed by the market. This post-disciplinary mechanism can be seen as part of the penal system, combining with it mechanisms and modalities of intervention while disclaims bureaucratic and symbolic weight that it has acquired. This is seen for example with the transfer of the "public" of a mechanism to another, from prison to the centers, since the establishment of the deportation system but also through practices and countless points of contact. The French case is also noted as a model of migration management or emblem that presents distinctive properties or characteristics from other forms of management features.(AU)

Structural Vulnerability Among Migrating Women and Children Fleeing Central America and Mexico: The Public Health Impact of "Humanitarian Parole".

Since October 2013, US Customs and Border Patrol has apprehended 15,979 families on the Southwest Border of the US. Daily, migrating women and children from Mexico and Central America that qualify for humanitarian parole are released from immigration detention to a humanitarian aid organization in Southern Arizona. After several days in detention facilities, these families arrive tired, hungry, dehydrated, and with minimal direction regarding their final destination, and adherence to the parameters of their parole. Project helping hands (PHHs) utilizes a network of volunteers to provide the women and children with food, water, clothing, hygiene products, hospitality, and legal orientation. The aim of this assessment was to document the experiences of families granted humanitarian parole through the lens of structural vulnerability. Here, we apply qualitative methods to elicit PHH lead volunteer perspectives regarding the migration experience of migrating families. Using inductive analysis, we found six major themes emerged from the qualitative data: reasons for leaving, experience on the journey, dehumanization in detention, family separation, vulnerability, and resiliency. These findings elucidate the different physical and psychological distresses that migrating families from Mexico and Central America experience before, during and after their arrival at the US-Mexico border. We posit that these distresses are a result of, or exacerbated by, structural vulnerability. Structural vulnerability has life-long health implications for a sub-population of young mothers and their children. The number of migrating families who have experienced traumatic events before and during their migration experience continues to expand and thus warrants consideration of mental health surveillance and intervention efforts for these families. More public health research is needed to better understand and combat the health challenges of this growing population.

Biomass production of the aquatic macrophytes Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) and Egeria densa (egeria) in organic fish farm effluent treatment system / Produção de biomassa das macrófitas aquáticas Eichhornia crassipes (aguapé) e Egeria densa (egeria) em sistema de tratamento de efluente de piscicultura orgânica

The objective of this research was to evaluate the production of biomass of the aquatic macrophytes water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and egeria (Egeria densa) in three hydraulic detention times in a organic pisciculture effluent treatment system. The system was composed for 18 experimental tanks of 2.00 x 1.00 x 0.65m length, width and depth respectively, coated with polypropylene canvas. An entirely randomized 2 macrophytes x 3 hydraulic detention times (HDT) and 3 repetitions. The HDT used was 4, 8, and 12 hours. The biomass production was evaluated at the end of the experiment which was extended at 08/07 to 19/08/2006. The water hyacinth showed the best results of biomass production (P0.05). For egeria the treatment that presented the best production of biomass was reached which TDH of 12 hours, being of 0.10 kg.m-2, followed for the HDT of 8 and 4 hours, not differing between the HDT (P>0.05). One concludes that the water hyacinth produced higher biomass than egeria in all of the HDT evaluated.

O presente trabalho teve por o objetivo avaliar a produção de biomassa das macrófitas aquáticas aguapé (Eichhornia crassipes) e egeria (Egeria densa) em um sistema de tratamento de efluente de piscicultura orgânica, sob 3 condições de tempo de detenção hidráulica. O sistema foi composto por 18 tanques experimentais de 2,00 x 1,00 x 0,65 m de comprimento, largura e profundidade, respectivamente, revestidos com lona de polipropileno. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com 2 macrófitas, 3 tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) e 3 repetições. Os TDH utilizados foram de 4, 8 e 12 horas. O sistema foi operado de 08/07 a 19/08/2006. A produção de biomassa foi avaliada ao final do experimento. O aguapé apresentou os melhores resultados de produção de biomassa (P0,05). Para a egeria o tratamento que apresentou a melhor produção de biomassa foi no TDH de 12 horas, sendo de 0,10 kg.m- 2, seguido pelos TDH de 8 e 4 horas, não diferindo entre os TDH (P>0,05). Concluiu-se que o aguapé produziu mais biomassa que a egeria em todos os TDH avaliados.

Biomass production of the aquatic macrophytes Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) and Egeria densa (egeria) in organic fish farm effluent treatment system / Produção de biomassa das macrófitas aquáticas Eichhornia crassipes (aguapé) e Egeria densa (egeria) em sistema de tratamento de efluente de piscicultura orgânica

The objective of this research was to evaluate the production of biomass of the aquatic macrophytes water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and egeria (Egeria densa) in three hydraulic detention times in a organic pisciculture effluent treatment system. The system was composed for 18 experimental tanks of 2.00 x 1.00 x 0.65m length, width and depth respectively, coated with polypropylene canvas. An entirely randomized 2 macrophytes x 3 hydraulic detention times (HDT) and 3 repetitions. The HDT used was 4, 8, and 12 hours. The biomass production was evaluated at the end of the experiment which was extended at 08/07 to 19/08/2006. The water hyacinth showed the best results of biomass production (P0.05). For egeria the treatment that presented the best production of biomass was reached which TDH of 12 hours, being of 0.10 kg.m-2, followed for the HDT of 8 and 4 hours, not differing between the HDT (P>0.05). One concludes that the water hyacinth produced higher biomass than egeria in all of the HDT evaluated.

O presente trabalho teve por o objetivo avaliar a produção de biomassa das macrófitas aquáticas aguapé (Eichhornia crassipes) e egeria (Egeria densa) em um sistema de tratamento de efluente de piscicultura orgânica, sob 3 condições de tempo de detenção hidráulica. O sistema foi composto por 18 tanques experimentais de 2,00 x 1,00 x 0,65 m de comprimento, largura e profundidade, respectivamente, revestidos com lona de polipropileno. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com 2 macrófitas, 3 tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH) e 3 repetições. Os TDH utilizados foram de 4, 8 e 12 horas. O sistema foi operado de 08/07 a 19/08/2006. A produção de biomassa foi avaliada ao final do experimento. O aguapé apresentou os melhores resultados de produção de biomassa (P0,05). Para a egeria o tratamento que apresentou a melhor produção de biomassa foi no TDH de 12 horas, sendo de 0,10 kg.m- 2, seguido pelos TDH de 8 e 4 horas, não diferindo entre os TDH (P>0,05). Concluiu-se que o aguapé produziu mais biomassa que a egeria em todos os TDH avaliados.