The impact of a breast cancer diagnosis on marital outcomes and factors associated with divorce and separation.

Objective: To analyze marital outcomes, divorce or separation, and its association with demographic, socioeconomic, and clinicopathological factors among breast cancer (BC) survivors after 2-years of diagnosis. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of marital status at baseline and at years 1 and 2 of follow-up of women aged ≥ 18 years diagnosed with invasive BC participating in the AMAZONA III (GBECAM0115) study. The BC diagnosis occurred between January 2016 and March 2018 at 23 institutions in Brazil. Results: Of the 2974 women enrolled in AMAZONA III, 599 were married or living under common law at baseline. Divorce or separation occurred in 35 (5.8%) patients at 2 years of follow-up. In the multivariate analysis, public health insurance coverage was associated with a higher risk of marital status change (8.25% vs. 2.79%, RR 3.09, 95% CI 1.39 - 7.03, p = 0.007). Women who underwent mastectomy, adenomastectomy or skin-sparing mastectomy were associated with a higher risk of divorce or separation (8.1% vs. 4.49%, RR 1.97, 95 CI 1.04 - 3.72, p = 0.0366) than those who underwent breast-conserving surgery. Conclusion: Women covered by the public health system and those who underwent mastectomy, adenomastectomy or skin-sparing mastectomy were associated with a higher risk of divorce or separation. This evidence further supports the idea that long-term marital stability is associated with a complex interplay between socioeconomic conditions and stressors, such as BC diagnosis and treatment. ClinicalTrials Registration: NCT02663973.

An attachment-based pilot program to promote adolescent adjustment to parental divorce.

The study aimed to assess the impact of an attachment-based intervention on adolescent adaptation to parental divorce. The Adolescent Adjustment Pilot Program to Parental Divorce (AAPPD) employed an experimental group format, targeting improvements in various adaptation indicators (life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect). The sample comprised 30 Chilean adolescents aged 12 to 16 (M = 13.6, SD = 1.35), with 60% females and 40% males. After the intervention, the adolescents showed a decrease in negative affect at 6 and 12 months. However, no differences were identified in other dimensions of subjective well-being considered as indicators of divorce adaptation. The findings prompt discussion on theoretical and clinical implications.

The impact of a breast cancer diagnosis on marital outcomes and factors associated with divorce and separation

Abstract Objective To analyze marital outcomes, divorce or separation, and its association with demographic, socioeconomic, and clinicopathological factors among breast cancer (BC) survivors after 2-years of diagnosis. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of marital status at baseline and at years 1 and 2 of follow-up of women aged ≥ 18 years diagnosed with invasive BC participating in the AMAZONA III (GBECAM0115) study. The BC diagnosis occurred between January 2016 and March 2018 at 23 institutions in Brazil. Results Of the 2974 women enrolled in AMAZONA III, 599 were married or living under common law at baseline. Divorce or separation occurred in 35 (5.8%) patients at 2 years of follow-up. In the multivariate analysis, public health insurance coverage was associated with a higher risk of marital status change (8.25% vs. 2.79%, RR 3.09, 95% CI 1.39 - 7.03, p = 0.007). Women who underwent mastectomy, adenomastectomy or skin-sparing mastectomy were associated with a higher risk of divorce or separation (8.1% vs. 4.49%, RR 1.97, 95 CI 1.04 - 3.72, p = 0.0366) than those who underwent breast-conserving surgery. Conclusion Women covered by the public health system and those who underwent mastectomy, adenomastectomy or skin-sparing mastectomy were associated with a higher risk of divorce or separation. This evidence further supports the idea that long-term marital stability is associated with a complex interplay between socioeconomic conditions and stressors, such as BC diagnosis and treatment. ClinicalTrials Registration: NCT02663973.

Does Couples' Division of Labor Influence Union Dissolution? Evidence from Parents of Young Children in Chile.

We examined the role of couples' division of labor in the risk of union dissolution among parents of young children in Chile. We looked at whether specialization in the labor market and domestic work predicts union dissolution, and whether these associations differ by parents' marital status and mother's education. Using panel data from the Chilean Encuesta Longitudinal de Primera Infancia (ELPI) 2010 and 2012 waves, we found that specialization in the division of labor is associated with a lower probability of union dissolution among parents of young children in Chile. Unlike prior evidence for the US and the Netherlands, specialization is stabilizing for both married and cohabiting couples. However, there are differences by mother's education. Among mothers with high school education or less, specialization in the division of labor is associated with a lower probability of divorce and separation. On the other hand, among mothers with at least some college education, specialization has no advantage over equality in generating more union stability. Our findings shed light on how the interaction of couple's division of labor and socioeconomic disadvantage may create unequal economic prospects for women and their children following union dissolution.

Divorcio parental, apego a los padres y satisfacción con la vida en adolescentes chilenos: un estudio comparativo

Si bien existen una serie de avances en la comprensión de los efectos del divorcio sobre el bienestar y desarrollo de los adolescentes, un aspecto que requiere mayor exploración es si existen variaciones en la satisfacción con la vida y la calidad de los vínculos de apego entre adolescentes que han experimentado o no el divorcio de sus padres. El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo evaluar diferencias en la satisfacción con la vida y en la calidad del apego a la madre y al padre entre adolescentes provenientes de familias intactas y quienes han experimentado el divorcio de sus padres. Mediante un estudio de corte transversal, se evaluó una muestra de 421 adolescentes chilenos entre 12 y 17 años, siendo un 54,6% hijos de padres casados y un 45,4% hijos de padres divorciados. Los análisis de diferencias de medias mediante pruebas t permitieron identificar que la satisfacción con la vida es mayor en los hijos de familias intactas. Asimismo, se detectaron diferencias en la calidad del apego hacia el padre, pero no hacia la madre. En específico, los hijos de padres divorciados reportaron menor calidad de la comunicación, menor confianza mutua y mayor alienación con sus padres que los hijos de familias intactas. Estos resultados, discutidos desde una perspectiva clínica, avanzan en la comprensión de los efectos del divorcio en adolescentes chilenos.

While there have been several advances in understanding the effects of divorce on the well-being and development of adolescents, one aspect that requires further exploration is whether there are variations in life satisfaction and the quality of attachment relationships among adolescents who have experienced their parents' divorce and those who have not. The present study aimed to assess differences in life satisfaction and the quality of attachment to both mothers and fathers among adolescents from intact families and those who have experienced their parents' divorce. Through a cross-sectional study, a sample of 421 Chilean adolescents aged 12 to 17 was evaluated, with 54.6% being children of married parents and 45.4% being children of divorced parents. Mean difference analyses using t-tests revealed that life satisfaction is higher among children from intact families. Additionally, differences in the quality of attachment to the father, but not to the mother, were detected. Specifically, children of divorced parents reported lower quality of communication, less mutual trust, and greater alienation from their parents than children from intact families. These results, discussed from a clinical perspective, contribute to the understanding of the effects of divorce on Chilean adolescents.

Impacts of social distancing on marital life during Covid-19 pandemic / COVID-19 e vida conjugal: impactos do distanciamento social na vida a dois / COVID-19 y vida conyugal: impactos del distanciamiento social en la vida juntos

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of social distancing on different areas of marital life during the Covid-19 pandemic. 1121 Brazilians, who were living with romantic partners, answered an online survey about their social distancing practices during the pandemic and aspects of their relationship. Most participants did not report impairment in marital behavior and 68% did not report experiencing willingness to divorce during pandemic. However, binary logistic regressions showed that the Odds Ratio of reporting willingness to divorce was lower for individuals with longer cohabitation (OR = 0.998), while higher when there was a decrease in positive marital behaviors (OR = 1.8 - 3.13), and also reported an increase in the conflicts, arguments and fights (OR = 6.12 - 6.43). Indicators of higher confinement at home during the pandemic were associated with higher chances of reporting willingness to divorce. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender o impacto do distanciamento social durante a pandemia de Covid-19 sobre diversas áreas da vida conjugal. Foi realizado um levantamento online com 1121 brasileiros que residiam com parceiros amorosos e responderam sobre suas práticas de distanciamento social durante a pandemia e aspectos da relação conjugal. A maioria dos participantes não relatou prejuízos nos comportamentos conjugais e 68% não relataram vontade de separação neste período. Porém, regressões logísticas binárias demonstraram que as chances (Odds Ratio) de relatar vontade de separação foram menores para indivíduos com maior tempo de coabitação (OR = 0,998) e maiores quando houve diminuição de comportamentos conjugais positivos (OR = 1,8 - 3,13) e aumento de conflitos e brigas (OR = 6,12 - 6,43). Indicadores de maior confinamento em casa durante a pandemia estiveram associados a chances maiores de relatar vontade de separação. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto del distanciamiento social en diferentes áreas de la vida conyugal durante la pandemia de Covid-19. 1121 brasileños que vivían con parejas románticas respondieron una encuesta on-line sobre sus prácticas de distanciamiento social durante la pandemia y aspectos de su relación. La mayoría de los participantes no informaron deterioro en el comportamiento marital y el 68% no informó un deseo de separarse durante la pandemia. Sin embargo, las regresiones logísticas binarias mostraron que la razón de probabilidades (Odds Ratio) de informar la voluntad de separarse fue menor para las personas con una cohabitación más prolongada (OR = 0,998) y mayor cuando hubo una disminución en los comportamientos maritales positivos (OR = 1,8 - 3,13) y un aumento en el conflictos y peleas (OR = 6,12 - 6,43). Los indicadores de mayor confinamiento en el hogar durante la pandemia se asociaron con mayores posibilidades de informar un deseo de separarse. (AU)

Ambivalencias culturales sobre el divorcio en discursos de niños, niñas y adultos / Cultural ambivalence about divorce in children and adults' discourses / Ambivalências culturais sobre o divórcio nos discursos das crianças e dos adultos

Resumen (analítico) El artículo ilustra algunas de las ambivalencias culturales acerca del divorcio de los padres en el discurso de niños, niñas y adultos, a la luz de herramientas conceptuales proporcionadas por los estudios culturales británicos. Se desarrollaron entrevistas grupales triangulares, con personas de distintos estratos socioeconómicos de Santiago, Chile, y un análisis discursivo. En los resultados, se apreciaron discursos que establecían articulaciones más fijas y convencionales, coherentes con el modelo prototípico moderno dominante de familia, así como otros más oscilantes, que daban cuenta de rearticulaciones y de la presencia de formas culturales residuales y emergentes, además de las dominantes.

Abstract (analytical) This article illustrates some of the cultural ambivalence about parental divorce in the discourse produced by children and adults using conceptual tools provided by British cultural studies. Triangular group interviews were conducted with people from different socio-economic strata in Santiago, Chile and discourse analysis was conducted. The results evidenced discourses with more fixed and conventional articulations that are coherent with the dominant modern prototypical family model. There were also more oscillating resopnses, which showed re-articulations and the presence of residual and emerging cultural forms alongside dominant discourses.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo ilustra algumas das ambivalências culturais sobre o divórcio parental no discurso das crianças e dos adultos à luz dos instrumentos conceptuais fornecidos pelos estudos culturais britânicos. Foram realizadas entrevistas triangulares de grupo com pessoas de diferentes estratos socioeconómicos em Santiago, Chile, e foi realizada uma análise discursiva. Os resultados mostraram discursos que estabeleceram articulações mais fixas e convencionais, coerentes com o modelo prototípico moderno dominante da família, bem como outros mais oscilantes, que mostraram rearticulações e a presença de formas culturais residuais e emergentes, para além das dominantes.

Coparentalidade e comportamento da criança no contexto do divórcio: uma revisão sistemática / Coparenting and child behavior in the context of divorce: a systematic review / Coparentalidad y comportamiento infantil en el contexto del divorcio: una revisión sistemática

A qualidade da relação coparental após o divócio dos pais afeta significativamente a relação pai-filhos e o desenvolvimento infantil. Com o objetivo de analisar a literatura científica recente a respeito das relações entre coparentalidade e comportamento da criança em famílias divorciadas, conduziu-se uma revisão sistemática de acordo com as recomendações metodológicas do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). As buscas foram realizadas em seis bases de dados, nacionais e internacionais, com os termos coparentalidade, divórcio e comportamento da criança, e termos correlatos, em português, inglês e espanhol. Foram incluídos 11 artigos publicados entre 2010 e junho de 2020. Por meio da análise dos resultados desses artigos, constatou-se que o apoio coparental após o divórcio favorece desfechos positivos no comportamento infantil. Por outro lado, a existência de conflito coparental representa fator de risco para problemas de comportamento na criança, inclusive em famílias onde há apoio e comunicação coparental.

The quality of the coparental relationship after parental divorce significantly affects the parents-children relationship and the child development. The objective of the study was to conduct a systematic review on the relationship between coparenting and child behavior in divorced families. The systematic review was conducted according to the methodological recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The searches were carried out in six national and international databases, using the words coparenting, divorce and child behavior, and similar terms, in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Eleven articles published between 2010 and June 2020 were included. The main results of the studies showed that coparental support after divorce favors more positive outcomes in child behavior. On the other hand, the existence of coparental conflict represents risk factor for child behavioral problems, including in families whit coparental support and communication exist.

La calidad de la relación coparental después del divorcio de los padres afecta significativamente la relación entre padres e hijos y el desarrollo infantil. El objetivo del estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática sobre la relación entre coparentalidad y comportamiento del niño en familias divorciadas. La revisión sistemática se realizó conforme las recomendaciones metodológicas del Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Las búsquedas se realizaron en seis bases de datos, nacionales e internacionales, con los términos coparentalidad, divorcio y comportamiento infantil en portugués, inglés y español. Se incluyeron 11 artículos publicados entre 2010 y junio de 2020. Los principales resultados de los estudios mostraron que el apoyo coparental después del divorcio favorece resultados más positivos en el comportamiento infantil. Sin embargo, la existencia de conflicto coparental representa factor de riesgo para problemas de comportamiento en niños, incluso en familias que existe el apoyo y la comunicación coparental.

Changes in Marital Status Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy: A US Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study.

Among a US cohort followed 5 years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy, cumulative incidence of marriage and separation/divorce were 18% among unmarried (N=614) and 13% among married (N=827) participants, respectively. Preoperative predictors of marriage included younger age, college degree, lower BMI and cohabitating or being separated (versus single). Objectives: To describe changes in marital status following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Background: Spousal encouragement and finding a life partner are self-reported motivators for undergoing bariatric surgery. Methods: This study included 1441 US adults enrolled in a 6-center prospective cohort study who underwent RYGB or SG (2006-2009) and self-reported marital status preoperatively and annually postoperatively for ≤5 years. Time to change in marital status was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier estimates of cumulative incidence and Cox proportional-hazard models. Results: Preoperative, 57% of participants (79% female, median age 47 years, median body mass index [BMI] 47 kg/m2) were married, 5% cohabitating, 4% separated, 15% divorced, 2% widowed, and 17% always single. The 5-year cumulative incidence of marriage among unmarried participants (N = 614) was 18%. Cohabitating (hazard ratios [HR] = 5.25) or being separated (HR = 3.03) versus always single, younger age (HR = 1.69/10 years), having a college degree versus ≤high school (HR = 2.36), lower BMI (HR = 1.54/10kg/m2), and fewer depressive symptoms (HR = 1.47/10 Beck Depression Inventory points) preoperative independently predicted (P < 0.05) higher chance of marriage. The 5-year cumulative incidence of separation/divorce among married participants (N = 827) was 13%. Female sex (HR = 2.08), younger age (HR = 1.84/10 years), household income <$25,000 versus ≥$100,000 (HR = 2.48), smoking (HR = 1.76), and sexual desire ≥once/week versus never (HR = 2.12) preoperative independently predicted (P ≤ 0.05) separation/divorce. Conclusions: Among a cohort of US adults, the majority did not change marital status within 5 years following RYGB or SG. Cumulative incidence of marriage and separation/divorce was 18% among unmarried and 13% among married participants, respectively. Several preoperative predictors of marriage and separation/divorce were identified.

Victimization and factors related to polyvictimization in adolescents of Mexico City.

INTRODUCTION: Experiencing or being exposed to violence is called victimization; living it can generate repercussions on health, quality of life and life expectancy. OBJECTIVES: To describe victimization and identify factors related to polyvictimization (≥ 4 victimization incidents) in adolescents. METHODS: After informed consent and assent were obtained, the ICAST-C and Youth Self-Report validated self-report questionnaires were applied in nine public secondary schools, by means of which demographic data, six forms of victimization and symptoms related to eight mental health problems were investigated. Frequencies of the forms of victimization and polyvictimization were obtained and an ordinal regression was carried out to identify variables related to polyvictimization. RESULTS: The answers of 638 participants were included; 49.37% reported victimization throughout life, 53.37% before previous year and 68.86% during previous year; 47.65% reported polyvictimization, 21.75% before previous year and 17.53% during previous year. The factors related to polyvictimization were depression-introversion, attention deficit, rule-breaking behaviors, bullying and parental separation/divorce. CONCLUSIONS: Victimization and polyvictimization were frequent in this sample of adolescents; the factors that were related to polyvictimization included symptoms of mental health problems, bullying and parental divorce/separation.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Experimentar o exponerse a la violencia se denomina victimización; vivirla puede repercutir en la salud, calidad y esperanza de vida. OBJETIVOS: Describir la victimización e identificar los factores relacionados con la polivictimización (≥ 4 incidentes) en adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Se aplicaron los cuestionarios validados de autorreporte ICAST-C y Youth Self Report en nueve escuelas secundarias públicas, previo consentimiento y asentimiento informados, con los que se investigaron datos demográficos, seis formas de victimización y sintomatología relacionada con ocho problemas de salud mental. Se obtuvieron frecuencias de las formas de victimización y polivictimización y se realizó regresión ordinal para identificar variables relacionadas con la polivictimización. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron las respuestas de 638 participantes, 49.37 % indicó victimización a lo largo de la vida, 53.37 % antes del año anterior y 68.86 % durante el año anterior; 47.65 % reportó polivictimización, 21.75 % antes del año anterior y 17.53 % durante el año anterior. Los factores relacionados con la polivictimización fueron depresión-introversión, déficit de atención, conductas para romper las reglas, bullying realizado y separación/divorcio de los padres. CONCLUSIONES: La victimización y polivictimización fueron frecuentes en los adolescentes estudiados; la sintomatología de problemas de salud mental, bullying realizado y divorcio/separación de los padres se relacionaron con polivictimización.

Victimización y factores relacionados con polivictimización en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México / Victimization and factors related to polyvictimization in adolescents of Mexico City

Resumen Introducción: Experimentar o exponerse a la violencia se denomina victimización; vivirla puede repercutir en la salud, calidad y esperanza de vida. Objetivos: Describir la victimización e identificar los factores relacionados con la polivictimización (≥ 4 incidentes) en adolescentes. Métodos: Se aplicaron los cuestionarios validados de autorreporte ICAST-C y Youth Self Report en nueve escuelas secundarias públicas, previo consentimiento y asentimiento informados, con los que se investigaron datos demográficos, seis formas de victimización y sintomatología relacionada con ocho problemas de salud mental. Se obtuvieron frecuencias de las formas de victimización y polivictimización y se realizó regresión ordinal para identificar variables relacionadas con la polivictimización. Resultados: Se incluyeron las respuestas de 638 participantes, 49.37 % indicó victimización a lo largo de la vida, 53.37 % antes del año anterior y 68.86 % durante el año anterior; 47.65 % reportó polivictimización, 21.75 % antes del año anterior y 17.53 % durante el año anterior. Los factores relacionados con la polivictimización fueron depresión-introversión, déficit de atención, conductas para romper las reglas, bullying realizado y separación/divorcio de los padres. Conclusiones: La victimización y polivictimización fueron frecuentes en los adolescentes estudiados; la sintomatología de problemas de salud mental, bullying realizado y divorcio/separación de los padres se relacionaron con polivictimización.

Abstract Introduction: Experiencing or being exposed to violence is called victimization; living it can generate repercussions on health, quality of life and life expectancy. Objectives: To describe victimization and identify factors related to polyvictimization (≥ 4 victimization incidents) in adolescents. Methods: After informed consent and assent were obtained, the ICAST-C and Youth Self-Report validated self-report questionnaires were applied in nine public secondary schools, by means of which demographic data, six forms of victimization and symptoms related to eight mental health problems were investigated. Frequencies of the forms of victimization and polyvictimization were obtained and an ordinal regression was carried out to identify variables related to polyvictimization. Results: The answers of 638 participants were included; 49.37% reported victimization throughout life, 53.37% before previous year and 68.86% during previous year; 47.65% reported polyvictimization, 21.75% before previous year and 17.53% during previous year. The factors related to polyvictimization were depression-introversion, attention deficit, rule-breaking behaviors, bullying and parental separation/divorce. Conclusions: Victimization and polyvictimization were frequent in this sample of adolescents; the factors that were related to polyvictimization included symptoms of mental health problems, bullying and parental divorce/separation.

A vivência da guarda compartilhada após o divórcio e/ou dissolução conjugal / The experience of joint custody after divorce and/or marital dissolution

O objetivo desta revisão integrativa foi investigar, em estudos acadêmicos publicados entre 2010 e 2020, como pais e filhos vivenciam a guarda compartilhada após o processo de divórcio e/ou dissolução conjugal. As bases utilizadas foram: LILACS, SciELO, MEDLINE e PsycINFO. Os descritores elencados foram: Guarda Compartilhada, Cuidados Parentais, Custódia da Criança, Divórcio, Educação Infantil, Família, Parentalidade, Poder Familiar, Relações Familiares, Relações Pais-Filho. Após a realização das buscas (N= 381), procedeu-se com a exclusão de estudos por repetição (N=121), título (N=83) e resumo (N=18). Os artigos remanescentes foram lidos na íntegra e (N=16) foram recuperados e compõem esta revisão. Os estudos apontam a dificuldade de difusão da modalidade de guarda compartilhada no Brasil, destacando fatores favoráveis e contrários à sua aplicação. Evidencia-se a necessidade de mais estudos empíricos na área, a fim de consolidar inferências consonantes em grande parte dos estudos que se mostraram relevantes na composição deste trabalho de revisão.

The objective of this integrative review was to explore how parentes and children experience joint custody after divorce and/or marital dissolution, in studies from 2015 to 2020. The data bases LILACS, SciELO, MEDLINE and PsycINFO were used. The descriptors listed were Joint Custody, Child Custody, Divorce, Child Rearing, Family, Parenting, Family Relations, Parent-Child Relations. After performing the searches (n=381), we proceeded to the exclusion of repetitive studies (n=121), title (n=83) and summary (n=18). The remaining articles were read in full and 16 were retrieved and make up this review. Studies explore the difficulty of diffusion of the modality in Brasil and shows factors considered as favorable and adversary to its application. We emphasize the importance of more studies in the area, with the aim of consolidating consonant inferences in most of the studies that proved to be relevant in the composition of this integrative review.

Coparentalidade e paternidade após o divórcio: experiências de pais e mães separados(as) / Coparenting and paternity after divorce: the perspective of separated fathers and mothers

As repercussões do divórcio perpassam as relações coparentais e a paternidade. O presente estudo buscou compreender e refletir sobre as experiências de pais e mães separados(as) sobre a coparentalidade e o envolvimento do pai com os(as) filhos(as) após a dissolução conjugal. Participaram 12 indivíduos separados(as) que tinham filhos(as) pequenos(as), em dois grupos focais, sendo um composto com seis mulheres/mães e o outro com seis homens/pais. Os dados foram analisados através da análise categorial temática, utilizando-se do software Atlas.ti 5.0 para organização dos dados. A análise dos relatos fez emergir quatro categorias temáticas: repercussões do divórcio na coparentalidade e na paternidade; repercussões da relação coparental no desenvolvimento dos(as) filhos(as); (des)acordos coparentais após o divórcio; recasamento, paternidade e os cuidados aos filhos(as). Os resultados evidenciaram os desafios e a complexidade dos (re)arranjos necessários no pós-divórcio e a interdependência de aspectos individuais, relacionais, contextuais, sociais e culturais para todos os membros da família.

The repercussions of divorce permeate coparental relationships and paternity. The present study sought to understand and reflect on the experiences of separated fathers and mothers on coparenting and the father's involvement with the children after the marital dissolution. A total of 12 separated individuals with young children participated in two focus groups, one composed of six women/mothers and the other of six men/parents. The data were analyzed through thematic categorical analysis using the Atlas.ti 5.0 software to organize the data. The analysis of the reports revealed four thematic categories: repercussions of divorce on coparenting and paternity; repercussions of the coparental relationship on the development of children; coparental (dis)agreements after divorce; remarriage, paternity, and childcare. The results showed the challenges and complexity of the (re)arrangements required in post-divorce and the interdependence of individual, relational, contextual, social, and cultural aspects for all family members.

Guarda compartilhada à luz da bioética e do biodireito / Joint custody in the light of bioethics and biolaw / Custodia compartida a la luz de la bioética y el bioderecho

Resumo A família é a base fundante da sociedade e o melhor local para a educação e o crescimento da criança. O divórcio é deletério à saúde das crianças, impactando sobretudo na saúde mental e no desempenho escolar, além ter reflexos na vida adulta. O convívio por período igualitário com pai e mãe após o divórcio - a guarda compartilhada - garante benefícios, empiricamente comprovados, ao bem-estar físico e psicológico das crianças. No entanto, muitas decisões judiciais decretam guarda compartilhada em menos de um terço das separações. Ao analisar controvérsias éticas e morais na inter-relação das ciências jurídicas com as ciências da saúde, o biodireito faz com que a bioética tenha eficácia. Por esse motivo, argumenta-se que ações judiciais de família devem seguir critérios multidisciplinares que considerem as crianças como sujeitos vulneráveis que precisam de proteção.

Abstract Family is the founding basis of society and the best place for the education and growth of children. Divorce is deleterious to children's health, mainly impacting their mental health and school performance, in addition to having impacts on adulthood. Living both with the father and the mother for an equal period of time after divorce - joint custody - guarantees empirically proven benefits to the physical and psychological well-being of children. However, judicial decisions decree joint custody in less than a third of separations. By analyzing ethical and moral controversies in the interrelation of legal sciences and health sciences, biolaw makes bioethics effective. Thus, it is discussed that family lawsuits should follow multidisciplinary criteria that consider children as vulnerable subjects who need protection.

Resumen La familia es la base de la sociedad y es el mejor lugar para la educación y el crecimiento del niño. El divorcio es perjudicial para la salud de los niños, especialmente afecta la salud mental y escolar, con repercusiones en la vida adulta. Vivir juntos por un período igual con el padre y la madre después del divorcio, la custodia compartida, es un elemento con una relación causal estadística para proteger la salud de los niños. Sin embargo, las decisiones judiciales han decretado la custodia compartida en menos de un tercio de las separaciones. Bioderecho es una forma de hacer que la bioética sea efectiva, mediante el análisis de controversias éticas y morales en la interrelación entre las ciencias jurídicas y las ciencias de la salud. Las acciones legales familiares deben llevarse a cabo de manera multidisciplinaria, considerando al niño como el sujeto más vulnerable a proteger.

Mudança na situação conjugal e incidência de comportamentos de proteção à saúde em adultos com 40 anos ou mais: estudo VigiCardio (2011-2015) / Marital change and incidence of health protection behaviors in adults 40 years old or older: VigiCardio study (2011-2015)

Resumo Introdução A mudança na situação conjugal é recorrente em qualquer sociedade e tem relação com comportamentos de saúde. Entretanto, existem poucos estudos longitudinais com esse tema. Objetivo Verificar a incidência de comportamentos de proteção à saúde segundo a mudança na situação conjugal, após quatro anos, em pessoas de 40 anos ou mais de uma cidade do Sul do Brasil. Método Estudo longitudinal com sujeitos de 40 anos ou mais entrevistados em 2011 e em 2015 (n = 883). As variáveis dependentes foram as incidências da atividade física no tempo livre, consumo de frutas (CRF), consumo de verduras e legumes, tabagismo e consumo abusivo de álcool, enquanto a variável independente foi a manutenção ou a mudança da situação conjugal. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste do qui-quadrado e pela regressão de Poisson bruta e ajustada. Resultados Tendo como grupo referência aqueles que se mantiveram com companheiro(a), foram observadas maior incidência de abandono ao tabaco (RR = 3,23; IC95%: 1,40-7,43) e menor incidência no CRF (RR = 0,47; IC95%: 0,23-0,97) naqueles que deixaram de ter companheiro(a) e maior incidência no CRF (RR = 2,04; IC95%: 1,26-3,29) nos que passaram a ter companheiro(a). Nos demais comportamentos, não houve diferenças. Conclusão Foi constatada que a mudança da situação conjugal teve relação moderada com a incidência de comportamentos de proteção à saúde.

Abstract Background The change in the marital situation is recurrent in any society and is related to health behaviors. However, there are few studies on this topic in Latin America. Objective To verify the incidence of health protection behaviors according to changes in the marital situation, after four years, in people aged ≥40 years in a city in the south of Brazil. Method The dependent variables were: physical activity in free time, consumption of fruits, consumption of vegetables, smoking and abusive alcohol consumption (AAC), and independent marital status and its maintenance or change. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test and the adjusted Poisson regression. Results Having as a reference group of those who keep their partner, a higher incidence of smoking cessation was observed (RR= 3,23; IC95%:1,40-7,43) and a lower incidence of regular fruit consumption (RR=0,47; IC95%:0,23-0,97) were observed in those who finished the marital relationship. Those who started a marital relationship had higher incidence of fruit consumption (RR= 2,04; IC95%1,26-3,29). Conclusion It was observed a moderate relation between the marital situation and health behaviors.

Forgiveness in the Context of Divorce: A Cross-Cultural Measurement Invariance Study via Multiple-Group Factor Analysis (CFA) across Chile and Spain.

(1) Background: Current research on the factors involved in the adaptation process to divorce or separation has explored cross-cultural differences. An initial step in the cross-cultural field is to investigate whether the measurements applied are comparable in different cultural contexts. The aim of the present study is to test the measurement invariance of the Questionnaire of Forgiveness in Divorce-Separation (CPD-S); (2) Methods: The CPD-S was completed by 556 (M = 44.52, SD = 10.18) and 240 (M = 41.44, SD = 7.87) Chilean and Spanish divorced individuals, respectively. Confirmatory factor analyses in single samples and measurement invariance testing in a multi-group framework were conducted to test the cross-group equivalence; (3) Results: The single-factor structure of the CPD-S was supported in both countries. Measurement invariance analysis demonstrated that the CPD-S had partial scalar measurement invariance; (4) Conclusions: The evidence supports the conclusion that CPD-S operates similarly across both countries. Findings are discussed from a cross-cultural and methodological perspective.

Experiencia de una niña de nueve años ante la separación parental / Effects of parental separation: listening to a nine-year-old girl / Efeitos da separação parental: ouvindo uma menina de nove anos

Resumen (analítico) En este estudio cualitativo se describen y analizan los efectos de la separación parental, a través de la mirada y voz de una niña de nueve años. Se empleó como instrumento una entrevista semiestructurada y un análisis de resultados de tipo categórico. Las repercusiones observadas se clasificaron en efectos individuales como el manejo de la información y la construcción de explicaciones, así como una mayor independencia y mejora en su autoconcepto; y efectos en su entorno familiar, tales como la modificación en los vínculos afectivos con sus padres, dinámicas familiares más consistentes y mayores momentos de bienestar. Concluyendo que los infantes son participantes activos en la construcción de sus significados y que la separación de los padres puede permitir la generación de experiencias de crecimiento.

Abstract (analytical) In this qualitative study, the effects of parental separation are described and analyzed through the voice and point of view of a nine-year-old girl. The authors used a semi-structured interview and categorical data analysis to identify these effects. The identified repercussions of the parental separation were classified into individual effects, such as information management and construction of explanations, as well as higher levels of independence and improvements in self-awareness. The authors also identified effects on the family environment such as modification of affective bonding with parents, more consistent family dynamics and increased moments of wellbeing. The study concludes that children perform an active role in the construction of their meaning and parental separation can facilitate the generation of self-growth experiences.

Resumo (analítico) Neste estudo qualitativo, são descritos e analisados os efeitos da separação parental através da visão e da voz de uma menina de nove anos. Utilizou-se como instrumento uma entrevista semiestruturada e uma análise dos resultados categóricos. As repercussões observadas foram classificadas em efeitos individuais, como gerenciamento de informações e construção de explicações, além de maior independência e melhoria de seu autoconceito; Os efeitos no ambiente familiar, como mudanças nos laços emocionais com os pais, dinâmicas familiares mais consistentes e mais momentos de bem-estar, concluindo que as crianças são participantes ativas na construção de seus significados. E, por último, que a separação dos pais pode gerar experiências de crescimento.

O envolvimento paterno no contexto do divórcio na perspectiva do pai separado / Father involvement in the context of divorce from the perspective of the separated father / La participación paterno en el contexto del divorcio en la perspectiva del padre separado

A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo compreender o envolvimento paterno no contexto do divórcio/separação conjugal na perspectiva do pai separado. Realizou-se um Grupo Focal com seis pais (homens) separados e os dados foram analisados através da análise categorial temática, utilizando-se do software Atlas.ti 5.0 para organização dos dados. A perspectiva sistêmica contribuiu com a compreensão do fenômeno como um processo de transformações contínuas e recursivas, contingentes com a história de interações dos participantes. Emergiram da análise dos dados três categorias: Percepções do pai sobre o seu envolvimento com a criança; Características do envolvimento paterno do pai separado e Construção da paternidade no pós-divórcio. Os resultados demonstraram relações de interdependência entre fatores individuais, relacionais e contextuais.

The present research aimed to understand paternal involvement in the context of divorce/separation from the perspective of the separated father. A Focal Group with six separated fathers (men) was carried out and the data were analyzed through the thematic categorical analysis using Atlas.ti 5.0 software for data organization. The systemic perspective contributed to the understanding of the phenomenon as a process of continuous and recursive transformations, contingent on the history of interactions of the participants. Three categories emerged from the data analysis: Perceptions of the father about his involvement with the child; Characteristics of parental involvement of the separated father and Post-Divorce Construction of Paternity. The results showed relationships of interdependence between individual, relational and contextual factors.

La presente investigación tuvo por objetivo compreender la participación paterno en el contexto del divorcio/separación conyugal en la perspectiva del padre separado. Se realizo un Grupo Focal con seis padres (hombres) separados y los datos fueron analizados a través del análisis categorial temático, utilizando el software Atlas.ti 5.0 para la organización de los datos. La perspectiva sistémica contribuyó com la comprensión del fenómeno como um proceso de transformaciones continuas y recursivas, contingentes con la historia de interacciones de los participantes. Se emergieron del análisis de los datos três categorías: Percepciones del padre sobre su implicación com el niño; Características de la participación paterno del padre separado y Construcción de la paternidade en el pos-divorcio. Los resultados demostraron relaciones de interdependencia entre factores individuales, relacionales y contextuales.

A experiência da coparentalidade na guarda compartilhada / The experience of coparenting in joint legal custody / La experiencia de la coparentalidad en la custodia compartida

Com o intuito de preservar o exercício da parentalidade por ambos os pais após a separação conjugal, a lei da guarda compartilhada busca favorecer o equilíbrio dos papéis parentais. Contudo, a dinâmica conflituosa do divórcio pode dificultar o exercício da responsabilização parental de forma conjunta. A partir disso, este estudo objetivou compreender a experiência da coparentalidade de pais separados que possuíam a guarda compartilhada do(s) filho(s), por meio de um estudo de casos coletivos com três duplas parentais residentes no interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados obtidos por meio de um questionário sociodemográfico e de uma entrevista semiestruturada foram submetidos à Análise de Conteúdo. Mesmo no caso em que a coparentalidade foi exercida satisfatoriamente no casamento, quando a relação do casal começou a apresent ar conflitos, isso se perpetuou no pós-divórcio e influenciou a relação coparental. Entende-se que aspectos que permeiam a relação conjugal e a coparental são influenciados mutuamente e que a forma como os pais exercem a coparentalidade relaciona-se com o conhecimento e a informação que possuem sobre o assunto. Considera-se que o investimento em programas de intervenções, mediação familiar e psicoterapia podem auxiliar na melhoria do exercício coparental no pós-divórcio.(AU)

To preserve the exercise of parenting by both parents after marital separation, the law of joint legal custody seeks to balance parental roles. However, the conflicting dynamics of divorce can make it difficult to exercise parental responsibility jointly. Considering that, this multiple-case study sought to understand the experience of coparenting for three divorced couples living in the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul who had joint legal custody of their children. Data were obtained by means of sociodemographic questionnaires and semi-structured interviews and analyzed by Content Analysis. Even in cases where coparenting was satisfactorily exercised during marriage, the conflicts arising during the relationship crisis were perpetuated after divorce, influencing the coparenting. The aspects permeating the conjugal and coparenting relationship are mutually influenced, and the way parents exercise coparenting relates to the knowledge and information they have on the subject. Thus, investing in intervention programs, family mediation, and psychotherapy may help improving post-divorce coparenting.(AU)

Para preservar el ejercicio de la paternidad por ambos padres tras la separación matrimonial, la ley de custodia compartida intenta favorecer el equilibrio de los roles parentales. Sin embargo, la dinámica conflictiva del divorcio puede dificultar el ejercicio conjunto de la responsabilidad parental. Ante esto, este estudio se propone comprender la experiencia de coparentalidad de padres separados que tenían la custodia compartida del hijo/a, utilizando un estudio de casos colectivos con tres parejas parentales residentes en el interior del Rio Grande do Sul. Los datos obtenidos por el cuestionario sociodemográfico y la entrevista semiestructurada se sometieron al análisis de contenido. En el caso de que la coparentalidad se ejercía satisfactoriamente en el matrimonio cuando la relación de la pareja comenzó a presentar conflictos, esto se perpetuó aún después del divorcio, influenciando la relación coparental. Se entiende que aspectos que permean la relación conyugal y la coparental serán influenciados mutuamente y que la forma como los padres ejercen la coparentalidad se relaciona con el conocimiento e información sobre el asunto. Se considera que la inversión en programas de intervenciones, la mediación familiar y la psicoterapia pueden ayudar a mejorar el ejercicio coparental después del divorcio.(AU)

Crescimento Pós-Traumático após Divórcio: Contribuição dos Valores para Além das Variáveis Demográficas / Posttraumatic Growth After Divorce: Contribution of Values Beyond Demographic Variables

Resumo Objetivou-se verificar em que medida os valores humanos explicam o crescimento pós-traumático no contexto do divórcio, controlando o efeito das variáveis idade, sexo e tempo de divorciado. Responderam ao Inventário de Crescimento Pós-Traumático, Questionário de Valores Básicos e questões demográficas 200 pessoas que vivenciaram o divórcio (M idade = 38,4, DP = 11,51). Entre as variáveis demográficas, unicamente o sexo foi importante para explicar o crescimento, mais evidente entre mulheres. Ademais, os valores humanos se mostraram um construto importante. Subfunções sociais (interativa e normativa) e a de existência foram as mais importantes; entre os valores pessoais, unicamente os da subfunção realização lograram fazê-lo. Concluindo, estes achados foram discutidos à luz da literatura, sinalizando a importância dos valores humanos.

Abstract This study investigated to which extent human values explain posttraumatic growth in the context of divorce, even controlling by age, gender and divorce time. Two-hundred people who experienced the divorce responded to Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, Basic Values Questionnaire and demographic questions (M age = 38.4, SD = 11.51). Among the demographic variables only the gender was important to explain the growth, more evident among women. In addition, human values proved to be an important construct to explain. Social (interactive and normative) and existence subfunctions were the most important; between personal values, only those of the promotion subfunction did so. In conclusion, these findings were discussed at light of the literature, pointing out the importance of human values.