Wearable EMI Shielding Composite Films with Integrated Optimization of Electrical Safety, Biosafety and Thermal Safety.

Biomaterial-based flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding composite films are desirable in many applications of wearable electronic devices. However, much research focuses on improving the EMI shielding performance of materials, while optimizing the comprehensive safety of wearable EMI shielding materials has been neglected. Herein, wearable cellulose nanofiber@boron nitride nanosheet/silver nanowire/bacterial cellulose (CNF@BNNS/AgNW/BC) EMI shielding composite films with sandwich structure are fabricated via a simple sequential vacuum filtration method. For the first time, the electrical safety, biosafety, and thermal safety of EMI shielding materials are optimized integratedly. Since both sides of the sandwich structure contain CNF and BC electrical insulation layers, the CNF@BNNS/AgNW/BC composite films exhibit excellent electrical safety. Furthermore, benefiting from the AgNW conductive networks in the middle layer, the CNF@BNNS/AgNW/BC exhibit excellent EMI shielding effectiveness of 49.95 dB and ultra-fast response Joule heating performance. More importantly, the antibacterial property of AgNW ensures the biosafety of the composite films. Meanwhile, the AgNW and the CNF@BNNS layers synergistically enhance the thermal conductivity of the CNF@BNNS/AgNW/BC composite film, reaching a high value of 8.85 W m‒1 K‒1, which significantly enhances its thermal safety when used in miniaturized electronic device. This work offers new ideas for fabricating biomaterial-based EMI shielding composite films with high comprehensive safety.

Electrical safety assessment of a prototype device for electromagnetic stimulation of the ear in patients with tinnitus.

<b><br>Aim:</b> The aim of the study was to evaluate the results of electrical safety results of a prototype electromagnetic ear stimulation device in patients with tinnitus.</br> <b><br>Material and methods:</b> The electrical safety tests of the prototype device for electro- and magnetostimulation of the hearing organ were carried out at the Center for Attestation and Certification Tests in Gliwice. The tests concerned selected parameters including the PN-EN standard.</br> <b><br>Results:</b> Safety studies of the prototype electrical stimulation device for the ear in patients with tinnitus were necessary to perform the planned further preclinical studies. Obtained results regarding: identification and labeling of the device; protection against electric shock; checking protective earthing, functional earthing and potential equalization; checking the leakage current and auxiliary currents of the patient; checking the distances through the solid insulation and the use of thin insulating spacers; checking the electrical strength of the device insulation; checking protection against mechanical hazards of the device; checking the risk associated with surfaces, corners and edges, and checking the protection against excessive temperatures and other threats comply with the standard PN-EN.</br> <b><br>Conclusions:</b> No risk to the patient and medical staff. Tests of protection against mechanical hazards of the device have shown that the only movable part whose contact with the patient could cause an unacceptable risk is the fan installed inside the housing.</br>.

Solar panel defect detection design based on YOLO v5 algorithm.

Defects of solar panels can easily cause electrical accidents. The YOLO v5 algorithm is improved to make up for the low detection efficiency of the traditional defect detection methods. Firstly, it is improved on the basis of coordinate attention to obtain a LCA attention mechanism with a larger target range, which can enhance the sensing range of target features in addition to fully capturing feature information; secondly, the weighted bidirectional feature pyramid is used to balance the feature information with excessive pixel differences by assigning different weights, which is more conducive to multi-scale Fast fusion of features; finally, the usual coupled head of YOLO series is replaced with decoupled head, so that the task branch can be performed more accurately and the detection accuracy can be improved. The results of comparative experiments on the solar panel defect detection data set show that after the improvement of the algorithm, the overall precision is increased by 1.5%, the recall rate is increased by 2.4%, and the mAP is up to 95.5%, which is 2.5% higher than that before the improvement. It can more accurately determine whether there are defects, standardize the quality of solar panels, and ensure electrical safety.

An Investigation on the Influence of Operation Experience on Virtual Hazard Perception Using Wearable Eye Tracking Technology.

Poor electrical hazard recognition is a widespread issue in the production industry. Hazard perception has impacts workers' hazard recognition, causing them to experience unanticipated hazard exposure and suffer catastrophic injuries. To improve the factors of affecting hazard perception, the current study examined hazard recognition as an everyday visual search task. A comparative test was carried out combining the advantages and disadvantages of the two test methods. It was confirmed that the virtual image test data can replace the real image test data and demonstrate superior flexible settings performance, so the virtual image test method is used. A hazard perception test method based on wearable eye tracking technology was proposed to analyze the eye-tracking data (i.e., fixation, count, search duration, mean fixation duration, eye tracking, and hazard recognition performance feedback) were compared between experts in the field of electrical safety: skilled workers with at least five years of work experience and workers who had been on the job for less than a year. It was found that experts had a better hazard recognition accuracy and missed detection rate than other workers. Experts' hazards research track was more concised and paid less attention time. This advantage is most obvious in complex risk environments. The findings also suggest that workers who have different working years was not obvious visual search patterns other than the search duration. As can be seen the work experience is not an absolute factor in improving hazard perception. The present research will be useful to understand the influence of working years on hazard perception and provide a theoretical basis for corresponding training.

Standards of instrumentation of EMG.

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on "Standards of Instrumentation of EMG" is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged. The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.

Electrical safety.

Since the purpose of clinical neurophysiology testing is to record the electrical activity of the nervous system, and often to electrically stimulate the peripheral or central nervous system (for evoked potentials, nerve conduction studies, etc.), these tests by their very nature demand an excellent electrical connection to the patient. This direct electrical connection by definition puts the patient at increased risk of electrical shock. When patients suffer from other nonneurological disorders that also require equipment to be attached to or inserted into their body, the additional and more direct electrical pathways to the heart make them even more vulnerable, especially when undergoing monitoring in the operating room or intensive care unit. Although we depend on the hospital's construction and utilities to follow appropriate regulations (the National Electrical Code in the United States) and on the vendors to sell only safe equipment (approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States), there may exist combinations of equipment and connections that put the patient at risk of injurious or fatal electrical shock. Regular testing and safe practices, informed by a scientific understanding of the risks, are the responsibilities of the healthcare providers in order to protect the patient from harm from electricity.

Robust Powerline Equipment Inspection System Based on a Convolutional Neural Network.

Electric power line equipment such as insulators, cut-out-switches, and lightning-arresters play important roles in ensuring a safe and uninterrupted power supply. Unfortunately, their continuous exposure to rugged environmental conditions may cause physical or electrical defects in them which may lead to the failure to the electrical system. In this paper, we present an automatic real-time electrical equipment detection and defect analysis system. Unlike previous handcrafted feature-based approaches, the proposed system utilizes a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based equipment detection framework, making it possible to detect 17 different types of powerline insulators in a highly cluttered environment. We also propose a novel rotation normalization and ellipse detection method that play vital roles in the defect analysis process. Finally, we present a novel defect analyzer that is capable of detecting gunshot defects occurring in electrical equipment. The proposed system uses two cameras; a low-resolution camera that detects insulators from long-shot images, and a high-resolution camera which captures close-shot images of the equipment at high-resolution that helps for effective defect analysis. We demonstrate the performances of the proposed real-time equipment detection with up to 93% recall with 92% precision, and defect analysis system with up to 98% accuracy, on a large evaluation dataset. Experimental results show that the proposed system achieves state-of-the-art performance in automatic powerline equipment inspection.

Problems in quality control of hemodialysis machine / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To find out the problems in quality control of the hemodialysis machine to ensure its safety.Methods MESA 90XL meter and Austrian RIGFL 288 electrical safety tester were used to detect the hemodialysis machines according to military and national standards on dialysate temperature,dialysate conductivity,venous pressure,arterial pressure,dialysate flow,dialysate pH value,heparin pump flow,blood pump flow,dehydration flow,electrical safety and etc.Results Most of the hemodialysis met the clinical requirements while unqualified machines underwent maintenance,and some measures were proposed to solve the problems during the detection.Conclusion Periodical detection and quality control are of greát significance for the hemodialysis machine.

Quality control method and detection data analysis of electrosurgical unit / 中国医学装备

Objective:To establish the quality control method of electrosurgical unit(ESU) through the safety performance test and data analysis for electrotome.Methods: According to the testing standard of ESU, Fluke ESA612 electrical safety analyzer and QA-ES II electrosurgery unit analyzer were applied to test the properties of ESU were using during 2015 and 2016, and the testing results were analyzed.Results:In 2015 and 2016, the qualified rate of quality control results were 79% and 81%, respectively; the problems of unqualified ESU were resolved and their hidden risks in clinical applications were eliminated.Conclusion: By testing the properties of ESU, we can master the performance of the machine; find and deal with the risk of machine in time, and avoid the hidden danger and enhance the risk management for ESU, so that the machine can be safely and effectively applied in clinical surgery.

Analysis of protective earth requirement for touched metal parts of medical electrical equipment / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To study the protective earth requirement for touched metal parts of medical electrical equipment to improve the manufacturer's understanding on national standards.Methods The isolation methods for the touched metal parts in national standards were studied,and the principle of protective earth combined with insulation separating was analyzed.The characteristics of the second isolation method was discussed,and the respiratory system structure and electroshock protection of the anaesthetic machine were taken as examples.Results The touched metal parts with no measures for grounding,double isolation or reinforced insulation was determined by structure detection to meet the requirements of national standards in case basic insulation ceased to be effective and the parts were uncharged.Conclusion The necessities to girt the touched metal parts with measures for grounding,double isolation or reinforced insulation should depend on the understanding on national standards and electrical construction of the equipment under test by structure detection.

Estudio de accidentes eléctricos y peligro del arco eléctrico: introducción a un programa de seguridad eléctrica / Study of electrical accidents and danger of electric arc: introduction to electrical safety program

El presente trabajo da cuenta de nuevos conceptos en el campo de la seguridad eléctrica, esto es, el estudio del fenómeno llamado relámpago de arco (Arc Flash) y sus medidas de control. Donde se desglosa una realidad estadística de accidentabilidad eléctrica en Chile respecto a las tendencias y focos críticos en la industria, a partir de la información desprendida de las estadísticas internas de la Asociación Chilena de Seguridad (ACHS), de organismos públicos como SUSESO y SEREMI de Salud y la Superintendencia de Electricidad y Combustibles. Con los resultados y tendencias de las estadísticas desarrolladas, se han elaborado Herramientas Preventivas para la evaluación cualitativa y cuantitativa de variables y parámetros de un sistema eléctrico, para cuantificar el nivel de riesgo eléctrico (con base en determinados requisitos de la Norma NFPA 70E¹ norma de EE.UU., para la Seguridad Eléctrica en los lugares de trabajo) y la propuesta de un Programa Estándar de Seguridad Eléctrica, integrado con los programas de prevención de riesgos o de gestión de seguridad y salud ocupacional que las empresas llevan a cabo.

This paper shows new concepts in the field of electrical safety, that is to say the studying the phenomenon called Arc Flash and its control measures. Where a statistical reality of electrical accidents in Chile is broken down related to trends and hot spots in the industry, based on information from the detached internal statistics of the Chilean Safety Association (ACHS), public bodies as SUSESO and SEREMI of Health and the Superintendence of Electricity and Fuels. With the results and trends of the developed statistics, preventive tools have been produced for the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of variables and parameters of an electrical system to quantify the level of electrical risk (based on certain requirements of NFPA 70E¹ - USA regulation for Electrical Safety in work places) and the proposal of an Electrical Safety Standard Program, integrated with risk prevention or occupational health and safety management that companies conduct.

Does non-medical grade power cord compromise the safety of medical equipment?

A tertiary care 1000 bedded hospital contains more than 10,000 pieces of equipment worth approximately 41 million USD, while the power cords supplied along with the imported equipment do not comply with country-specific norms. Moreover, the local vendors procure power cords with type D/M plug to complete installation and also on-site electrical safety test is not performed. Hence, this project was undertaken to evaluate the electrical safety of all life-saving equipment purchased in the year 2013, referring to the guidelines of International Electrotechnical Commission 62353, the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)-99 hospital standard for the analysis of protective earth resistance and chassis leakage current. This study was done with a measuring device namely electrical safety analyser 612 model from Fluke Biomedical.

Practice of quality control of cardiac defibrillator-monitor / 医疗卫生装备

To master the performances of the cardiac defibrillator-monitor and enhance its reliability and effi-ciency through quality control. ESA612 electrical safety analyzer and Phase3 defibrillator analyzer were used to test the performances of 56 cardiac defibrillator-monitors, involving in basic items detection, electrical safety detection and performance detection. The qualified items included charging times, internal discharge, ECG monitoring and etc, while the unqualified ones included appearance, electrical safety as well as delay time under synchronous mode. The quality control can improve the safety of the cardiac defibrillator-monitor.

Analysis on hospital medical equipment electrical safety testing / 中国医学装备

Objective:To study the electrical safety of multi-parameter monitor and defibrillation monitor, and guarantee the safe and effective operation by through the medical equipment electrical safety performance in our hospital.Methods: To test 101 different models of multi-parameter monitor and defibrillation monitor electrical safety.Results: The one-time pass rate of 96%, and the two-time rate was 98%, also one multi-parameter monitor and defibrillation monitor hadn’t meet electrical safety performance after repairing.Conclusion: The equipments that don’t meet electrical safety performance prohibit using for clinical purposes; To ensure the safety of medical equipment and life safety of medical workers and patients by through developing the testing of the medical equipment electrical safety performance in our hospital.

Electrical deaths in the US construction: an analysis of fatality investigations.

Electrocution is among the 'fatal four' in US construction according to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Learning from failures is believed to be an effective path to success, with deaths being the most serious system failures. This paper examined the failures in electrical safety by analysing all electrical fatality investigations (N = 132) occurring between 1989 and 2010 from the Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation programme that is completed by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Results reveal the features of the electrical fatalities in construction and disclose the most common electrical safety challenges on construction sites. This research also suggests the sociotechnical system breakdowns and the less effectiveness of current safety training programmes may significantly contribute to worker's unsafe behaviours and electrical fatality occurrences.

Capacitive epidermal electronics for electrically safe, long-term electrophysiological measurements.

Integration of capacitive sensing capabilities to epidermal electronic systems (EES) can enhance the robustness in operation for electrophysiological signal measurement. Capacitive EES designs are reusable, electrically safe, and minimally sensitive to motion artifacts. Experiments on human subjects illustrate levels of fidelity in ECG, EMG, and EOG recordings comparable to those of standard gel electrodes and of direct contact EES electrodes.