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1.
Rev. argent. radiol ; 87(2): 66-78, jun. 2023. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1449416

ABSTRACT

Resumen Los nódulos tiroideos son poco frecuentes en pediatría, pero uno de cada cuatro de ellos es maligno. La ecografía es el método de elección en la detección de estos nódulos porque brinda información que permite, en muchos casos, determinar la probabilidad de malignidad. Las características a definir en un nódulo tiroideo son: composición, márgenes, ecogenicidad, calcificaciones, vascularización, dureza y la presencia de ganglios linfáticos cervicales patológicos. La composición comprende la apariencia quística, sólida o mixta (contiene al subtipo espongiforme). Los márgenes se describen como lisos, irregulares, mal definidos o lobulados. La ecogenicidad se define como hiperecoicos, hipoecoicos o isoecoicos en relación con el parénquima tiroideo adyacente. En los casos de nódulos heterogéneos se describe el patrón predominante. Dentro de las calcificaciones se describen las microcalcificaciones y macrocalcificaciones. La vascularización se clasifica como normal, aumentada central o periférica, y mixta al examen Doppler color. La elastografía mide la rigidez del nódulo evaluado en comparación con el tejido tiroideo adyacente. Por último, se debe evaluar la cadena ganglionar cervical en búsqueda de alteración de su ecoestructura. Es primordial el reconocimiento de las características de benignidad y malignidad de estas lesiones, ya que permitirá guiar al especialista para la toma de decisiones.


Abstract Thyroid nodules are rare in pediatrics, but up to one in four of them is malignant. Ultrasound is the method of choice in the detection of thyroid nodules because it provides information that allows to determine the probability of malignancy in many patients. The characteristics to be defined in a thyroid nodule are: composition, margins, echogenicity, calcifications, vascularization, stiffness and the presence of pathological cervical lymph nodes. Composition includes cystic, solid or mixed appearance (contains the spongiform subtype). Margins are described as smooth, irregular, ill-defined or lobulated. Echogenicity is defined as hyper-, hypo- or isoechoic to the adjacent thyroid parenchyma. Calcifications are described as microcalcifications and macrocalcifications. Vascularization is classified as normal, increased central or peripheral, and mixed on color Doppler. Elastography measures the stiffness of the evaluated nodule compared to the adjacent thyroid tissue. Finally, cervical lymph nodes should be evaluated for alterations in its echostructure. It is essential to recognize the benign and malignant characteristics of this type of lesions, as this will guide the specialist in making decisions.

2.
Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr (Engl Ed) ; 69(9): 686-693, 2022 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36428205

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Despite the value of ultrasonography in the detection of chronic thyroiditis (CT) as well as in nodular goitre, it is often only indicated in patients with hypothyroidism if a palpable goitre or a thyroid mass is identified. The objective of the study is to evaluate the clinical usefulness of thyroid ultrasonography in patients with primary hypothyroidism without clinical suspicion of nodular goitre. And more specifically, to analyse its value in the aetiological diagnosis of hypothyroidism, and to evaluate its contribution in the detection and characterisation of coexisting subclinical thyroid nodular disease. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective cross-sectional observational study of 114 patients with primary hypothyroidism of CT or idiopathic aetiology, without symptoms or cervical palpation suspected of nodular goitre, who underwent a thyroid function test, a serological study of antithyroid antibodies, a thyroid ultrasonound and, when appropriate, a cytological study of the nodules found. RESULTS: Ultrasonound allowed CT to be recognised as the cause of hypothyroidism in 19% of patients who had a negative serological study, and detected nodules larger than 9mm in 22 patients (16 with antithyroid antibodies). A cytological study was performed in 18 of the cases. Five patients underwent surgery, with carcinoma found in two of them. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid ultrasound is useful in the aetiological diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism as well as in the detection of a coexisting, unsuspected, but clinically relevant nodular goitre, so this examination should be indicated in the initial study of patients with primary hypothyroidism.


Subject(s)
Goiter, Nodular , Hypothyroidism , Thyroiditis , Humans , Goiter, Nodular/diagnostic imaging , Cross-Sectional Studies , Prospective Studies , Hypothyroidism/etiology , Ultrasonography/adverse effects , Thyroiditis/complications
3.
Rev. ORL (Salamanca) ; 13(2): 181-192, junio 2022. tab
Article in Spanish | IBECS | ID: ibc-211140

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El carcinoma medular de tiroides (CMT) es un tumor maligno neuroendocrino poco frecuente derivado de las células parafoliculares o células C del tiroides. En el momento del diagnóstico presentan metástasis ganglionares más del 50% y a distancia el 10%. Su pronóstico depende en gran parte del estadio del tumor, por lo que su diagnóstico temprano es fundamental.Objetivo: El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión actualizada sobre el abordaje diagnóstico del CMT.Síntesis: La ecografía es la principal herramienta en la estratificación del nódulo tiroideo, pero la mayor parte de los estudios se han centrado en el carcinoma papilar de tiroides. En el caso del CMT las características ecográficas sospechosas de malignidad suelen ser menos frecuentes y esto podría conducir a un retraso diagnóstico y terapéutico, por lo que se debe combinar con técnicas diagnósticas adicionales. En estos tumores la sensibilidad del estudio citológico del nódulo mediante punción aspiración con aguja fina generalmente es baja, y en aquellos casos de sospecha de CMT se recomienda realizar inmunohistoquímica para calcitonina y determinar la calcitonina en el aspirado de la punción. La calcitonina plasmática es el marcador más sensible para el diagnóstico de estos pacientes, pero su determinación rutinaria en el estudio del nódulo tiroideo es controvertida. Sus niveles se relacionan con la masa de células C y la presencia de metástasis ganglionares. Si son superiores a 500 pg/ml se recomienda realizar estudio de extensión con pruebas de imagen complementarias por sospecha de enfermedad metastásica. Es importante solicitar estudio genético a todos los pacientes, ya que el 25% son hereditarios formando parte de la neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 2 asociada a mutación en el gen RET. (AU)


Introduction: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine malignant tumor derived from the parafollicular cells or thyroid C cells. At the time of diagnosis, over 50 % of patients have lymph node metastases, and 10 % have distant metastases. Prognosis is largely dependent on tumor stage and, therefore, early diagnosis is essential. Objective: The aim of this work is to present an updated review of the diagnostic approach for MTC. Summary: Thyroid ultrasound is the main tool used for thyroid nodule stratification; however, most studies have focused on papillary thyroid carcinoma. In MTC, ultra-sonographic findings suggestive of malignancy are usually less frequent and this could delay diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, ultrasound examination should be combined with additional diagnostic techniques. The sensitivity of the fine-needle aspiration cytology is generally low for these types of tumors and when MTC is suspected, it is recommended to perform immunohistochemical for calcitonin and measurement of calcitonin in washout fluid of thyroid nodule aspirate. Serum calcitonin is the most sensitive marker for diagnosing this condition; however, its routine measurement in the evaluation of thyroid nodule is contro-versial. Serum calcitonin levels are related to C-cell mass and the presence of lymph node metastases. When these levels are above 500 pg/mL suggest distant metastatic disease and additional imaging procedures are indicated. Genetic testing should be offered to all patients because 25 % of these carcinomas are hereditary and are part of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndrome associated with a germline RET mutation. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia , Calcitonin , Cell Biology , Carcinoma , Diagnosis , Patients
4.
Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr (Engl Ed) ; 67(2): 130-136, 2020 Feb.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31129037

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: No study has been published to date in Spain about the value of the American Thyroid Association (ATA) ultrasound risk assessment of thyroid nodules applied by endocrinologists. OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic performance of ATA thyroid nodule risk classification applied by endocrinologists with respect to histological results. METHODS: A retrospective, observational study of 317 patients (mean age, 51.7±13.7 years; 83.3% women) with thyroid nodules (maximum diameter: 3.2±1.4cm) who underwent US-guided FNA in endocrinology between October 2015 and December 2018, were classified based on the ATA ultrasound risk assessment. Surgery was performed in all of them. Quality criteria of the ultrasound classification were assessed as compared to histological results. RESULTS: Overall, 61.2% of nodules assessed were classified as benign (n=3) and very low (n=60) or low suspicion (n=131), 11.7% as intermediate suspicion (n=37), and 27.1% as high suspicion (n=86). Benign nodular disease was found in 260 patients, and thyroid cancer in 57 patients. There were 14 incidental papillary microcarcinomas. Classification of thyroid nodules as high suspicion showed a high diagnostic performance to identify malignant nodules (87.7% sensitivity, 86.2% specificity, negative predictive value 97.0%), improving sensitivity (93.0%) and reducing specificity (73.1%) when considering high and intermediate suspicion nodules as a risk for thyroid cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Application by endocrinologists of the ATA ultrasound risk assessment of thyroid nodules shows a high diagnostic performance to identify malignant thyroid nodules before surgery.


Subject(s)
Risk Assessment/methods , Thyroid Nodule/diagnostic imaging , Adult , Endocrinology/methods , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Predictive Value of Tests , Retrospective Studies , Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology , Thyroid Nodule/classification , Thyroid Nodule/epidemiology , Ultrasonography
5.
Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr (Engl Ed) ; 65(4): 206-212, 2018 Apr.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29475812

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: There are several classifications based on thyroid ultrasound for selecting suspected malignant thyroid nodules. The Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) classification proposed by Horvath in 2009 includes 6 categories. OBJETIVES: To assess the sensitivity of the TI-RADS classification for diagnosing thyroid nodules. METHODS: A retrospective study of all patients who underwent thyroidectomy at our hospital (n=263) from September 2013 to December 2015. After thyroidectomy, histological results were correlated to the ultrasound findings reported. RESULTS: Of the 263 study patients, 75 (28.5%) were diagnosed with thyroid cancer and 188 (71.5%) with benign disease. Correlation of histological results with preoperative ultrasound reports showed an initial sensitivity of 65%. After excluding 15 patients diagnosed with occult microcarcinoma, sensitivity increased to 81.6%. The ultrasound images from 11 false negatives cases were then reassessed by a radiologist who knew histological diagnosis and reclassified 10 of them as TI-RADS≥4. This procedure could have increased sensitivity up to 98.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Although the sensitivity initially found in our study using the TI-RADS scale was relatively low, the value markedly improved when patients with occult microcarcinoma were excluded. Thus, use of the TI-RADS scale would allow for an adequate selection of patients amenable to fine needle aspiration of the nodule.


Subject(s)
Thyroid Nodule/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Nodule/pathology , Humans , Retrospective Studies , Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology , Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery , Thyroid Nodule/classification , Thyroid Nodule/surgery , Thyroidectomy , Ultrasonography
6.
Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr ; 64 Suppl 1: 23-30, 2017 Mar.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28440762

ABSTRACT

Thyroid nodule detection has increased with widespread use of ultrasound, which is currently the main tool for detection, monitoring, diagnosis and, in some instances, treatment of thyroid nodules. Knowledge of ultrasound and adequate instruction on its use require a position statement by the scientific societies concerned. The working groups on thyroid cancer and ultrasound techniques of the Spanish Society of Endocrinology and Nutrition have promoted this document, based on a thorough analysis of the current literature, the results of multicenter studies and expert consensus, in order to set the requirements for the best use of ultrasound in clinical practice. The objectives include the adequate framework for use of thyroid ultrasound, the technical and legal requirements, the clinical situations in which it is recommended, the levels of knowledge and learning processes, the associated responsibility, and the establishment of a standardized reporting of results and integration into hospital information systems and endocrinology units.


Subject(s)
Endocrinology/organization & administration , Hospital Units , Thyroid Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Ultrasonography , Accreditation/standards , Biopsy, Fine-Needle , Certification/standards , Data Curation , Endocrinology/legislation & jurisprudence , Endocrinology/methods , Equipment Safety/standards , Hospital Information Systems , Hospital Units/legislation & jurisprudence , Hospital Units/organization & administration , Hospital Units/standards , Humans , Hyperparathyroidism, Primary/diagnostic imaging , Medical Records , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Prevalence , Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Nodule/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Nodule/epidemiology , Thyroid Nodule/pathology , Ultrasonography/instrumentation , Ultrasonography/methods , Ultrasonography/standards
7.
Endocrinol Nutr ; 63(2): 64-9, 2016 Feb.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26723203

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Routine thyroid ultrasound examination in a single medical appointment is rarely performed in Spain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the care and economic impact of thyroid US examination in a single endocrine appointment. METHODS: A prospective, observational, descriptive study was conducted to analyze data from 2274 patients (mean age, 59±16 years; 83% females) performed at least one thyroid US in a single visit to an endocrinology clinic during 2013 and 2014. The number of endocrine acts with thyroid US, single endocrine and US acts without review, and the change in the number of thyroid US requested by endocrinologists to the radiology department and total thyroid US examinations performed at the radiology department during the study period were assessed. RESULTS: In 2013 and 2014, 2558 endocrine acts with thyroid US were performed, of which 42.2% were single endocrine and US appointments without a second endocrine act, with estimated savings of €58,946.40. As compared to 2012, the number of thyroid US requested by endocrinologists to the radiology department decreased by 43.3% and 86.0% in 2013 and 2014 respectively, and total thyroid US performed by the radiology department decreased by 28.1% and 68.3% respectively, with estimated savings of €94,441.36. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid US examination in a single endocrine appointment allows for decreasing the number of both second endocrine acts and thyroid US examinations performed at the radiology department, thus reducing the number of unnecessary clinic visits and promoting considerable economic savings.


Subject(s)
Endocrinology , Thyroid Gland/diagnostic imaging , Ultrasonography/economics , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Prospective Studies , Spain
8.
Rev. argent. endocrinol. metab ; 52(1): 14-21, mar. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-750601

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Desde la implementación de la clasificación citológica de los nódulos tiroideos por el sistema Bethesda en 6 categorías, el grupo Bethesda III (BIII) es el que genera más controversias en cuanto a la conducta de seguimiento. Según la literatura corresponden a esta categoría entre el 4 y 20 % de los nódulos punzados y conllevan un riesgo de malignidad del 5-15 %. Objetivo: Determinar características clínicas y ecográficas de los nódulos tiroideos clasificados como BIII en nuestra población y analizar su evolución en el tiempo. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de todos los pacientes enviados a PAAF bajo guía ecográfica que resultaron BIII, entre febrero 2011 y diciembre 2013. Se describieron las características clínicas y ecográficas de dichos nódulos y su evolución. La mediana de seguimiento fue 24 meses (rango: 2 a 35 meses). Resultados: Fueron punzados 945 nódulos de 784 pacientes. Se clasificaron como BIII 85 nódulos (8,99 %) de 72 pacientes (69 mujeres y 3 varones), con una media de edad de 71,1 ±7,1 años. La mediana del diáme­tro mayor de los nódulos fue 18 mm (9 a 54 mm). El 76,1 % de los nódulos fueron sólidos, el 22,5 % mixtos y en 1 caso espongiforme. Según el patrón ecográfico: 36,7 % eran hipoecoicos, 54,4 % isoecoicos y 8,9 % hiperecoicos. El 8,33 % presentó microcalcificaciones y el 9,9 % márgenes irregulares. El 39,43 % presentó vascularización periférica, 4,23 % central y 56,34 % mixta. Evolución: De los 72 pacientes, 9 (12,1 %) se perdieron en el seguimiento, a 56 (77,8 %) se los siguió clínica y ecográficamente, y en 7 pacientes (9,7 %) se tomó conducta quirúrgica basándose en criterios clínicos y ecográficos sospechosos de malignidad, o por antecedentes familiares positivos, resultando 3 con carcinoma papilar (CP), y 4 con patología benigna. Durante el seguimiento, Fueron repunzados 40 nódulos de 35 pacientes (48,6 %) que resultaron: 2 BI, 23 BII, 14 BIII y 1 BV. De los 14 nódulos con segunda punción BIII, se operaron 7, 1 CP y 6 patología benigna. El nódulo BV resultó un CP a su cirugía. En total, fueron operados 16 pacientes con BIII (22,2 %) (7 de inicio y 8 luego de la segunda PAAF y 1 en el seguimiento clínico ecográfico), de los cuales 5 (31,25 %) resultaron CP y 11 (68,75 %) patología tiroidea benigna. Conclusión: Si bien para los nódulos tiroideos con categoría BIII se recomienda generalmente una repunción, en nuestra experiencia el hallazgo de características clínicas y ecográficas sospechosas de malignidad y/o antecedentes familiares de cáncer de tiroides permitiría en algunos pacientes optar por la cirugía tiroidea desde el inicio. Rev Argent Endocrinol Metab 52:14-21, 2015 Los autores declaran no poseer conflictos de interés.


Background: Since the implementation of the Bethesda System for cytology classification of thyroid nodules into 6 categories, the Bethesda III group (B III) has been the most controversial as regards follow-up management. Reported data shows that about 4 to 20 % of all biopsied nodules belong to this category, with the risk of malignancy being 5 to 15 %. Objective: To determine clinical and sonographic features of thyroid nodules classified as BIII in our population and analyze their evolution over time. Methods: We determined the clinical and ultrasonographic (US) features of all patients who had undergone fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in 2011-2013 at our Institution for Retirees and Pensioners. Descriptive study of all patients with nodules classified as BIII with a median follow-up time of 24 months (2 to 35 months). Results: Out of 945 nodules from 784 patients biopsied (age, mean ± SD:71.1±7.1 years), 85 (8.99 %) were classified as BIII. Six patients had received neck radiation, and 5 reported family history of thyroid cancer. The median (range) largest diameter of nodules was 18 mm (9-54 mm). Fifty-four nodules (76.1 %) were solid, 16 (22.5 %) mixed, and 1 spongiform. Based on echogenicity, 36.7 % were hypoechoic, 54.4 % isoechoic and 8.9 % hyperechoic. Twenty-two nodules (25.88 %) were taller than wider, 8.33 % had microcalcifications and 9.9 % had irregular margins. At Doppler evaluation, 39.43 % of nodules had peripheral vascularity, 4.23 % showed central vascularity and 56.34 % had mixed vascularity. In 7 out of 72 patients with BIII classification, surgery was indicated at the start based on suspicious clinical and US findings for malignancy, or family history of thyroid cancer. Out of these 7 patients, 3 were found to have papillary carcinoma (PTC), 1 follicular adenoma (FA), 1 colloid goiter (CG), 1 adenomatous nodule (AN) and 1 chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT). As regards the follow-up and evolution of the rest of the group, 9 were lost, 21 remained in observation and 35 (48.6 %) with 40 nodules underwent a second FNAB, with the following results: 2 BI, 23 BII, 14 BIII and 1 BV. Out of 14 nodules confirmed as BIII on repeat FNAB, 7 were operated on, resulting in: 2 CLT, 3 CG, 1 FA and 1 PTC. The BV nodule proved to be PTC. A total of 16 patients with BIII nodules underwent surgery (7 initially, 8 after a second FNAB, and 1 during clinical and US follow-up) and 5 (31.25 %) were PTC while 11 (68.75 %) were benign. Conclusion: Even though BIII thyroid nodules generally require a second FNAB, in our experience clinical and US findings suspicious for malignancy, or family history of thyroid cancer could allow some patients to be offered surgery at initial presentation. Rev Argent Endocrinol Metab 52:14-21, 2015 No financial conflicts of interest exist.

9.
Rev. argent. endocrinol. metab ; 52(1): 14-21, mar. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-134073

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Desde la implementación de la clasificación citológica de los nódulos tiroideos por el sistema Bethesda en 6 categorías, el grupo Bethesda III (BIII) es el que genera más controversias en cuanto a la conducta de seguimiento. Según la literatura corresponden a esta categoría entre el 4 y 20 % de los nódulos punzados y conllevan un riesgo de malignidad del 5-15 %. Objetivo: Determinar características clínicas y ecográficas de los nódulos tiroideos clasificados como BIII en nuestra población y analizar su evolución en el tiempo. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de todos los pacientes enviados a PAAF bajo guía ecográfica que resultaron BIII, entre febrero 2011 y diciembre 2013. Se describieron las características clínicas y ecográficas de dichos nódulos y su evolución. La mediana de seguimiento fue 24 meses (rango: 2 a 35 meses). Resultados: Fueron punzados 945 nódulos de 784 pacientes. Se clasificaron como BIII 85 nódulos (8,99 %) de 72 pacientes (69 mujeres y 3 varones), con una media de edad de 71,1 ±7,1 años. La mediana del diáme¡tro mayor de los nódulos fue 18 mm (9 a 54 mm). El 76,1 % de los nódulos fueron sólidos, el 22,5 % mixtos y en 1 caso espongiforme. Según el patrón ecográfico: 36,7 % eran hipoecoicos, 54,4 % isoecoicos y 8,9 % hiperecoicos. El 8,33 % presentó microcalcificaciones y el 9,9 % márgenes irregulares. El 39,43 % presentó vascularización periférica, 4,23 % central y 56,34 % mixta. Evolución: De los 72 pacientes, 9 (12,1 %) se perdieron en el seguimiento, a 56 (77,8 %) se los siguió clínica y ecográficamente, y en 7 pacientes (9,7 %) se tomó conducta quirúrgica basándose en criterios clínicos y ecográficos sospechosos de malignidad, o por antecedentes familiares positivos, resultando 3 con carcinoma papilar (CP), y 4 con patología benigna. Durante el seguimiento, Fueron repunzados 40 nódulos de 35 pacientes (48,6 %) que resultaron: 2 BI, 23 BII, 14 BIII y 1 BV. De los 14 nódulos con segunda punción BIII, se operaron 7, 1 CP y 6 patología benigna. El nódulo BV resultó un CP a su cirugía. En total, fueron operados 16 pacientes con BIII (22,2 %) (7 de inicio y 8 luego de la segunda PAAF y 1 en el seguimiento clínico ecográfico), de los cuales 5 (31,25 %) resultaron CP y 11 (68,75 %) patología tiroidea benigna. Conclusión: Si bien para los nódulos tiroideos con categoría BIII se recomienda generalmente una repunción, en nuestra experiencia el hallazgo de características clínicas y ecográficas sospechosas de malignidad y/o antecedentes familiares de cáncer de tiroides permitiría en algunos pacientes optar por la cirugía tiroidea desde el inicio. Rev Argent Endocrinol Metab 52:14-21, 2015 Los autores declaran no poseer conflictos de interés.(AU)


Background: Since the implementation of the Bethesda System for cytology classification of thyroid nodules into 6 categories, the Bethesda III group (B III) has been the most controversial as regards follow-up management. Reported data shows that about 4 to 20 % of all biopsied nodules belong to this category, with the risk of malignancy being 5 to 15 %. Objective: To determine clinical and sonographic features of thyroid nodules classified as BIII in our population and analyze their evolution over time. Methods: We determined the clinical and ultrasonographic (US) features of all patients who had undergone fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in 2011-2013 at our Institution for Retirees and Pensioners. Descriptive study of all patients with nodules classified as BIII with a median follow-up time of 24 months (2 to 35 months). Results: Out of 945 nodules from 784 patients biopsied (age, mean ± SD:71.1±7.1 years), 85 (8.99 %) were classified as BIII. Six patients had received neck radiation, and 5 reported family history of thyroid cancer. The median (range) largest diameter of nodules was 18 mm (9-54 mm). Fifty-four nodules (76.1 %) were solid, 16 (22.5 %) mixed, and 1 spongiform. Based on echogenicity, 36.7 % were hypoechoic, 54.4 % isoechoic and 8.9 % hyperechoic. Twenty-two nodules (25.88 %) were taller than wider, 8.33 % had microcalcifications and 9.9 % had irregular margins. At Doppler evaluation, 39.43 % of nodules had peripheral vascularity, 4.23 % showed central vascularity and 56.34 % had mixed vascularity. In 7 out of 72 patients with BIII classification, surgery was indicated at the start based on suspicious clinical and US findings for malignancy, or family history of thyroid cancer. Out of these 7 patients, 3 were found to have papillary carcinoma (PTC), 1 follicular adenoma (FA), 1 colloid goiter (CG), 1 adenomatous nodule (AN) and 1 chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT). As regards the follow-up and evolution of the rest of the group, 9 were lost, 21 remained in observation and 35 (48.6 %) with 40 nodules underwent a second FNAB, with the following results: 2 BI, 23 BII, 14 BIII and 1 BV. Out of 14 nodules confirmed as BIII on repeat FNAB, 7 were operated on, resulting in: 2 CLT, 3 CG, 1 FA and 1 PTC. The BV nodule proved to be PTC. A total of 16 patients with BIII nodules underwent surgery (7 initially, 8 after a second FNAB, and 1 during clinical and US follow-up) and 5 (31.25 %) were PTC while 11 (68.75 %) were benign. Conclusion: Even though BIII thyroid nodules generally require a second FNAB, in our experience clinical and US findings suspicious for malignancy, or family history of thyroid cancer could allow some patients to be offered surgery at initial presentation. Rev Argent Endocrinol Metab 52:14-21, 2015 No financial conflicts of interest exist.(AU)

10.
Rev. med. Rosario ; 80(1): 112-117, ene.-abr. 2014.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-716657

ABSTRACT

La obesidad es la causa más común de insulinorresistencia en niños y adolescentes. La misma presenta un aumento de su prevalencia involucrando a todos los grupos etarios. La insulinorresistencia determina disturbios metabólicos que son deletéreos para el árbol vascular y otros tejidos. Además se demostró una asociación entre insulinorresistencia e hiperinsulinemia con mayor prevalencia de nódulos tiroideos y aumento del tamaño de la tiroides, que estaría relacionado a la acción bociógena de la insulina y el IGF-1. El objetivo fue evaluar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, la presencia de esteatosis hepática y su asociación con hiperinsulinismo. Realizamos un estudio transversal descriptivo de 75 niños entre 2 y 14 años que consultaron al Servicio de Endocrinología en un lapso de 14 meses. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: peso, talla, índice de masa corporal (IMC), glucemia, insulinemia, índice HOMA, acantosis nigricans, transaminasas hepáticas, perfil lipídico, cortisol 8 hs, perfil tiroideocon anticuerpos, ecografía tiroidea y abdominal. Encontramos que 60% de la población presentó niveles de insulina elevados (>15 μUI/ml) con aumento progresivo de la prevalencia de acantosis nigricans, el 12,3% tuvo glucemias alteradas de ayuno y 66,6% índice HOMA >3. El 90% de los pacientes con ecografía tiroidea heterogénea presentó hiperinsulinismo (p <0,05), hallándose nódulos tiroideos en 5 (9,8%) de ellos. Evaluamos la posible relación entre nódulos tiroideos e hiperinsulinismo, y encontramos una asociación positiva en el 80%. La obesidad infantil de beser considerada un problema de salud pública.


besity is the most common cause of insulin resistance in children and adolescents. It has increasing prevalence and involves all age groups. Insulin resistance determines metabolic disturbances that are deleterious to the vasculature and other tissues. An association between insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia on the one side and increased prevalence of thyroid nodules and enlargement of the thyroid gland on the other has been demonstrated, which could be related to the goitrogenic action of insulin and IGF-1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, the presence of hepatic steatosis and its association with hyperinsulinism. We performed a cross sectional study of 75 children between 2 and 14 years (mean 10 years) who visited the Department of Endocrinology during a span of 14 months. We analyzed the following variables: weight, height, body mass index (BMI), glucose, insulin, HOMA, acanthosis nigricans,liver transaminases, lipid profile, cortisol at 8 AM, thyroid function tests and thyroid antibodies, thyroid and abdominal ultrasonography. In our study we found that 60% of the population showed elevated insulin levels (>15 μIU/ml) with progressive increase in the prevalence of acanthosis nigricans, and 12.3% showed inappropriate glucose levels...


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Acanthosis Nigricans , Endocrinology , Obesity , Goiter , Hyperinsulinism , Thyroid Nodule , Insulin Resistance
11.
Rev. med. Rosario ; 80(1): 112-117, ene.-abr. 2014.
Article in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-131852

ABSTRACT

La obesidad es la causa más común de insulinorresistencia en niños y adolescentes. La misma presenta un aumento de su prevalencia involucrando a todos los grupos etarios. La insulinorresistencia determina disturbios metabólicos que son deletéreos para el árbol vascular y otros tejidos. Además se demostró una asociación entre insulinorresistencia e hiperinsulinemia con mayor prevalencia de nódulos tiroideos y aumento del tamaño de la tiroides, que estaría relacionado a la acción bociógena de la insulina y el IGF-1. El objetivo fue evaluar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, la presencia de esteatosis hepática y su asociación con hiperinsulinismo. Realizamos un estudio transversal descriptivo de 75 niños entre 2 y 14 años que consultaron al Servicio de Endocrinología en un lapso de 14 meses. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: peso, talla, índice de masa corporal (IMC), glucemia, insulinemia, índice HOMA, acantosis nigricans, transaminasas hepáticas, perfil lipídico, cortisol 8 hs, perfil tiroideocon anticuerpos, ecografía tiroidea y abdominal. Encontramos que 60% de la población presentó niveles de insulina elevados (>15 μUI/ml) con aumento progresivo de la prevalencia de acantosis nigricans, el 12,3% tuvo glucemias alteradas de ayuno y 66,6% índice HOMA >3. El 90% de los pacientes con ecografía tiroidea heterogénea presentó hiperinsulinismo (p <0,05), hallándose nódulos tiroideos en 5 (9,8%) de ellos. Evaluamos la posible relación entre nódulos tiroideos e hiperinsulinismo, y encontramos una asociación positiva en el 80%. La obesidad infantil de beser considerada un problema de salud pública. (AU)


besity is the most common cause of insulin resistance in children and adolescents. It has increasing prevalence and involves all age groups. Insulin resistance determines metabolic disturbances that are deleterious to the vasculature and other tissues. An association between insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia on the one side and increased prevalence of thyroid nodules and enlargement of the thyroid gland on the other has been demonstrated, which could be related to the goitrogenic action of insulin and IGF-1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, the presence of hepatic steatosis and its association with hyperinsulinism. We performed a cross sectional study of 75 children between 2 and 14 years (mean 10 years) who visited the Department of Endocrinology during a span of 14 months. We analyzed the following variables: weight, height, body mass index (BMI), glucose, insulin, HOMA, acanthosis nigricans,liver transaminases, lipid profile, cortisol at 8 AM, thyroid function tests and thyroid antibodies, thyroid and abdominal ultrasonography. In our study we found that 60% of the population showed elevated insulin levels (>15 μIU/ml) with progressive increase in the prevalence of acanthosis nigricans, and 12.3% showed inappropriate glucose levels...(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Obesity , Endocrinology , Acanthosis Nigricans , Goiter , Insulin Resistance , Hyperinsulinism , Thyroid Nodule
12.
Endocrinol Nutr ; 61(6): 329-34, 2014.
Article in English, Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24360793

ABSTRACT

Appearance of a thyroid nodule has become a daily occurrence in clinical practice. Adequate thyroid nodule assessment requires several diagnostic tests and multiple medical appointments, which results in a substantial delay in diagnosis. Implementation of a high-resolution thyroid nodule clinic largely avoids these drawbacks by condensing in a single appointment all tests required for adequate evaluation of thyroid nodule. This paper reviews the diagnostic and functional structure of a high-resolution thyroid nodule clinic.


Subject(s)
Outpatient Clinics, Hospital/organization & administration , Thyroid Nodule/diagnosis , Biomarkers, Tumor , Biopsy, Fine-Needle/methods , Diagnosis, Differential , Early Detection of Cancer , Endocrinology , Humans , Interdisciplinary Communication , Pathology, Clinical , Patient Care Team , Radiology , Radionuclide Imaging , Spain , Thyroid Hormones/blood , Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnosis , Thyroid Nodule/blood , Thyroid Nodule/diagnostic imaging , Thyroid Nodule/pathology , Thyrotropin/blood , Ultrasonography , Unnecessary Procedures , Watchful Waiting
13.
Rev. med. Rosario ; 79(3): 112-117, sept.-dic. 2013. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-707381

ABSTRACT

La obesidad es la causa más común de insulinorresistencia en niños y adolescentes. La misma presenta un aumento de su prevalencia involucrando a todos los grupos etarios. La insulinorresistencia determina disturbios metabólicos que son deletéreos para el árbol vascular y otros tejidos. Además se demostró una asociación entre insulinorresistencia e hiperinsulinemia con mayor prevalencia de nódulos tiroideos y aumento del tamaño de la tiroides, que estaría relacionado a la acción bociógena de la insulina y el IGF-1. El objetivo fue evaluar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, la presencia de esteatosis hepática y su asociación con hiperinsulinismo. Realizamos un estudio transversal descriptivo de 75 niños entre 2 y 14 años que consultaron al Servicio de Endocrinología en un lapso de 14 meses. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: peso, talla, índice de masa corporal (IMC), glucemia, insulinemia, índice HOMA, acantosis nigricans, transaminasas hepáticas, perfil lipídico, cortisol 8 hs, perfil tiroideo con anticuerpos, ecografía tiroidea y abdominal. Encontramos que 60% de la población presentó niveles de insulina elevados (>15 µUI/ml) con aumento progresivo de la prevalencia de acantosis nigricans, el 12,3% tuvo glucemias alteradas de ayuno y 66,6% índice HOMA >3. El 90% de los pacientes con ecografía tiroidea heterogénea presentó hiperinsulinismo (p <0,05), hallándose nódulos tiroideos en 5 (9,8%) de ellos. Evaluamos la posible relación entrenódulos tiroideos e hiperinsulinismo, y encontramos una asociación positiva en el 80%. La obesidad infantil debeser considerada un problema de salud pública.


Obesity is the most common cause of insulin resistance in children and adolescents. It has increasing prevalence and involves all age groups. Insulin resistance determines metabolic disturbances that are deleterious to the vasculature and other tissues. An association between insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia on the one side and increased prevalence of thyroidnodules and enlargement of the thyroid gland on the other has been demonstrated, which could be related to the goitrogenic action of insulin and IGF-1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, the presence of hepatic steatosis and its association with hyperinsulinism. We performed a cross sectional study of 75 childrenbetween 2 and 14 years (mean 10 years) who visited the Department of Endocrinology during a span of 14 months.We analyzed the following variables: weight, height, body mass index (BMI), glucose, insulin, HOMA, acanthosis nigricans, liver transaminases, lipid profile, cortisol at 8 AM, thyroid function tests and thyroid antibodies, thyroid and abdominalultrasonography. In our study we found that 60% of the population showed elevated insulin levels (>15 ìIU/ml) with progressive increase in the prevalence of acanthosis nigricans, and 12.3% showed inappropriate glucose levels. Ninety per cent of patients with heterogeneous thyroid ultrasonography had hyperinsulinemia (p <0.05), and thyroid nodules were found in 5 of them (9.8%). We assessed the possible relationship between thyroid nodules and hyperinsulinism, and founda positive association in 80% of the cases. Childhood obesity should be considered a public health problem.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Child , Acanthosis Nigricans , Endocrinology , Obesity , Goiter , Hyperinsulinism , Thyroid Nodule , Insulin Resistance
14.
Rev. med. Rosario ; 79(3): 112-117, sept.-dic. 2013. graf
Article in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-130449

ABSTRACT

La obesidad es la causa más común de insulinorresistencia en niños y adolescentes. La misma presenta un aumento de su prevalencia involucrando a todos los grupos etarios. La insulinorresistencia determina disturbios metabólicos que son deletéreos para el árbol vascular y otros tejidos. Además se demostró una asociación entre insulinorresistencia e hiperinsulinemia con mayor prevalencia de nódulos tiroideos y aumento del tamaño de la tiroides, que estaría relacionado a la acción bociógena de la insulina y el IGF-1. El objetivo fue evaluar la prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, la presencia de esteatosis hepática y su asociación con hiperinsulinismo. Realizamos un estudio transversal descriptivo de 75 niños entre 2 y 14 años que consultaron al Servicio de Endocrinología en un lapso de 14 meses. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: peso, talla, índice de masa corporal (IMC), glucemia, insulinemia, índice HOMA, acantosis nigricans, transaminasas hepáticas, perfil lipídico, cortisol 8 hs, perfil tiroideo con anticuerpos, ecografía tiroidea y abdominal. Encontramos que 60% de la población presentó niveles de insulina elevados (>15 AUI/ml) con aumento progresivo de la prevalencia de acantosis nigricans, el 12,3% tuvo glucemias alteradas de ayuno y 66,6% índice HOMA >3. El 90% de los pacientes con ecografía tiroidea heterogénea presentó hiperinsulinismo (p <0,05), hallándose nódulos tiroideos en 5 (9,8%) de ellos. Evaluamos la posible relación entrenódulos tiroideos e hiperinsulinismo, y encontramos una asociación positiva en el 80%. La obesidad infantil debeser considerada un problema de salud pública.(AU)


Obesity is the most common cause of insulin resistance in children and adolescents. It has increasing prevalence and involves all age groups. Insulin resistance determines metabolic disturbances that are deleterious to the vasculature and other tissues. An association between insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia on the one side and increased prevalence of thyroidnodules and enlargement of the thyroid gland on the other has been demonstrated, which could be related to the goitrogenic action of insulin and IGF-1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, the presence of hepatic steatosis and its association with hyperinsulinism. We performed a cross sectional study of 75 childrenbetween 2 and 14 years (mean 10 years) who visited the Department of Endocrinology during a span of 14 months.We analyzed the following variables: weight, height, body mass index (BMI), glucose, insulin, HOMA, acanthosis nigricans, liver transaminases, lipid profile, cortisol at 8 AM, thyroid function tests and thyroid antibodies, thyroid and abdominalultrasonography. In our study we found that 60% of the population showed elevated insulin levels (>15 ýIU/ml) with progressive increase in the prevalence of acanthosis nigricans, and 12.3% showed inappropriate glucose levels. Ninety per cent of patients with heterogeneous thyroid ultrasonography had hyperinsulinemia (p <0.05), and thyroid nodules were found in 5 of them (9.8%). We assessed the possible relationship between thyroid nodules and hyperinsulinism, and founda positive association in 80% of the cases. Childhood obesity should be considered a public health problem.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Child , Obesity , Endocrinology , Acanthosis Nigricans , Goiter , Insulin Resistance , Hyperinsulinism , Thyroid Nodule
15.
Rev. argent. endocrinol. metab ; 48(3): 149-157, set. 2011. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-642002

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La presencia de nódulos tiroideos palpables en la población general, es uno de los signos clínicos tiroideos más frecuentes en la práctica diaria. Objetivos: 1) establecer la prevalencia de las distintas patologías en bocio nodular único palpable y analizar sus características y su relación con los resultados citológicos. 2) analizar la existencia de diferencias regionales en Argentina. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de 739 pacientes con bocio nodular único palpable evaluados entre el 1/1/2000 y el 31/12/2001 en Centros de Buenos Aires, Bahía Blanca, Mendoza y La Pampa. Se recabaron datos de examen clínico, ecografía tiroidea, TSH, ATPO y citología por punción con aguja fina. (PAAF). Fue utilizado para el análisis estadístico Correlación de Pearson, X2 y Test de Fisher. Resultados: la edad (X ± DS) fue 46,3 ± 14 años, 93,1 % eran de sexo femenino. El 1,6 % tenía historia de radiación en cuello y el 29,9 % antecedentes familiares de patología tiroidea. Hallazgos clínicos: disfagia en el 7,9 %, disfonía 3,5 %, crecimiento nodular en los últimos 6 meses 19,2 %, consistencia dura el 24,7 %, fijeza a estructuras adyacentes 1,5 % y adenopatías en el 3 %. Hallazgos bioquímicos: TSH normal en el 81,2 % y ATPO positivos en el 30,3 % de los casos. Características Ecográficas: nódulos sólidos: 53,1 %, hipoecoicos: 63,8 %, microcalcificaciones 10,3 %, halo incompleto: 15 %, multinodular: 30,5 %, tiroides heterogénea: 60,2 % y adenopatías: 3,8 %. Hallazgos citológicos: En el 86,8 % de los casos fue necesario solo una punción para llegar al diagnóstico. Insatisfactorio (excluyendo quiste): 3,2 %: benignos: 77,3 %; sospechosos: 12,6 % y cáncer: 7 % (42 papilar, 2 medular y 3 sin especificar). Una correlación significativa (p<0,02) fue observada entre citología maligna y crecimiento rápido, dureza, fijeza a estructuras vecinas, nódulo sólido, halo incompleto y adenopatías aunque estos parámetros son más frecuentes en números absolutos en nódulos benignos. La mayoría de las cirugías fueron indicadas en base al hallazgo citológico. El diagnóstico histológico de los 96 pacientes que fueron operados mostró 51 carcinomas, de los cuales solo dos tenían citología benigna y 31 adenomas. Conclusión: Los nódulos palpables únicos fueron más frecuentes en mujeres eutiroideas en la edad media de la vida. Un tercio tenía historia familiar de patología tiroidea, similar al porcentaje hallado de ATPO positivos. Por ecografía los nódulos fueron predominantemente sólidos, hipoecoicos, únicos con resto de la glándula tiroides heterogénea. La PAAF fue predominantemente benigna. El crecimiento rápido, la dureza, la fijeza a estructuras adyacentes, el halo incompleto y la presencia de adenopatías fueron relacionados con malignidad, pero la benignidad fue más frecuente. En la mayoría de los pacientes la cirugía fue recomendada por los hallazgos citológicos. Nuestros resultados son similares a los reportados en otras áreas geográficas.


Introduction: the presence of palpable thyroid nodules in the general population is one of the most common clinical signs of thyroid disease in daily practice. Objectives: 1) To assess the prevalence of pathologies, clinical and cytological findings of single palpable thyroid nodules (SPTN) in Argentina. 2) Analyze the regional differences in Argentina. Methods: Prospective study of 739 patients with STPN were evaluated at centres in Buenos Aires, Bahía Blanca, Mendoza, and La Pampa between 1/1/00 and 12/31/01. Clinical examination, thyroid ultrasound scan (US), TSH, TPOAb and fine needle aspirations (FNA) were performed. Statistics: Pearson Correlation, X2 & Fisher Tests. Results: Age (X ± SD) 46 ± 14ys: 93.1 % were women. Previous history of neck radiation & familial thyroid disease were found in 1.6 and 29.9 % respectively. Clinical findings: dysphagia: 7.9 %; dysphonia: 3.5%; nodule growth: 19.2 %; hard consistence: 24.7 %; fixation to adjacent structure: 1.5 % and lymphadenopathies (ADP): 3 %. Biochemical findings: TSH was normal in 81.2 % & TPOAb+ in 30.3 %. US features: solid: 53.1 %; hypoechoic: 63.8 %; microcalcifications: 10.3 %; incomplete halo: 15 %; more than 1 nodule: 30.5 %; thyroid heterogeneity: 60.2 % and ADP: 3.8 %. Cytology: Only 1 FNA was needed in 86.8%. Unsatisfactory (excluding cysts): 3.2 %; benign: 77.2%; suspicious: 12.6 % and cancer: 7 % (42 papillary, 2 medullary and 3 non specified). A significant correlation (p<0.02) was established between malignant nodules and rapid growth, hard, fixed, solid nodule, incomplete halo and ADP, though these parameters were more frequent (in absolute number) in benign nodules. Surgery was mainly indicated based on FNA results. Histological diagnosis of 96 patients who underwent surgery showed 51 carcinomas, of which only 2 were cytologically benign and 31 adenomas. Conclusion: Palpable single nodules were more frequent in middle aged euthyroid women. One third had familial thyroid pathology, similar to the presence of TPOAb. On US, nodules were predominantly solid, hypoechoic, single with heterogeneous thyroid gland. FNA was predominantly benign. Rapid growth, hard, fixed, solid nodule, incomplete halo and ADP were associated with malignancy, but benignity was more common. In most of the patients surgery was recommended based on cytological findings. Our results are similar to those reported in other geographic areas.

16.
Med. UIS ; 21(2): 76-85, mayo-ago. 2008. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-606232

ABSTRACT

Un nódulo tiroideo solitario clínicamente es una lesión discreta, dentro de una glándula tiroidea que a la palpación es normal. Aunque los nódulos tiroideos son un problema clínico común, la gran minoría de ellos son malignos y pocas veces requieren manejo quirúrgico. Una aproximación sistemática en su evaluación es de suma importancia con el fi n de evitar procedimientos quirúrgicos innecesarios. Los factores que favorecen la presencia de malignidad incluyen entre otros la historia de irradiación en cuello, crecimiento rápido nodular, sexo masculino, menores de 20 años o mayores de 70 años, historia familiar de cáncer de tiroides o características sugestivas de neoplasia endocrina múltiple. La incidencia de cáncer en aquellos con características clínicas sugestivas de malignidad es muy alta, pero la mayoría de los pacientes no tienen dichas características. Los recientes avances en el uso generalizado de la biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina, la aplicación de la ecografía de alta resolución y los ensayos de medición de la hormona estimulante de tiroides, han originado un importante avance en el diagnóstico y manejo de los nódulos tiroideos. La biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina es crucial en la investigación de un nódulo tiroideo, provee una información citológica con alta exactitud acerca del nódulo, proporcionando un plan de manejo que puede ser formulado. Los principales cambios surgen en el manejo del nódulo que cae dentro de la categoría de “indeterminado”. Éstos pacientes pueden ser sometidos a más procedimientos quirúrgicos, los cuáles son necesarios, ya que el análisis histopatológico es el único medio a través del cual la malignidad puede excluirse. El manejo del nódulo tiroideo permanece controversial, la presente revisión tiene como objetivo el enfoque del diagnóstico y manejo del nódulo tiroideo solitario que es detectado al examen físico...


A clinically solitary thyroid nodule is a discrete swelling within an otherwise palpable normal thyroid gland. Although thyroid nodules are common, few are malignant and require surgical treatment. A systematic approach to their evaluation is important to avoid unnecessary surgery. Factors that favor malignancy include history of neck irridation, rapid tumor growth, male sex, age younger than 20 years or older than 70 years, a family history of thyroid cancer or features suggestive of multiple endocrine neoplasia. The incidence of cancer in those with clinical suggestive of malignancy is high, but most patients do not have these features. The recent developments such as the widespread use of fine-needle aspiration biopsy, the application of high-resolution ultrasonography and sensitive thyroid-stimulating hormone assays have resulted in important advances in the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is crucial in the investigation of a thyroid nodule. It provides highly accurate cytologic information about the nodule from which a definitive management plan can be formulated. The challenge remains in the management of nodules that fall under the “indeterminate” category. These may be subject to more surgical intervention than is required because histological examination is the only way in which a malignancy can be excluded. The management of a solitary thyroid nodule remains controversial. This review will focus on the management of a solitary thyroid nodule that is detected on physical examination...


Subject(s)
Biopsy , Thyroid Gland , Thyroid Neoplasms , Thyroid Nodule
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