Exploring Myrciaria dubia liquid extract as a potential semen extender for breeding roosters.

The current investigation aimed to explore the effects of Myrciaria dubia liquid extract (MDLE) as the primary component of an extender for breeder rooster semen over different periods at room temperature. Fifteen breeder roosters (40 weeks of age, average body weight of 2.05±0.12) with confirmed fertility were used. Employing a factorial design (3x4), the treatments consisted of semen in natura and two semen extenders (an experimental based on MDLE and a commercial) subjected to four periods at room temperature post-collection (5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes) with four replicates (tubes) each. All variables evaluated in this study yielding significant results (p<0.05). Analyzed individually, the experimental extender based on MDLE exhibited a linear reduction (p<0.05) in motility and vigor results, while it caused an increase in pH values and percentages of sperm defects evaluated. When compared with semen in natura and commercial extender, the efficiency of MDLE as a semen extender was inferior to that observed with the commercial extender and similar to the results observed with semen in natura. Nonetheless, the experimental extender based on MDLE yielded satisfactory results for up to 15 minutes of storage time. In conclusion, MDLE can be considered as an alternative for composing a roosters' semen extender, maintaining sperm characteristics within acceptable limits for up to 15 minutes at room temperature. However, this experimental extender demonstrated lower efficiency than the commercial extender in maintaining the sperm quality at room temperature across all periods tested.

The use of sodium caseinate in the freezing of sheep semen.

The aim of this study was to assess the addition of 2% sodium caseinate in a commercial egg yolk-based medium in frozen ovine semen. Eight Dorper males were used for the study. The ejaculate was divided into two portions and frozen without (G1) or with the addition of 2% sodium caseinate (G2). Kinetic parameters were evaluated using CASA (computer-assisted sperm analysis), and membrane and acrosome integrity as well as oxidative stress were assessed using flow cytometry. After thawing, a thermoresistance test was conducted at time points T0 and T90. For the fertility test, 100 ewes were inseminated with semen from two rams selected based on in vitro parameters, one with good post-thaw quality (+70% total motility) and the other with low post-thaw quality (-55% total motility). For the fertility test, the females were divided into 4 groups for insemination: low-quality ram without caseinate (GBS = 25) and with caseinate (GBC = 25), and high-quality ram without caseinate (GAS = 25) and with caseinate (GAC = 25). Regarding the results of sperm kinetics, there was a statistically significant difference in the parameters of average path velocity (VAP) and curvilinear velocity (VCL) between the group frozen with BotuBov and the group with added caseinate. At time point T90, straight-line velocity maintained a trend (p < .06), with BotuBov® (BB group) being superior to caseinate this time, and in the linearity parameter, caseinate was superior to BotuBov®. Flow cytometry analysis showed no difference between any of the evaluated tests. In the fertility test, there was no statistically significant difference in the pregnancy rate between the BotuBOV® group (23%, 11/48) and the sodium caseinate group (BC group) (33%, 17/52), and no differences were observed in the male versus diluent interaction (p = .70). In conclusion, sodium caseinate supplementation did not influence sperm kinetic parameters and the fertility of sheep.

Use of alternative diluent ACP-Lact® and coconut water powder (ACP) in cryopreservation of goat semen and fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in half-breed goats.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate semen cryopreservation with ACP-Lact® diluent, which consists of coconut water powder (ACP) added to goat milk powder. After thawing, the samples were evaluated for sperm kinetics, membrane evaluation and in vivo insemination. For cryopreservation, a pool was made with the ejaculate of six goats, diluted in four equal aliquots for the respective treatments: T1 (ACP-Lact®); T2 (ACP-Lact® 50%); T3 (ACP + 2.5% egg yolk) and T4 (Tris + 2.5% egg yolk). After dilution of the treatments, the samples were placed in 0.5 ml straws and chilled at a rate of -1.07°C/min. After reaching 4°C and stabilizing for one hour, the straws were placed in nitrogen vapour at -60°C for 15 minutes and then immersed in liquid nitrogen (-196ºC). The straws were thawed in a 37°C water bath and kinetic assessments were performed immediately using a computerized semen analysis program (CSA), viability (EN), membrane functionality (HOST), mitochondrial activity (DAB) and DNA integrity assessment of spermatozoa. For the in vivo experiment, ten goats were inseminated, divided into two groups of five goats each, G1 inseminated with ACP-Lact® and G2 with ACP, by fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI). Regarding the kinetic parameters, the ACP-Lact® treatment showed higher progressive motility (PM) and sperm velocity than the other treatments (36.77%). In the VSL parameter the ACP-Lact diluent was superior to ACP and Tris. In viability the treatment with ACP-Lact® was superior to the treatment with Tris, 95% and 83% respectively. In FTAI two goats were born out of the 5 goats inseminated with ACP-Lact®. It was concluded that the use of ACP-Lact® for cryopreservation of caprine semen is efficient in maintaining seminal parameters during thawing in vitro and in vivo and proved to be a good alternative extender for the caprine species.

Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum in a 15-Year-Old Adolescent After Unintended Overexposure to Paint Diluent (Thinner) Fumes: First Reported Case.

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM) is the presence of air in the mediastinal interstices in the absence of any surgical or medical procedure, chest trauma, or mechanical ventilation. SPM can occur during vigorous Valsalva maneuvers, such as weight lifting, coughing fits, hyperemesis gravidarum, and so on, or during inhalation of illicit substances or toxic agents, as a result of an abrupt increase in pressure in the tracheal tree. Preexisting underlying lung disease may be a contributing factor. In the present case, we report for the first time an SPM due to accidental overexposure to paint thinner in a 15-year-old male from a low-income rural family. He was offered a job painting the inside of a house, which he accepted to earn some money for the family household. However, due to his inexperience, he overdosed on a can of paint with thinner. About 2 h after starting work, he began to feel increasingly severe chest pain and had to be rushed to the local level one basic hospital by his parents. Physical examination revealed subcutaneous emphysema over the supraclavicular area and crackles in the precordial area. Chest radiographs showed a pneumomediastinum. In retrospect, the patient denied coughing or sneezing attacks after exposure. He was transferred to a regional tertiary hospital for further diagnostic evaluation to rule out airway/esophageal perforation. Chest computed tomography confirmed underlying SPM and subcutaneous emphysema. The oesophagogram and bronchoscopy were unremarkable. SPM, possibly secondary to overexposure to thinner vapors, a hydrocarbon-based compound, was the final diagnosis. The patient was discharged asymptomatic on day 5.

Renovação de diluidor na tecnologia de sêmen de pequenos ruminantes / Extender renewal in the technology of small ruminants semen

O objetivo desta revisão foi compilar o que se tem na literatura a respeito do efeito da renovação de diluidor seminal, mediante centrifugação, na qualidade do sêmen refrigerado de caprinos e ovinos e no tempo de viabilidade seminal. Um dos primeiros estudos publicados com essa metodologia foi realizado com sêmen de cão, em 2005, por Verstegen et al., seguido por estudos em outras espécies, como a equina e suína. Nosso grupo de pesquisa desenvolveu alguns estudos com diferentes metodologias para avaliar a eficiência do método, a necessidade do uso da centrífuga refrigerada nesse processo, o uso de antioxidantes no diluidor para renovação e o tempo de renovação do diluidor em pequenos ruminantes.(AU)

The objective of this revision was to compile what exists in literature regarding the effect of seminal diluent renewal, through centrifugation, in the quality of cooled semen of goat and sheep and during seminal viability time. One of the first studies published with this methodology was performed with dog semen in 2005 by Verstegen et al., followed by studies in other species, such as equine and swine. Our research group developed some studies using different methodologies to evaluate method efficiency, the need to use a cooled centrifuge in this process, the use of antioxidants in the diluent for renewal and the diluent renewal time in small ruminants.(AU)

Uso de quercetina em meio de refrigeração de sêmen equino a base de leite em pó desnatado / Use of quercetin in equine semen cooling medium based on skimded milk poder

A biotécnica de refrigeração de sêmen equino para o trasporte de material genético está amplamente distribuida. Com a necessidade da manutenção da viabilidade espermática é indispensável a autilização e diluentes para este fim. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a adição de quercetina, que é um flavonóide antioxidante, em diluentes espermáticos altera a viabilidade dos espermatozoides equinos refrigerados. Foram avaliados cinco ejaculados de um garanhão, por meio da análise de motilidade e vigor espermático, em diferentes períodos de refrigeração em quatro meios de diluição: BotuSêmen®; BotuSêmen® adicionado de 20 µg/mL de quercetina (SIGMA®); Solução aquosa com 10% leite em pó desnatado (Molico®) ou Solução aquosa com 10% leite em pó desnatado (Molico®) adicionado de 20 µg/mL de quercetina (SIGMA®). Por meio dos resultados obtidos no presente estudo, foi possível verificar que não há diferença estatística entre a motilidade espermática de sêmen de garanhão diluído em BotuSêmen® em relação ao diluído solução aquosa com 10% leite em pó desnatado (Molico®) pelo período de refrigeração avaliado (36h).(AU)

The biotechnique of equine semen cooling for the transfer of genetic material is widely distributed. With the need to maintain sperm viability, it is indispensable to use and thinners for this purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of quercetin, which is an anti-oxidant flavonoid, in spermatic diluents alters the viability of refrigerated equine spermatozoa. Five ejaculates of a stallion were evaluated by analysis of motility and spermatic vigor in different cooling periods in four dilution media: BotuSêmen® ; BotuSêmen® added 20 µg/mL of quercetin (SIGMA® ); Aqueous solution with 10% skimmilk powder (Molico® ) or Aqueous solution with 10% skimmilk powder (Molico® ) added 20 µg/mL quercetin (SIGMA® ). Through the data obtained, it was possible to verify that there is no statistical difference between the sperm motility of diluted stallion semen in BotuSêmen® in relation to the diluted aqueous solution with 10% skimmed milk powder (Molico® ) for the evaluated refrigeration period (36h).(AU)

Trehalose addition to a Tris-fructose egg yolk extender on quality of ram sperm preserved at 0 °C

The present study investigated the effects of various concentrations of trehalose in Tris-fructose egg yolk diluent on ram semen preservation at 0 ℃. Semen was collected by artificial vagina ejaculation from six rams of proven fertility. High-quality ejaculates were diluted with 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, and 20 mM trehalose of Tris-fructose egg yolk extender and control (tris-fructose egg yolk extender without trehalose), respectively. Then, the ejaculates were diluted to a concentration of 5×108 sperm/mL, cooled to 0 ℃ for 90 min, and maintained at that temperature for twelve days. The diluted semen samples were examined, and their sperm progressive motility, membrane functionality, and acrosome integrity recorded at 0, 24, 72, 144, 216, and 288 h. Two hundred ninety-six ewes were transcervically inseminated with the 216-h control (without trehalose) or the optimal trehalose concentration group semen, and the pregnancy and lambing rates were measured. No significant differences were established in the sperm progressive motility and membrane functionality among the control and 5, 10, 15, and 20 mM groups. The sperm samples of trehalose addition groups had no significant difference in the acrosome integrity of sperm, but they were, nonetheless, significantly higher than those in the control. No significant difference was detected in the lambing and pregnancy rates between the 5 mM and control groups. These results suggest that ram sperm is capable of fertilization after cooling and preservation at 0 ℃ by the use of 5 mM trehalose for Tris-fructose egg yolk diluent. Under these conditions, ram sperm can be more effectively preserved than under other four concentrations of diluents.(AU)

Uso de quercetina em meio de refrigeração de sêmen equino a base de leite em pó desnatado / Use of quercetin in equine semen cooling medium based on skimded milk poder

A biotécnica de refrigeração de sêmen equino para o trasporte de material genético está amplamente distribuida. Com a necessidade da manutenção da viabilidade espermática é indispensável a autilização e diluentes para este fim. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a adição de quercetina, que é um flavonóide antioxidante, em diluentes espermáticos altera a viabilidade dos espermatozoides equinos refrigerados. Foram avaliados cinco ejaculados de um garanhão, por meio da análise de motilidade e vigor espermático, em diferentes períodos de refrigeração em quatro meios de diluição: BotuSêmen®; BotuSêmen® adicionado de 20 µg/mL de quercetina (SIGMA®); Solução aquosa com 10% leite em pó desnatado (Molico®) ou Solução aquosa com 10% leite em pó desnatado (Molico®) adicionado de 20 µg/mL de quercetina (SIGMA®). Por meio dos resultados obtidos no presente estudo, foi possível verificar que não há diferença estatística entre a motilidade espermática de sêmen de garanhão diluído em BotuSêmen® em relação ao diluído solução aquosa com 10% leite em pó desnatado (Molico®) pelo período de refrigeração avaliado (36h).

The biotechnique of equine semen cooling for the transfer of genetic material is widely distributed. With the need to maintain sperm viability, it is indispensable to use and thinners for this purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of quercetin, which is an anti-oxidant flavonoid, in spermatic diluents alters the viability of refrigerated equine spermatozoa. Five ejaculates of a stallion were evaluated by analysis of motility and spermatic vigor in different cooling periods in four dilution media: BotuSêmen® ; BotuSêmen® added 20 µg/mL of quercetin (SIGMA® ); Aqueous solution with 10% skimmilk powder (Molico® ) or Aqueous solution with 10% skimmilk powder (Molico® ) added 20 µg/mL quercetin (SIGMA® ). Through the data obtained, it was possible to verify that there is no statistical difference between the sperm motility of diluted stallion semen in BotuSêmen® in relation to the diluted aqueous solution with 10% skimmed milk powder (Molico® ) for the evaluated refrigeration period (36h).

Comparison of different diluents based on liposomes and egg yolk for ram semen cooling and cryopreservation.

BACKGROUND: Sperm cryopreservation is an important tool for breed improvement, nonetheless, spermatozoids of rams are extremely sensitive to cryopreservation. AIMS: The present research was to compare a liposome-based (OptiXcell: OX) diluent, a commercial TRIS-egg yolk (Optidyl: OP) and a citrate egg yolk-based (CY) diluent on ovine semen quality through the cryopreservation process. METHODS: Semen was collected from four sexually mature Dorper rams during the natural breeding season. After collection, semen was evaluated and diluted in OX, OP or CY diluent and was cooled from 37°C to 4°C for 2 h (refrigerated semen, RS), after that semen-filled straws were placed in liquid nitrogen (LN) vapour for 10 min, then immersed into LN at -196°C (cryopreserved semen, CS) and stored until evaluation. RESULTS: For fresh semen (FS), similar values (P>0.05) were obtained from the 3 diluents [motility (4.2 ± 0.3), viability (75.4 ± 3.2), hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) (59.2 ± 2.1), and normality (84.7 ± 3.5)]. The motility values were higher for RS with OX and CY (4.0 ± 0.2 and 3.6 ± 0.3, respectively) compared to OP (3.0 ± 0.21; P<0.05). The viability was reduced after refrigeration and freezing (P<0.05). Refrigerated semen viability was similar for OX (65%), CY (63%) and OP diluents (60%; P>0.05), but for frozen semen, viability was lower in the CY diluent (P<0.05). Membrane integrity (HOST) in OX (53.6 ± 1.7) was similar to that in OP (50.7 ± 1.5; P>0.05) but higher than in CY (48.7 ± 1.5; P<0.05). CONCLUSION: No difference was found between the OX diluents and those made with egg yolk in terms of sperm parameters; however, the OX diluent was more efficient in protecting the integrity of membrane in freezing/thawing semen.

Functional assessment of diluent choice for semen cryopreservation from stallions with high and low freezability

Background: Fertility using horse frozen-thawed semen remains lower than in other livestock species. This fact suggeststhat horse semen hold intrinsic sensitivity to cryoinjury that must be investigated. Moreover, there is substantial evidenceof genetic factors upon horse cryopreservation outcome. Nonetheless, diluent and cryoprotectant choice for horse semencryopreservation are under intense research. Thus these factors could be explored to identify conditions that may increasesemen viability after thawing. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of diluents Botu-Crio®,Lactose-EDTA®, andINRA-82® on cryopreserved semen from stallions with high (HFA) and low freezability (LFA).Materials, Methods & Results: Frozen-thawed semen was evaluated for motility and membrane integrity using computerassisted semen analysis (CASA), and also inferred for sperm DNA fragmentation by sperm chromatin structure assay during the thermoresistance test (TRT). Comparisons for each parameter were done in a pair-wise fashion between HFA andLFA semen at one-hour intervals during the TRT (0 h - 4 h). Sperm motility in HFA, regardless of the diluent, was larger(P < 0.05) than LFA, both on 0h and 1h. In the 2h evaluation, sperm motility using Botu-Crio® and Lactose-EDTA® wasgreater (P < 0.05) for HFA. Analysis of sperm membrane integrity was similar between HFA and LFA semen (P > 0.05)at 0 h and 3 h. Sperm DNA fragmentation was lower (P < 0.05) in HFA semen at 0 h and 1 h.Discussion: Artificial insemination in horses using frozen-thawed semen is gaining wider acceptance under commercialsettings, although its current limited outreach due to low semen viability after thawing. Therefore, several efforts weremade toward ... (AU)

Functional assessment of diluent choice for semen cryopreservation from stallions with high and low freezability

Background: Fertility using horse frozen-thawed semen remains lower than in other livestock species. This fact suggeststhat horse semen hold intrinsic sensitivity to cryoinjury that must be investigated. Moreover, there is substantial evidenceof genetic factors upon horse cryopreservation outcome. Nonetheless, diluent and cryoprotectant choice for horse semencryopreservation are under intense research. Thus these factors could be explored to identify conditions that may increasesemen viability after thawing. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of diluents Botu-Crio®,Lactose-EDTA®, andINRA-82® on cryopreserved semen from stallions with high (HFA) and low freezability (LFA).Materials, Methods & Results: Frozen-thawed semen was evaluated for motility and membrane integrity using computerassisted semen analysis (CASA), and also inferred for sperm DNA fragmentation by sperm chromatin structure assay during the thermoresistance test (TRT). Comparisons for each parameter were done in a pair-wise fashion between HFA andLFA semen at one-hour intervals during the TRT (0 h - 4 h). Sperm motility in HFA, regardless of the diluent, was larger(P 0.05)at 0 h and 3 h. Sperm DNA fragmentation was lower (P < 0.05) in HFA semen at 0 h and 1 h.Discussion: Artificial insemination in horses using frozen-thawed semen is gaining wider acceptance under commercialsettings, although its current limited outreach due to low semen viability after thawing. Therefore, several efforts weremade toward ...

Pellet Method of Semen Cryopreservation: Effect of Cryoprotectants, Semen Diluents and Chicken Lines

Abstract The present study evaluated the effect of cryoprotectants, semen diluents and chicken lines during pellet method of semen cryopreservation. Three different experiments were conducted; Experiment 1 - semen was cryopreserved using dimethylformamide (DMF) at 6% and 9% concentrations in two semen diluents (Lake and Ravie diluent and TES/NaCl diluent), Experiment 2 - semen was cryopreserved using dimethylacetamide (DMA) at 6% and 9% with or without sucrose (100mM), Experiment 3- semen from two chicken lines (PD1 and PD6) was cryopreserved using DMA (6% and 9%). Semen was evaluated pre and post cryopreservation for progressive motility, live and abnormal sperm. Semen pellets were stored in cryovials for at least seven days before examination and insemination. Thawed semen was inseminated intravaginaly to study fertility. All the parameters studied were significantly lower (p<0.05) in cryopreserved semen. DMF in Lake and Ravie diluent gave very low fertility and TES/NaCl diluent no fertile eggs. DMA as cryoprotectant gave fertility up to 9.22 %. Addition of sucrose along with DMA produced fertility similar to other cryopreservation treatment groups. No difference in in vitro semen parameters between chicken lines was observed. There is difference in cryopreservation outcome due to semen diluent and type of cryoprotectant.

Freezing of Stallion Semen: In Vitro Evaluation of Motility and Acrosin Activity in Sperm Cells Cryopreserved Using Different Semen Extenders.

The work described here aimed to verify the efficiency of different extenders for cryopreservation of equine semen using sperm motility and acrosin activity as spermatic parameters. The semen was fractioned into two equal parts and resuspended in an 11% lactose solution in a 1:1 proportion, where it remained for 20 minutes at room temperature. The semen was centrifuged at 600 g for 10 minutes, and after the second centrifugation, each pellet received the freezing extender (Merck or Zorlesco) and was loaded into 4 mL straws. Each straw was placed in liquid nitrogen vapor steam for 15 minutes and further immersion in liquid nitrogen at -196°C for long-term storage. After thawing, semen samples were initially evaluated for sperm motility, both total and progressive, and acrosin activity. Moreover, semen was incubated at 37°C and further assessed at 60 and 120 minutes in a thermoresistance test (TRT) for sperm motility and acrosin activity. Immediately after thawing, both progressive and total motility, and acrosin activity were lower (p < 0.05) in thawed semen than in fresh semen. During the TRT, total sperm motility and acrosin activity after 60 minutes were lower (p < 0.05) than those obtained after thawing. Similarly, total sperm motility and acrosin activity were lower (p < 0.05) after 120 minutes than at 60 minutes of the TRT. The analysis of motility and acrosin activity allowed the conclusion that both extenders have a similar capacity to preserve the integrity of sperm cells subject to freezing and thawing.

Comparação de diluidores comerciais na motilidade, funcionalidade e integridade da membrana plasmática do espermatozoide bovino / Comparison of commercial diluents on motility, functionality and integrity of plasma membrane of bovine spermatozoa

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o efeito de três diluidores comerciais (Tryladil®, Botu-Bov® e OptiXcell®) na qualidade do espermatozoide bovino após o processo de criogenia. Para tal, foram utilizados oito touros da raça Nelore (2 ejaculados/touro). As amostras de sêmen fresco, diluído e pós-descongelamento foram avaliadas, comparando os parâmetros de motilidade total, vigor, funcionalidade da membrana (HOST) e integridade da membrana (eosina). Os dados foram expressos em média e desvio padrão. As variáveis foram submetidas às análises de ANOVA e Tukey ou teste de Friedman e Dunn's, dependendo da normalidade (p< 0,05). Os achados mostram que no momento da diluição não houve diferença (p˃0,005) entre os diluidores comerciais nos parâmetros avaliados (exceto integridade da membrana plasmática). No entanto, no momento do pós-descongelamento os espermatozoides criopreservados utilizando-se o diluidor Tryladil® apresentaram maiores valores (p˂0,005) referentes a integridade e funcionalidade da membrana plasmática comparado aos diluídos em Botu-Bov® e OptIXcell®. Os parâmetros relacionados a cinética espermática (motilidade e vigor) não se diferiram (p˃0,005) entre os diluidores comerciais utilizados. Em conclusão, no momento pós-descongelamento o diluidor Tryladil® apresentou os melhores resultados nos parâmetros de integridade e funcionalidade da membrana plasmática. Sendo assim, recomenda-se o diluidor Tryladil® para criopreservação de sêmen de bovinos da raça Nelore.

The main of the study was to compare the quality of frozen bull semen processed with three different commercially extenders (Tryladil®, Botu-Bov® and OptiXcell®). For this, eight Nelore bulls (two ejaculate per bull). Sperm samples were analyzed fresh, diluted and frozen-thawed. The parameters analyzed were total motility, sperm vigor, functional integrity of sperm plasma membrane (HOST) and plasma membrane integrity (eosin). Date were expressed as mean and standard deviation. The variables were subjected to ANOVA (Tukey test) or Friedman (Dunn's test) test according to normality (p< 0,05). The results indicate that there was no difference (p˃0,005) among all treatments in the parameters evaluated (except plasma membrane integrity) at dilution moment. However, Tryladil extender promoted an increase (p˂0,005) in functional and integrity of sperm plasma membrane compared with others extenders at the post-thawing analyze. After thawing, there was no difference (p˃0,005) among all treatments in the kinetic parameters. In conclusion, the Tryladil® extender promoted an increase in functional and integrity of frozen-thawed sperm plasma membrane. Therefore, the Tryladil® extender is recommended to be use as an extender for Nelore bull sperm cryopreservation.

Diluentes seminais para pequenos ruminantes / Seminal extenders for small ruminants

Visando prolongar a conservação e o uso seminal, muitos diluentes vêm sendo utilizados em pequenos ruminantes, como os convencionais e os alternativos à base de substâncias vegetais, tendo como funções principais a proteção das membranas, a nutrição e a manutenção da pressão osmótica, bem como a multiplicação das doses inseminantes. Desta forma, este artigo tem como objetivo levantar os principais diluentes convencionais e alternativos utilizados na criopreservação seminal em pequenos ruminantes, a fim de maximizar seu uso e promover uma melhor qualidade espermática.(AU)

Looking to prolong preservation and seminal use, diluent muts are used in small ruminants, such as conventional ones and alternative ones based on vegetais substitions, tending as main functions to membrane protection, to nutrição e manutenção da pressão osmótica, bem as a multiplicação You give two inseminants. This way, this article aims to raise the main conventional and alternative diluents used in seminal cryopreservation, in small ruminants, in order to maximize its use and promote a better sperm quality.(AU)

Comparação de diluidores comerciais na motilidade, funcionalidade e integridade da membrana plasmática do espermatozoide bovino / Comparison of commercial diluents on motility, functionality and integrity of plasma membrane of bovine spermatozoa

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o efeito de três diluidores comerciais (Tryladil®, Botu-Bov® e OptiXcell®) na qualidade doespermatozoide bovino após o processo de criogenia. Para tal, foram utilizados oito touros da raça Nelore (2 ejaculados/touro).As amostras de sêmen fresco, diluído e pós-descongelamento foram avaliadas, comparando os parâmetros de motilidade total,vigor, funcionalidade da membrana (HOST) e integridade da membrana (eosina). Os dados foram expressos em média e desviopadrão. As variáveis foram submetidas às análises de ANOVA e Tukey ou teste de Friedman e Dunns, dependendo da normalidade(p 0,05). Os achados mostram que no momento da diluição não houve diferença (p0,005) entre os diluidores comerciais nosparâmetros avaliados (exceto integridade da membrana plasmática). No entanto, no momento do pós-descongelamento osespermatozoides criopreservados utilizando-se o diluidor Tryladil® apresentaram maiores valores (p0,005) referentes a integridade efuncionalidade da membrana plasmática comparado aos diluídos em Botu-Bov® e OptIXcell®. Os parâmetros relacionados a cinéticaespermática (motilidade e vigor) não se diferiram (p0,005) entre os diluidores comerciais utilizados. Em conclusão, no momentopós-descongelamento o diluidor Tryladil® apresentou os melhores resultados nos parâmetros de integridade e funcionalidade damembrana plasmática. Sendo assim, recome

The main of the study was to compare the quality of frozen bull semen processed with three different commercially extenders (Tryladil®, Botu-Bov® and OptiXcell®). For this, eight Nelore bulls (two ejaculate per bull). Sperm samples were analyzed fresh, diluted and frozen-thawed. The parameters analyzed were total motility, sperm vigor, functional integrity of sperm plasma membrane (HOST) and plasma membrane integrity (eosin). Date were expressed as mean and standard deviation. The variables were subjected to ANOVA (Tukey test) or Friedman (Dunns test) test according to normality (p< 0,05). The results indicate that there was no difference (p˃0,005) among all treatments in the parameters evaluated (except plasma membrane integrity) at dilution moment. However, Tryladil extender promoted an increase (p˂0,005) in functional and integrity of sperm plasma membrane compared with others extenders at the post-thawing analyze. After thawing, there was no difference (p˃0,005) among all treatments in the kinetic parameters. In conclusion, the Tryladil® extender promoted an increase in functional and integrity of frozen-thawed sperm plasma membrane. Therefore, the Tryladil® extender is recommended to be use as an extender for Nelore bull sperm cryopreservation.(AU)

Diluentes seminais para pequenos ruminantes / Seminal extenders for small ruminants

Visando prolongar a conservação e o uso seminal, muitos diluentes vêm sendo utilizados em pequenos ruminantes, como os convencionais e os alternativos à base de substâncias vegetais, tendo como funções principais a proteção das membranas, a nutrição e a manutenção da pressão osmótica, bem como a multiplicação das doses inseminantes. Desta forma, este artigo tem como objetivo levantar os principais diluentes convencionais e alternativos utilizados na criopreservação seminal em pequenos ruminantes, a fim de maximizar seu uso e promover uma melhor qualidade espermática.

Looking to prolong preservation and seminal use, diluent muts are used in small ruminants, such as conventional ones and alternative ones based on vegetais substitions, tending as main functions to membrane protection, to nutrição e manutenção da pressão osmótica, bem as a multiplicação You give two inseminants. This way, this article aims to raise the main conventional and alternative diluents used in seminal cryopreservation, in small ruminants, in order to maximize its use and promote a better sperm quality.

Influence of polyvinylpyrrolidone, microcrystalline cellulose and colloidal silicon dioxide on technological characteristics of a high-dose Petiveria alliacea tablet.

PURPOSE: Petiveria alliacea L. (Phytolaccaceae) is a perennial shrub used by its immunomodulatory, anticancerogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. This study determined the influence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), colloidal silicon dioxide (CSD) and microcrystalline cellulose (MC) on the technological characteristic of a high-dose P. alliacea tablet prepared by the wet granulation method. METHODOLOGY: The botanical and pharmacognostic analysis of the plant material was firstly performed, followed by a 23 factorial design considering three factors at two levels: (a) the binder (PVP) incorporated in formulation at 10% and 15% (w/w); (b) the compacting agent (CSD) added at 10% and 15% (w/w) and; (c) the diluent (MC) included at 7.33% and 12.46% (w/w). The analysis of pharmaceutical performance and the accelerated and long-term stability of the best prototype were also completed. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: The binder, compacting agent and the interaction binder/diluent had a significant impact on breaking force of high-dose P. alliacea tablet. The optimum formula was found to contain 15% (w/w) of CSD, 7.33% (w/w) of MC and 10% (w/w) of PVP. At these conditions, the tablet shows a breaking force of 77.96 N, a friability of 0.39%, a total phenol content of 1.30 mg/tablet and a maximum disintegration time of 6 min. CONCLUSIONS: The use of adequate amounts of PVP, MC and CSD as per the factorial design allowed the preparation of a tablet suitable for administration, despite the inappropriate flow and compressibility properties of the P. alliacea powder.

Motilidade, vigor e qualidade acrossomal do sêmen descongelado de varrão em diferentes diluentes / Boar semen motility, vigour and acrosomal quality in diferents extender after thawing

Objetivou-se determinar um diluente que proporcionasse uma boa manutenção da viabilidade do sêmen do varrão, após descongelação. Foram utilizados os seguintes diluentes: Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS), BTS + ácido 3-indol a cético(IAA)E Androhep (ADHP). Os 24 ejaculados foram analisados in natura e após diluição, quanto ao vigor, motilidade espermática e integridade do acrossoma. Em seguida, foi retirado de cada ejaculado um total de 10,2 x109 espermatozoides, que foram repartidos igualmente entre os diferentes tratamentos experimentais. Os ejaculados foram diluídos em partes iguais (1:1) a 30oC, permanecendo incubados por 2 horas, antes de iniciar a curva de congelação. Posteriormente, o sêmen foi envazado em palhetas de 0,5 mL, em uma concentração de 112 x10 6sptz/mL, submetidos a vapor de nitrogênio por quatro minutos, em seguida, mergulhado no nitrogênio líquido (-196 oC). As amostras foram descongeladas em banho-maria à temperatura de (37ºC/30s), em seguida, o conteúdo foi ressuspenso nos diferentes diluentes (1:5). As amostras foram avaliadas quantosàs mesmas características do sêmen in natura. Na análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes de Mann-Whitney, com intervalo de confiança de 5%. O diluente BTS apresentou motilidade e vigorespermático melhores, em relação aquele contendo ADPH, em 5 minutos de incubação; porém, não houve diferenças significativas sobre as mesmas avaliações, quando os tratamentos foram incubados por 1 hora. A integridade acrossomal do diluente ADPH proporcionou maior número de espermatozoides íntegros (p<0,05), em relação aos demais tratamentos. Um diluente que favoreça a conservação de uma melhor qualidade espermática após descongelação ainda precisa ser desenvolvido.(AU)

The objective of this study was to determine a diluent that would provide good maintenance of the boar's semen viability after thawing. The following diluents were used: Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS), BTS + 3-indole acetic acid (IAA) and Androhep (ADHP). The 24 ejaculates were analyzed in natura and after dilution, regarding sperm vigor and motility and acrosome integrity. Then, a total of 10,2x109 spermatozoa were removed from each ejaculate, which were equally distributed among the different experimental treatments. The ejaculates were diluted in equal parts (1:1) at 30 oC and incubated for 2 hours before starting the freezing curve. Subsequently the semen was packed in 0,5 mL vats, at a concentration of 112 x106spermatozoa/mL, submitted to nitrogen vapor for 4 minutes and then immersed in liquid nitrogen (-196oC). Samples were thawed in a water bath at (37 °C/30s), then the contents were resuspended in the different diluents (1:5). The samples were evaluated as many as the same characteristics of semen in natura. In the statistical analysis, the Mann-Whitney tests were used, with a confidence interval of 5%. The BTS diluent had better sperm motility and vigor compared to ADPH in 5 minutes of incubation, but there were no significant differences on the same evaluations when the treatments were incubated for 1 hour. The acrosomal integrity of the ADPH diluent provided a higher number of intact spermatozoa (p<0.05) in relation to the other treatments. A extender that favors the conservation of a better sperm quality after thawing, still needs to be developed.(AU)

Motilidade, vigor e qualidade acrossomal do sêmen descongelado de varrão em diferentes diluentes / Boar semen motility, vigour and acrosomal quality in diferents extender after thawing

Objetivou-se determinar um diluente que proporcionasse uma boa manutenção da viabilidade do sêmen do varrão, após descongelação. Foram utilizados os seguintes diluentes: Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS), BTS + ácido 3-indol a cético(IAA)E Androhep (ADHP). Os 24 ejaculados foram analisados in natura e após diluição, quanto ao vigor, motilidade espermática e integridade do acrossoma. Em seguida, foi retirado de cada ejaculado um total de 10,2 x109 espermatozoides, que foram repartidos igualmente entre os diferentes tratamentos experimentais. Os ejaculados foram diluídos em partes iguais (1:1) a 30oC, permanecendo incubados por 2 horas, antes de iniciar a curva de congelação. Posteriormente, o sêmen foi envazado em palhetas de 0,5 mL, em uma concentração de 112 x10 6sptz/mL, submetidos a vapor de nitrogênio por quatro minutos, em seguida, mergulhado no nitrogênio líquido (-196 oC). As amostras foram descongeladas em banho-maria à temperatura de (37ºC/30s), em seguida, o conteúdo foi ressuspenso nos diferentes diluentes (1:5). As amostras foram avaliadas quantosàs mesmas características do sêmen in natura. Na análise estatística, foram utilizados os testes de Mann-Whitney, com intervalo de confiança de 5%. O diluente BTS apresentou motilidade e vigorespermático melhores, em relação aquele contendo ADPH, em 5 minutos de incubação; porém, não houve diferenças significativas sobre as mesmas avaliações, quando os tratamentos foram incubados por 1 hora. A integridade acrossomal do diluente ADPH proporcionou maior número de espermatozoides íntegros (p<0,05), em relação aos demais tratamentos. Um diluente que favoreça a conservação de uma melhor qualidade espermática após descongelação ainda precisa ser desenvolvido.

The objective of this study was to determine a diluent that would provide good maintenance of the boar's semen viability after thawing. The following diluents were used: Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS), BTS + 3-indole acetic acid (IAA) and Androhep (ADHP). The 24 ejaculates were analyzed in natura and after dilution, regarding sperm vigor and motility and acrosome integrity. Then, a total of 10,2x109 spermatozoa were removed from each ejaculate, which were equally distributed among the different experimental treatments. The ejaculates were diluted in equal parts (1:1) at 30 oC and incubated for 2 hours before starting the freezing curve. Subsequently the semen was packed in 0,5 mL vats, at a concentration of 112 x106spermatozoa/mL, submitted to nitrogen vapor for 4 minutes and then immersed in liquid nitrogen (-196oC). Samples were thawed in a water bath at (37 °C/30s), then the contents were resuspended in the different diluents (1:5). The samples were evaluated as many as the same characteristics of semen in natura. In the statistical analysis, the Mann-Whitney tests were used, with a confidence interval of 5%. The BTS diluent had better sperm motility and vigor compared to ADPH in 5 minutes of incubation, but there were no significant differences on the same evaluations when the treatments were incubated for 1 hour. The acrosomal integrity of the ADPH diluent provided a higher number of intact spermatozoa (p<0.05) in relation to the other treatments. A extender that favors the conservation of a better sperm quality after thawing, still needs to be developed.