Impact of the number of players on the emergence of creative movements in small-sided soccer games: a systematic review emphasizing deliberate practice.

Introduction: Creativity is a recognized quality in various areas, including sports. Within the training processes, various modifications to objectives, game configurations, rules, among other factors, can be considered to favor creative solutions to the tactical problems inherent to soccer. This systematic review aimed to identify the impact of the number of players on the emergence of creative movements in small-sided soccer games, emphasizing deliberate practice. Methods: A systematic review of Scopus, PubMed, Scielo, PsycInfo, SportDiscus and Lilacs databases was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Eligibility criteria were defined based on the elements of population, context and concept. Only full articles published in scientific journals written in English were included. No period restriction was applied. Results: Five papers were included and the results of studies indicate greater number of actions, variability, and creativity in small-sided games compared to formal soccer matches. When comparing different small-sided game formats, 5 v 5 showed higher values in terms of total number of actions compared to 7 v 7, and the absolute number of original and creative actions tended to decrease as the game format increased. Imbalanced small-sided games format can promote increased exploratory behavior. Structural manipulation in goal positioning in 5 v 5 games may also influence the originality of tactical behaviors, while the use of different ball types in 4 v 4 games appears to decrease fluency values. In 6 v 6 games, fluency and versatility are negatively impacted. Conclusion: Reduced game formats with fewer players and in smaller field dimensions provide more suggestive environment for exploratory behavior, variability and original and creative actions. The protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF) on 2 December 2022 (DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/VN6YZ). Systematic review registration: [https://osf.io/jmf4k/].

Semantic Memory and Creativity: The Costs and Benefits of Semantic Memory Structure in Generating Original Ideas.

Despite its theoretical importance, little is known about how semantic memory structure facilitates and constrains creative idea production. We examine whether the semantic richness of a concept has both benefits and costs to creative idea production. Specifically, we tested whether cue set-size-an index of semantic richness reflecting the average number of elements associated with a given concept-impacts the quantity (fluency) and quality (originality) of responses generated during the alternate uses task (AUT). Across four studies, we show that low-association, sparse, AUT cues benefit originality at the cost of fluency compared to high-association, rich, AUT cues. Furthermore, we found an interaction with individual differences in fluid intelligence in the low-association AUT cues, suggesting that constraints of sparse semantic knowledge can be overcome with top-down intervention. The findings indicate that semantic richness differentially impacts the quality and quantity of generated ideas, and that cognitive control processes can facilitate idea production when conceptual knowledge is limited.

Metacognitive Feelings as a Source of Information for the Creative Process: A Conceptual Exploration.

Philosophers and psychologists have debated the wisdom of using feelings as a source of information when making decisions. While not trying to solve this debate, a complementary approach is to examine how metacognitive feelings are used when generating, evaluating, and selecting ideas to solve creative problems and whether their use leads to accurate idea evaluation and selection. Hence, this conceptual article aims to explore how metacognitive feelings are used to evaluate and select creative ideas. Interestingly, while metacognitive feelings come from the perceived ease or difficulty of generating solutions to creative problems, these feelings also inform the decision to continue generating ideas or stop. Metacognitive feelings are then an integral part of the creative process of generating, evaluating, and selecting ideas. The present article briefly reviews the history of metacognitive feelings as examined in metamemory, meta-reasoning, and judgment formation in social psychology, before discussing their implications and potential for understanding the creative process. The article ends by positing directions for future research.

Gender Differences in Creativity: A Systematic Literature Review / Diferenças de Gênero na Criatividade: Revisão Sistemática de Literatura

Abstract In order to understand trends reported in research carried out about gender differences in creativity, a systematic review of the scientific literature on the electronic databases Scielo, Pepsic, CAPES Periodicals, Academic Search Premier, Academic Search Elite, Redalyc, and MEDLINE Complete was held. The 133 publications analysis showed that the articles were published between 1975 and 2020, most of them of international origin (82.71%). Most studies reported gender differences, with 45.20% in favor of women. Another 23.28% in favor of men, and 31.50%, oscillating according to the content evaluated. There was no consensus on the issue since inconsistent results were found, sometimes indicating the predominance of better results achieved by women, sometimes by men, in the same measures. This finding reinforces the importance that studies of this nature consider the influence of other factors, such as attitudes, motivation, opportunities, and the type of measure used to establish more accurate results.

Resumo Para compreender as tendências relatadas nas pesquisas realizadas sobre diferenças de gênero na criatividade, uma revisão sistemática da literatura científica foi feita nas bases eletrônicas Scielo, Pepsic, Periódicos CAPES, Academic Search Premier, Academic Search Elite, Redalyc e MEDLINE Complete. A análise de 133 publicações mostrou que os artigos foram publicados entre os anos de 1975 e 2020, predominantemente de origem internacional (82,71%). A maioria dos estudos relatou diferenças de gênero, sendo 45,20% a favor das mulheres, 23,28% a favor dos homens e 31,50% oscilando de acordo com o conteúdo avaliado. Não houve consenso sobre a questão, uma vez que foram encontrados resultados incoerentes, ora indicando a predominância de melhores resultados alcançados pelas mulheres, ora pelos homens, nas mesmas medidas. Esse achado reforça a importância de que os estudos dessa natureza considerem a influência de outros fatores, como atitudes, motivação, oportunidades e tipo de medida utilizada para estabelecer resultados mais precisos.

Investigation of the relationship between the theory of mind and creative thinking skills of children in rural area / Investigação da relação entre a teoria da mente e as habilidades de pensamento criativo de crianças na área rural

The aim of this study, accordingly, is to determine the relation between creativity and theory of mind skills of children aged 5-11 (Ns:117) who continue Primary Education in rural areas and to reveal the relation between the sub-dimensions of these abilities. At the end of the study, it was found that there was a significant and positive relation between the total creativity score and the sub-dimensions of theory of mind. It was found that there was a significant and positive relation between all sub-dimensions of creativity and theory of mind. The total creativity score and the scores of the sub-dimensions of creativity (fluency, originality, and elaboration) were significant but weak predictors of theory of mind tasks.

O objetivo deste estudo é determinar a relação entre criatividade e a teoria das habilidades mentais em crianças de 5 a 11 anos (Ns: 117) que continuam cursando o ensino fundamental em áreas rurais e revelar a relação entre as subdimensões dessas habilidades. No final do estudo, verificou-se que havia uma relação significativa e positiva entre o escore total de criatividade e as subdimensões da teoria da mente dessas crianças. Verificou-se também que havia uma relação significativa e positiva entre todas as subdimensões da criatividade e da teoria da mente. O escore total de criatividade e os escores das subdimensões da criatividade (fluência, originalidade e enriquecimento) foram preditores significativos, porém fracos, das tarefas da teoria da mente.

Funciones ejecutivas en niños escolarizados con alta y baja creatividad / Executive functions in School-aged Children with high and low Creativity

Resumen Objetivo: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar el perfil de funcionamiento ejecutivo característico en niños creativos. Método: Participaron 200 niños y niñas escolarizados de la provincia de Entre Ríos, República Argentina, seleccionados por medio de un muestreo intencional. La creatividad se evaluó por medio de la prueba de figuras del Test de Pensamiento Creativo de Torrance (TTCT), Forma A y la prueba verbal CREA C, inteligencia creativa. Como medida de las Funciones Ejecutivas (FE), se emplearon diferentes pruebas para valorar cada dominio: (1) subtest de memoria de trabajo del WISC IV; (2) Stroop, test de colores y palabras, para inhibición; (3) WCST computarizado, para flexibilidad cognitiva reactiva y Fluidez verbal y Five Point Test para fluidez cognitiva espontánea, y (4) Laberintos de Porteus para valorar la planificación. Para estudiar perfiles de funcionamiento ejecutivo se realizaron MANCOVAS ingresando la inteligencia como covariable. Resultados: Los resultados del presente estudio sugieren la existencia de un perfil de FE en niños creativos en función de su desempeño en la prueba de figuras del TTCT (F de Hotelling (7, 90) = 3.404; p = .003, η2 parcial = .21) y del CREA C (F de Hotelling (7, 98) = 8.831; p < .001, η2 parcial = .39). Conclusión: Los hallazgos del presente estudio muestran que los niños con mayor creatividad, tanto en tareas de dibujo como en tareas verbales, presentan un perfil de FE caracterizado por una mayor capacidad de memoria de trabajo, inhibición y flexibilidad cognitiva espontánea. Sin embargo, parecería que la naturaleza de la tarea es un factor que podría modular la contribución de los procesos cognitivos de alto orden al potencial creativo.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the executive functioning profile, characteristic in creative children. Method: The participants were 200 school children from the province of Entre Ríos, Argentina, selected through intentional sampling. Creativity was assessed using the figure test of Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT), Form A and the CREA C verbal test, creative intelligence. To measure executive functions (EF), different tests were used to assess each domain: (1) WISC IV Working Memory Subtest; (2) Stroop Color and Word Test for inhibition; (3) computerized WCST for reactive cognitive flexibility and verbal fluency, the Five Point Test for spontaneous cognitive fluency, and finally; (4) Porteus Maze test to assess planning. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVAS) was performed to study executive functioning profiles, entering intelligence as a covariate. Results: The study results suggest the existence of an EF profile in creative children based on their performance in the TTCT figure test (Hotelling's F (7, 90) = 3.404, p = .003, η2 partial = 0.21) and from CREA C (Hotelling's F (7, 98) = 8.831; p < 0.001, η2 partial = 0.39). Conclusions: The findings of this study show that children with greater creativity, both in drawing and verbal tasks, show an EF profile characterized by a greater capacity for working memory, inhibition, and spontaneous cognitive flexibility. However, due to the task's nature, the high-order cognitive processes could contribute in a greater or lesser extent to creative potential.

A criatividade pode ser medida? Reflexões sobre métodos utilizados e questões envolvidas / Can creativity be measured? Reflections on methods used and issues involved / ¿Se puede medir la creatividad? Reflexiones sobre métodos utilizados y cuestiones implicadas

A investigação da criatividade vem sendo, historicamente, marcada por questionamentos acerca da possibilidade de sua medida. Com o objetivo de discutir questões referentes à avaliação desse construto, seus benefícios, métodos mais comumente utilizados (formal, informal, qualitativo, quantitativo, objetivo e subjetivo), aspectos envolvidos (cognitivos, conativos, emocionais, ambientais, performance criativa) e instrumentos disponíveis no Brasil, o texto foi elaborado. Traz ainda algumas recomendações para a área. Apresenta argumentos que defendem a possibilidade de avaliar a criatividade de forma válida e precisa, por meio de diferentes métodos e técnicas, a fim de que seus vários componentes possam ser abrangidos, concluindo acerca da necessidade de que a avaliação seja vista como um processo, sujeito a influência dos padrões e valores culturais

The investigation of creativity has been, historically, marked by questions about the possibility of its measurement. This paper was elaborated in order to discuss issues related to the evaluation of this construct, its benefits, methods (formal, informal, qualitative, quantitative, objective and subjective), and aspects involved (cognitive, conative, emotional, environmental, creative performance). The manuscript still brings some recommendations for the area. It presents arguments that support the possibility of creativity assessment in a valid and precise way, through different methods and techniques, so that its various components can be covered, concluding about the need for evaluation to be seen as a process, subject to the influence of cultural standards and values

La investigación de la creatividad viene siendo históricamente marcada por cuestionamientos acerca de la posibilidad de su medida. Con el objetivo de discutir cuestiones referentes a la evaluación de ese constructo, sus beneficios, métodos más comúnmente utilizados (formal, informal, cualitativo, cuantitativo, objetivo y subjetivo), aspectos involucrados (cognitivos, conativos, emocionales, ambientales, desempeño creativo) e instrumentos disponibles en Brasil, el texto todavía trae algunas recomendaciones para el área. Se presentan argumentos que defienden la posibilidad de evaluar la creatividad de forma válida y precisa, por medio de diferentes métodos y técnicas, a fin de que sus diversos componentes puedan ser cubiertos, concluyendo acerca de la necesidad de que la evaluación sea vista como un proceso, sujeto la influencia de los patrones y valores culturales

Interações entre memória operacional e criatividade: revisão sistemática / Interactions between working memory and creativity: a systematic review / Las interacciones en tre la memoria operativa y la creatividad: una revisión sistemática

A criatividade e a memória operacional são marcadores de sucesso acadêmico e profissional. Paradoxalmente, estudos correlacionais nem sempre encontram associações entre esses constructos, algumas pesquisas evidenciam associações positivas entre os mesmos, e outras, associações negativas. Provavelmente, os achados contraditórios decorrem de parâmetros distintos, sendo importante identificá-los para uma compreensão mais coerente de tais relações. Assim, esta revisão sistemática de literatura teve como objetivo responder às questões: "Qual a relação entre memória operacional e criatividade? Processos mnemônicos de atualização e de recordação serial interferem igualmente na produção de pensamento convergente ou divergente?" Para tanto, um levantamento com descritores específicos gerou 384 artigos encontrados nas bases de dados da Scopus, Web of Science e Pubmed, dos quais, foram seleciona dos 15 estudos. Apesar da variabilidade metodológica apresentada entre os estudos selecionados, os resultados encontrados sugerem associações entre memória operacional e criatividade, que se explicam pelos processos atencionais, inibitórios, analíticos e motivacionais envolvidos. A revisão sistemática desses estudos permitiu concluir que as características das tarefas experimentais para estudo da criatividade e de memória operacional utilizadas podem influenciar nos resultados obtidos de tal associação. Depreende-se, também, que a sobrecarga de memória operacional pode prejudicar o desempenho criativo.

Creativity and working memory are academic and professional success markers. Paradoxically, correlational studies do not always find associations between these constructs; some studies show positive associations between them and others show negative associations. Probably, the contradictory findings arise from different parameters, because of that it is important to identify them in order have a more coherent understanding of this relationship. Thus, this systematic literature review aimed to answer the questions: "What is the relationship between working memory and creativity? Do update and serial recall mnemonic processes also interfere in the production of convergent or divergent thinking?" For this purpose, a survey of specific descriptors generated 384 articles found in Scopus, Web of Science and Pubmed databases, from which fifteen studies were selected. Despite the methodological variability between the selected studies, the results found suggest associations between working memory and creativity, which are explained by the attentional, inhibitory, analytical and motivational processes involved. A systematic review of these studies concluded that the characteristics of experimental tasks to study creativity and working memory used can influence the results of this association. It is also possible to infer that working memory overload can impair creative performance.

La creatividad y la memoria operativa son marcadores académicos y profesionales de éxito. Paradójicamente, los estudios de correlación no siempre encuentran asociaciones entre estos constructos; algunos estudios muestran asociaciones positivas entre ellos y otros muestran asociaciones negativas. Probablemente los hallazgos contradictorios surgen de diferentes parámetros, por lo que es importante estabelecer una comprensión más coherente de tales relaciones. Por lo tanto, esta revisión sistemática de la literatura tiene como objetivo responder a las preguntas: "¿Cuál es la relación entre la memoria operativa y la creatividad? Los processos de actualizaciónmnem ónica y recuerdo serial afectan también la producción de pensamiento convergente o divergente?" Con este fin, una encuesta de descriptores específicos genera 384 artículos que se encuentran en las bases de datos Scopus, Web de Ciencia y Pubmed, de los cuales se seleccionaron 15 e studios. A pesar de la variabilidad metodológica presentada entre los estudios elegidos, los resultados sugieren una asociaciones entre la memoria operativa y la creatividad, de atención, inhibitorios, de análisis y de motivación en cuestión. La revisión sistemática de estos estudios concluyó que las características de las tareas experimentales para el estudio de la creatividad y la memoria operativa utilizadas pueden influir en los resultados de una asociación de este tipo. De ello se deduce, también, que la sobrecarga de memoria operativapuede dañar el rendimiento creativo.

Frontal lobe neurology and the creative mind.

Concepts from cognitive neuroscience strongly suggest that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a crucial role in the cognitive functions necessary for creative thinking. Functional imaging studies have repeatedly demonstrated the involvement of PFC in creativity tasks. Patient studies have demonstrated that frontal damage due to focal lesions or neurodegenerative diseases are associated with impairments in various creativity tasks. However, against all odds, a series of clinical observations has reported the facilitation of artistic production in patients with neurodegenerative diseases affecting PFC, such as frontotemporal dementia (FTD). An exacerbation of creativity in frontal diseases would challenge neuroimaging findings in controls and patients, as well as the theoretical role of prefrontal functions in creativity processes. To explore this paradox, we reported the history of a FTD patient who exhibited the emergence of visual artistic productions during the course of the disease. The patient produced a large amount of drawings, which have been evaluated by a group of professional artists who were blind to the diagnosis. We also reviewed the published clinical cases reporting a change in the artistic abilities in patients with neurological diseases. We attempted to reconcile these clinical observations to previous experimental findings by addressing several questions raised by our review. For instance, to what extent can the cognitive, conative, and affective changes following frontal damage explain changes in artistic abilities? Does artistic exacerbation truly reflect increased creative capacities? These considerations could help to clarify the place of creativity-as it has been defined and explored by cognitive neuroscience-in artistic creation and may provide leads for future lesion studies.

Estilos de pensar e criar em universitários das áreas de humanas e sociais aplicadas: diferenças por gênero e curso / Thinking and creating styles in students of Humanities and Social Sciences Applied areas: differences by gender and course / Estilos de pensamiento y crear en los estudiantes de las areas humanas y ciencias sociales aplicadas: diferencias por género y curso

A avaliação dos estilos de pensar e criar pode apresentar informações importantes sobre a preferência dos indivíduos e seu comportamento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os estilos de pensar e criar de universitários, de acordo com o curso de origem e gênero. A amostra foi composta por 439 estudantes (79 homens, 360 mulheres) dos cursos de Administração e Psicologia, com idades entre 18 e 55 anos. A escala "estilos de pensar e criar" de Wechsler foi administrada coletivamente, e os resultados da análise da variância indicaram que as variáveis gênero e curso não tiveram influência significativa nos estilos, mas somente a interação destas em relação ao estilo relacional-divergente. Os dados apontam a necessidade de mais estudos sobre os estilos de pensar e criar, envolvendo estudantes de outros cursos, para obtenção de conhecimento a respeito das preferências cognitivas e comportamentais dos universitários brasileiros.

The assessment of styles of thinking and creating can provide important information about the preferences of individuals and their behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate styles of thinking and creating on undergraduate students according course of origin and gender. The sample was compounded by 439 students (79 men and 360 women) studying Administration and Psychology courses, ages between 18 and 55. The scale "Styles of Thinking and Creating" of Wechsler was administered collectively. The results of Analysis of Variance indicated that the variables gender and course didn't have a significant influence on the styles, only the interaction between these variables in relation to the relational-divergent style. The findings indicate the need for further studies on the styles of thinking and creating involving more students to obtain knowledge about the cognitive preferences and behavior preferences of Brazilian undergradutates.

La evaluación de los estilos de pensar y de crear puede tener importantes informaciones acerca de las preferencias de los individuos y su comportamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los estilos de pensar y crear de los estudiantes de la universidad de acuerdo con el curso y género. La muestra fue compuesta por 439 estudiantes de Administración de Empresas y Psicología (79 hombres, 360 mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 55. La escala de "estilos de pensamiento y crear" de Wechsler fue administrada colectivamente. Los resultados de las análisis de varianza denotaran que las variables gênero y curso no tuvieran influencia significativa en los estilos, sólo la interacción de estos en relación con el estilo relacional-divergente. Estos resultados demuestran la necesidad de nuevos estudios sobre los estilos de pensar y crear envolviendo estudiantes de otros cursos para obtener conocimientos sobre las preferencias cognitivas y de comportamiento de los Estudiantes universitarios brasilenos.