Controlled assembly of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle into nanoliposome for Pickering emulsion preparation.

There has been a surge in effort in the development of various solid nanoparticles as Pickering emulsion stabilizers in the past decades. Regardless, the exploration of stabilizers that simultaneously stabilize and deliver bioactive has been limited. For this, liposomes with amphiphilic nature have been introduced as Pickering emulsion stabilizers but these nano-sized vesicles lack targeting specificity. Therefore in this study, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) encapsulated within liposomes (MLP) were used as Pickering emulsion stabilizers to prepare pH and magnetic-responsive Pickering emulsions. A stable MLP-stabilized Pickering emulsion formulation was established by varying the MLP pH, concentration, and oil loading during the emulsification process. The primary stabilization mechanism of the emulsion under pH variation was identified to be largely associated with the MLP phosphate group deprotonation. When subjected to sequential pH adjustment to imitate the gastrointestinal digestion pH environment, a recovery in Pickering emulsion integrity was observed as the pH changes from acidic to alkaline. By incorporating SPION, the Pickering emulsion can be guided to the targeted site under the influence of a magnetic field without compromising emulsion stability. Overall, the results demonstrated the potential of MLP-stabilized Pickering emulsion as a dual pH- and magnetic-responsive drug delivery carrier with the ability to co-encapsulate hydrophobic and hydrophilic bioactive.

Improving the storage quality of Harbin red sausages by quaternized chitosan/sodium alginate coating curcumin nano-emulsion.

In this study, the effect of sodium alginate and quaternized chitosan bis-polysaccharide-based shell transport curcumin nano-emulsions (Cur@QCS/SA) on the microbiological, physicochemical properties, quality characteristics of Harbin red sausage during storage is investigated. According to the microbiological results, the shelf life of Harbin red sausage is extended from 3 d to 6 d by adding 0.15% Cur@QCS/SA, and Bacillus is the most predominant bacterial before 6 d. Additionally, the physicochemical properties change significantly, the pH, weight loss (WL), water holding capacity (WHC), water activity (aw), L*, and a* of red sausage decrease gradually with the extension of storage time, as well as b*, lipid oxidation, proteolysis increase significantly (P < 0.05). Secondly, it is found that 0.15% treatment group can better maintain the quality characteristics of Harbin red sausage according to texture profile analysis (TPA), electronic nose (E-nose), and electronic tongue (E-tongue) (P < 0.05). This study provides a new way for nano-emulsions in food applications and a new option for the preservation of Harbin red sausage as well as other low-temperature meat products.

The Horizons of Medical Mineralogy: Structure-Bioactivity Relationship and Biomedical Applications of Halloysite Nanoclay.

Medical mineralogy explores the interactions between natural minerals and living organisms such as cells, tissues, and organs and develops therapeutic and diagnostic applications in drug delivery, medical devices, and healthcare materials. Many minerals (especially clays) have been recognized for pharmacological activities and therapeutic potential. Halloysite clay (Chinese medicine name: Chishizhi), manifested as one-dimensional aluminum silicate nanotubes (halloysite nanotubes, HNTs), has gained applications in hemostasis, wound repair, gastrointestinal diseases, tissue engineering, detection and sensing, cosmetics, and daily chemicals formulations. Various biomedical applications of HNTs are derived from hollow tubular structures, high mechanical strength, good biocompatibility, bioactivity, and unique surface characteristics. This natural nanomaterial is safe, abundantly available, and may be processed with environmentally safe green chemistry methods. This review describes the structure and physicochemical properties of HNTs relative to bioactivity. We discuss surface area, porosity and surface defects, hydrophilicity, heterogeneity and charge of external and internal surfaces, as well as biosafety. The paper provides comprehensive guidance for the development of this tubule nanoclay and its advanced biomedical applications for clinical diagnosis and therapy.

Dynamic interfacial adsorption and emulsifying performance of self-assembled coconut protein and fucoidan mixtures.

The functional properties of protein are affected by their aggregation behavior and morphology. In this study, the self-assembled coconut protein aggregates with specific morphology, including small amorphous aggregates (WLA), spherical-like aggregates (SLA) and rod-like aggregates (RLA), were regulated to form. The self-assembled process resulted in a decrease in fluorescence intensity and an increase in the surface hydrophobicity of coconut protein. Fucoidan was added to improve the stability of protein solutions, and the interfacial adsorption behavior was evaluated by dilatational rheology analysis. The results showed that the aggregation state of coconut protein affected its ability to reduce surface tension, and the interfacial layers mainly exhibited elastic property at oil-water interface (tanφ < 0.5). For macroscale analysis, the emulsions based on self-assembled coconut protein exhibited smaller droplet size, better rheological properties and centrifugal stability, especially WLA and RLA. This study may provide a reference to inspire the utilization of self-assembled coconut protein in the food industry.

Influences of ultrasonic treatment on the physicochemical properties and microstructure of diacylglycerol-loaded emulsion stabilized with soybean protein isolate and sodium alginate.

This study examined the impacts of ultrasonic power (0, 150, 300, 450, 600, and 750 W) and ultrasonic durations (3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 min) on the physicochemical properties and microstructure of diacylglycerol (DAG)-loaded emulsions stabilized with soybean protein isolate (SPI) and sodium alginate (SA). The findings indicated that the smallest particle size, zeta potential, and contact angle for SPI-SA-DAG emulsions were respectively 5.58 µm, -49.85 mV, and 48.65°, achieved at an ultrasonic power of 450 W. The emulsification properties, loss modulus, storage modulus, and apparent viscosity of the emulsions were optimal at this power setting and at a duration of 9 min. Analytical techniques, including confocal laser scanning-, scanning electron-, and atomic force microscopy, revealed that ultrasonication significantly altered emulsion aggregation state, with the surface roughness (Rq) being minimized at 450 W. These results demonstrated that the stability of SPI-SA-DAG emulsions can be effectively enhanced by an appropriate ultrasonic treatment at 450 W for 9 min. This research provides theoretical support for the broad application of sonication techniques in the food industry.

Application of rosemary oil nano-emulsion as antimicrobial and antioxidant natural alternative in pasteurized cream and Karish cheese.

Essential oils possess significant antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and are increasingly used as natural substitutes for food preservation. Therefore, this study investigated the potential application of rosemary essential oil (REO) and REO nano-emulsion in the dairy plant. The antimicrobial effects of REO and REO nano-emulsion were determined by an agar well diffusion assay after chemical profiling by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The REO nano-emulsion was characterized by a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The REO chemical profile revealed the presence of 42 chemical compounds, including 1, 8-cineole (9.72 %), and α-pinene (5.46 %) as major active components. REO nano-emulsion demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity compared to REO (P < 0.05) with a MIC value of 0.0001 mg/ml against Listeria monocytogenes and Aspergillus flavus and 0.001 mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. REO nano-emulsion enhanced the oxidative stability of pasteurized fresh cream, revealing a non-significant difference compared with that inoculated with butylated hydroxy anisol (BHA; synthetic antioxidant) (P˃ 0.05). Fortified cream and Karish cheese with REO nano-emulsion were evaluated organoleptically, and the results showed higher grades of overall acceptability when compared to control samples with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Viability studies were estimated using the previously mentioned microorganisms in fortified fresh cream and Karish cheese with REO nano-emulsion. Results of the fortified cream showed a complete reduction of L. monocytogenes, A. flavus, and B. cereus on days 5, 7, and 10, respectively, and a 96.93 % reduction of P. aeruginosa by the end of the storage period. Regarding Karish cheese viability studies, C. albicans, A. flavus, and P. aeruginosa exhibited complete reduction on days 10, 10, and 15 of storage, respectively. In conclusion, REO nano-emulsion was recommended as a natural, safe, and effective antimicrobial and antioxidant additive in the dairy industry.

Engineering CaP-Pickering emulsion for enhanced mRNA cancer vaccines via dual DC and NK activations.

mRNA delivery systems, such as lipid nanoparticle (LNP), have made remarkable strides in improving mRNA expression, whereas immune system activation operates on a threshold. Maintaining a delicate balance between antigen expression and dendritic cell (DC) activation is vital for effective immune recognition. Here, a water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) Pickering emulsion stabilized with calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaP-PME) is developed for mRNA delivery in cancer vaccination. CaP-PME efficiently transports mRNA into the cytoplasm, induces pro-inflammatory responses and activates DCs by disrupting intracellular calcium/potassium ions balance. Unlike LNP, CaP-PME demonstrates a preference for DCs, enhancing their activation and migration to lymph nodes. It elicits interferon-γ-mediated CD8+ T cell responses and promotes NK cell proliferation and activation, leading to evident NK cells infiltration and ameliorated tumor microenvironment. The prepared w/o/w Pickering emulsion demonstrates superior anti-tumor effects in E.G7 and B16-OVA tumor models, offering promising prospects as an enhanced mRNA delivery vehicle for cancer vaccinations.

Advances of protein-based emulsion gels as fat analogues: Systematic classification, formation mechanism, and food application.

Fat plays a pivotal role in the appearance, flavor, texture, and palatability of food. However, excessive fat consumption poses a significant risk for chronic ailments such as obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the development of green, healthy, and stable protein-based emulsion gel as an alternative to traditional fats represents a novel approach to designing low-fat food. This paper reviews the emulsification behavior of proteins from different sources to gain a comprehensive understanding of their potential in the development of emulsion gels with fat-analog properties. It further investigates the emulsifying potential of protein combined with diverse substances. Then, the mechanisms of protein-stabilized emulsion gels with fat-analog properties are discussed, mainly involving single proteins, proteins-polysaccharides, as well as proteins-polyphenols. Moreover, the potential applications of protein emulsion gels as fat analogues in the food industry are also encompassed. By combining natural proteins with other components such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, or biopolymers, it is possible to enhance the stability of the emulsion gels and improve its fat-analog texture properties. In addition to their advantages in protecting oil oxidation, limiting hydrogenated oil intake, and delivering bioactive substances, protein-based emulsion gels have potential in food 3D printing and the development of specialty fats for plant-based meat.

Encapsulation of lycopene in Pickering emulsion stabilized by complexes of whey protein isolate fibrils and sodium alginate: Physicochemical property, structural characterization and in vitro digestion property.

In present study, whey protein isolate fibrils and sodium alginate complexes (WPIFs-SA) were prepared and further used to stabilize Pickering emulsions for lycopene delivery. The optimal interaction between WPIFs and SA occurred at pH 3.0, with a mass ratio of 2:1. Increasing the oil fractions and the content of WPIFs-SA complexes significantly improved Pickering emulsions' stability, concurrently reducing droplet size and increasing viscoelasticity. Meanwhile, it facilitated the formation of a thicker protective layer and a compact network structure around the oil droplets, offering better protection for lycopene against thermal and photo degradation. In vitro digestion studies revealed that as the oil fractions and complex contents increased, the lipolysis degree decreased. The engineered WPIFs-SA Pickering emulsion could be used as an innovative delivery system for the protection and delivery of lycopene.

Enhanced bioaccessibility of interfacial delivered oleanolic acid through self-constructed Pickering emulsion: Effects of oil types.

Pentacyclic triterpenes have attracted much attention because of their many bioactivities, but their bioaccessibility is low. Oleanolic acid (OA) was used in this study as a typical edible pentacyclic triterpene. In this work, we proposed an OA interfacial delivery model based on W/O Pickering emulsion, and investigated the effects of different oil types on the emulsion properties and OA bioaccessibility of the OA W/O Pickering emulsion interfacial delivery system (EIDS). Medium chain triglyceride (MCT), long chain triglycerides (LCT) and MCT/LCT (1:1, w/w) were selected as carrier oils for the preparation of emulsions, respectively. The results showed that the emulsions formed from LCT had smaller particle sizes, which increased the deformation resistance of the emulsions and exhibited good stability during the simulated in vitro digestion. The extent of free fatty acid (FFA) release during oil digestion was MCT (103.32 ± 3.74 %) > M/L (97.89 ± 2.89 %) > LCT (71.41 ± 6.64 %). Of interest, the bioaccessibility of OA was influenced by the carrier oil: LCT (59.34 ± 2.55 %) > M/L (47.35 ± 6.25 %) > MCT (13.11 ± 1.40 %) ＞ PBS (7.11 ± 1.74 %), and such a difference was mainly attributed to the greater solubilisation of OA in mixed micelles consisting of long-chain fatty acids. In summary, the size of hydrophobic domains in the mixed micelles produced a greater effect than the effect of FFA release on OA bioaccessibility. This study provides a theoretical basis for the interfacial delivery of OA and the enhancement of OA bioaccessibility based on W/O Pickering emulsions with different oil types.

Color-encoded multicompartmental hydrogel microspheres for multiplexed bioassays.

We develop color-encoded multicompartmental hydrogel (MH) microspheres tailored for multiplexed bioassays using a drop-based microfluidic approach. Our method involves the creation of triple emulsion drops that feature thin sacrificial oil layers separating two prepolymer phases. This configuration leads to the formation of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) multi-compartmental core-shell microspheres through photopolymerization, followed by the removal of the thin oil layers. The core compartments stably incorporate pigments, ensuring their retention within the hydrogel network without leakage, which facilitates reliable color encoding across varying spatial positions. Additionally, we introduce small molecule fluorescent labeling into the chemically functionalized shell compartments, achieving consistent distribution of functional components without the core's contamination. Importantly, our integrated one-pot conjugation of these color-encoded microspheres with affinity peptides enables the highly sensitive and selective detection of influenza virus antigens using a fluorescence bioassay, resulting in an especially low detection limit of 0.18 nM and 0.66 nM for influenza virus H1N1 and H5N1 antigens, respectively. This approach not only highlights the potential of our microspheres in clinical diagnostics but also paves the way for their application in a wide range of multiplexed assays.

Incorporation of Locust Bean Gum and Solid Lipid Microparticles as Strategies to Improve the Properties and Stability of Calcium-Rich Soy Protein Isolate Gels.

The present study aimed to investigate the properties of calcium-rich soy protein isolate (SPI) gels (14% SPI; 100 mM CaCl2), the effects of incorporating different concentrations locust bean gum (LBG) (0.1-0.3%, w/v) to the systems and the stability of the obtained gels. Also, the incorporation of solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) was tested as an alternative strategy to improve the system's stability and, therefore, potential to be applied as a product prototype. The gels were evaluated regarding their visual aspect, rheological properties, water-holding capacities (WHCs) and microstructural organizations. The CaCl2-induced gels were self-supported but presented low WHC (40.0% ± 2.2) which was improved by LBG incorporation. The obtained mixed system, however, presented low stability, with high syneresis after 10 days of storage, due to microstructural compaction. The gels' stability was improved by SLM incorporation, which decreased the gelled matrices' compaction and syneresis for more than 20 days. Even though the rheological properties of the emulsion-filled gels (EFGs) were very altered due to the ageing process (which may affect the sensory perception of a future food originated from this EFG), the incorporation of SLMs increased the systems potential to be applied as a calcium-rich product prototype.

Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic Extracts Obtained from α-Pinene-Containing Plants and Their Use in Cosmetic Emulsions.

α-Pinene is the bicyclic, unsaturated terpene hydrocarbon present in many plants. Due to its beneficial chemical properties, this compound is of great interest and has found numerous applications as a raw material in many chemical industries as well as in medicine and cosmetics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activities of ethanolic extracts obtained from plants containing α-pinene and to test the properties of cosmetic emulsions prepared with these extracts. The raw plant materials consisted of fresh parts of Pinus sylvestris L., such as cones, needles, and branches, as well as dried unground and ground pinecones; dried and fresh Rosmarinus officinalis leaves; dried Levisticum officinale leaves; and dried Salvia officinalis L. leaves. The plant materials were individually extracted with 40% (v/v), 70% (v/v), and 96% (v/v) ethanol using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for 15, 30, or 60 min. This method is a green extraction technique, frequently applied to isolate active substances from plants. For the selected plant materials, Soxhlet extraction with 96% (v/v) ethanol was also performed. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of the components in the selected extracts were performed with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antioxidant activities of the extracts were evaluated with the DPPH and ABTS methods. The extracts of three plant materials with the highest antioxidant activities-dried Rosmarinus officinalis leaves, dried Salvia officinalis L. leaves, and dried and ground Pinus sylvestris L. cones-were selected to be incorporated in cosmetic emulsions containing glyceryl monostearate and Olivem 1000 as emulsifiers. The stabilities and antioxidant activities of the emulsions were evaluated. Moreover, the antimicrobial properties of the emulsions using microbiological tests were also determined. The findings suggest that the prepared emulsions are stable cosmetic products with a high antioxidant potential.

Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) enhanced by nanoparticles and ionic liquid for extracting vanadium ions from wastewater.

Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) stands out as an extraction process that has drawn much attention due to its promising prospects in industrial wastewater treatment technology. Nevertheless, the pivotal challenge is to reach high membrane stability to overcome the obstacle of applying ELM at the industrial scale. In this study, ELM was boosted by using nanoparticles (superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe2O3)) in the stripping phase (W1) and ionic liquid (1-methyl-3-octyl-imidazolium-hexafluorophosphate [OMIM][PF6) in the oil phase (O) for recovering/extracting vanadium from synthetic wastewater to near completion and at the same time enhancing emulsion stability to be appropriate for industrial application. The vanadium recovery/extraction percentage has been raised significantly in 3 min to 99.6% when adding 0.01% (w/w) Fe2O3 NPs (20 to 50 nm in size) in the internal phase (W1) and 5% (v/v) [OMIM]PF6 ionic liquid in the oil phase (O). Also, the emulsion stability was considerably improved, and the leakage percentage was reduced to 16% after 3 days. The results of this study could be used in the future to remove additional heavy metal ions from industrial effluents.

Enhancing the efficacy of fluconazole against Leishmania major: Formulation and evaluation of FLZ-nanoemulsions for topical delivery.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) remains a significant public health concern, particularly in the tropical and subtropical regions. Present treatment options for CL such as Fluconazole (FLZ) face limitations, including low solubility and bioavailability. This study aimed to address these challenges by investigating the use of nano-emulsions (NEs) to enhance the efficacy of FLZ against Leishmania major(L.major). MATERIALS AND METHODS: FLZ-NEs were formulated with oleic acid, Tween-20, and ethanol using low-energy emulsification at various surfactant/co-surfactant ratios. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis was conducted to assess the physicochemical characteristics of the samples. This analysis encompassed stability, zeta potential, pH, viscosity, refractive index, and droplet size. We then studied the anti-parasitic properties of these optimized FLZ-NEs both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: The selected nano-emulsion (NE) formulation (2 % oleic acid, 20 % Tween 20, 10 % ethyl alcohol) showcased desirable properties like small droplet size (10.51 ± 0.24 nm), low dispersity (0.19 ± 0.03), and zeta potential value (- 0.41 ± 0.17 mV), key for stability and targeted drug delivery. This optimal formulation translated into remarkable efficacy. In vitro, FLZ-NEs demonstrated a threefold increase in their ability to combat promastigotes and a remarkable thirtyfold increase in their ability to combat amastigotes. Additionally, they demonstrated a ninefold advantage in their ability to specifically target parasites within infected macrophages, thereby attacking the infection site. These promising in vitro results translated into improved outcomes in vivo. Compared to other chemicals studied, FLZ-NE-treated mice showed decreased disease severity, weight growth, and quicker ulcer healing. It was further supported by histopathological research, which showed reduced tissue damage linked to Leishmania infection. CONCLUSION: These findings show the potential of nanotechnology-based drug delivery in improving anti-leishmanial treatment.

Encapsulation of sunflower and flaxseed oils using Opuntia (Cactaceae) mucilage as a core-shell material through coacervation methods: A study on formulation, characterization, and in vitro digestion.

Sunflower oil (SFO) and Flaxseed oil (FSO) were microencapsulated using simple and complex coacervation techniques with Opuntia (Cactaceae) mucilage (Mu) and with a combination of Mu with chitosan (Chit). The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of SFO and FSO in emulsions using Mu/Chit shells was 96.7% and 97.4%, respectively. Morphological studies indicated successful entrapment of oils in core shells with particle sizes ranging from 1396 ± 42.4 to 399.8 ± 42.3 nm. The thermogravimetric analyses demonstrated enhanced core protection with thermal stability noted for microcapsules regardless of encapsulation method. The stability of the microcapsules, during in vitro digestion was studied. The obtained results revealed that the microcapsules are intact in oral conditions and have a slow release of oil over stomach digestion and rapid release in the small intestine. The results showed that Mu and Mu/Chit coacervates can be used as effective carrier systems to encapsulate sensitive ingredients and functional oils.

Intravenous lipid emulsion interference in coagulation testing: an ex vivo analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Intravenous lipid emulsion is used in the rescue treatment of certain poisonings. A complication is interference with laboratory analyses. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of intravenous lipid emulsion on routine laboratory analysis of coagulation parameters ex vivo and determine if any of the analytical techniques remain reliable. METHODS: Samples were obtained from 19 healthy volunteers and divided in triplicate. One sample served as a control, and the other two were diluted to simulate the treatment of an average adult with Intralipid® 20 per cent Fresenius Kabi 100 mL (dilution-1) or 500 mL (dilution-2). Coagulation tests performed were prothrombin time, activated prothrombin time, D-dimer concentration and fibrinogen. Coagulation testing was performed by three techniques. Test-1 was performed on a Sysmex CN6000 analyzer. Test-2 was performed with a manual mechanical endpoint method using the semi-automated Stago KC4 Delta. Test-3 involved high-speed centrifugation before repeat testing on the Sysmex CN6000 analyzer. RESULTS: For test-1, only nine (47 per cent) samples in dilution-1 could be analyzed for coagulation tests, and no coagulation tests could be analyzed for dilution-2 because of lipaemia. For test-2 and test-3, all samples could be analyzed, and all results of both testing methods fell within the limits of the laboratory reference range. DISCUSSION: Difficulties in laboratory analysis of patients having received intravenous lipid emulsion are due to multiple factors. Most automated coagulation analyzers use optical measurements, which can be unreliable in the presence of a high intravenous lipid concentration. By altering the lipaemia in the testing solution using high-speed centrifugation or by using manual mechanical endpoint detection, we were able to obtain reliable results. These findings are limited by the use of an ex vivo method and healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS: This ex vivo model confirms that Intralipid® interferes with routine coagulation studies. It is important that clinicians are aware and inform their laboratories of its administration.

Natural shellac-based microcapsules as lipase carriers for recyclable efficient Pickering interfacial biocatalysis.

Enzyme is an important class of catalyst. However, the efficiency of enzyme-catalyzed reactions is constrained by the limited contact between the enzyme and its substrate. In this study, to overcome this challenge, lipase-loaded microcapsules were prepared from natural shellac and nanoparticles using the emulsion template method. These microcapsules can perform dual roles as stabilizers and enzyme carriers to construct a water-in-oil Pickering interfacial biocatalytic system. The results showed that the hydrolytic conversion of the microcapsules could reach 90% within 20 min, which was significantly higher than that of the traditional biphasic system. The catalytic activity was influenced by the oil-to-water volume ratio and the microcapsule content. The microcapsules remained highly catalytic efficiency even after storage for three months or seven cycles of reuse. These microcapsules were prepared without the use of any cross-linkers or harsh solvents. This green and efficient catalytic system has great application prospects in the food industry.

Multi-frequency ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction of coconut paring oil from coconut by-products: Impact on the yield, physicochemical properties, and emulsion stability.

Extraction of coconut paring oil (CPO) from processing by-products adds value to the product and reduces resource wastage. This study aims to assess the impact of 20 kHz, 20/80 kHz and 20/40/80 kHz of multi-frequency ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction (MFUAEE) on the yield, physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and emulsion stability of CPO derived from wet coconut parings (WCP). Results revealed that the CPO extraction yield with MFUAEE was 32.58 % - 43.31 % higher compared to AEE. The tri-frequency 20/40/80 kHz mode of multi-frequency ultrasound pretreatment exhibited the highest CPO extraction yield (70.08 %). The oil extracted through MFUAEE displayed similar fatty acid profiles to AEE, but had lower peroxide value, K232 and K270 values. Particularly, MFUAEE oil contained higher total phenolic content and exhibited potent DPPH free radical scavenging capacity. Results observed by SEM indicated that the pretreatment with multi-frequency ultrasound more efficiently disrupts the cellular structure of the WCP. Additionally, MFUAEE enhanced emulsion stability through the cavitation effect of ultrasound. These findings suggest that MFUAEE is a valuable approach for method for obtaining CPO with elevated extraction yield and superior quality, thereby enhancing the utilization of coconut by-products.

Fabrication of water/oil-resistant paper by nanocellulose stabilized Pickering emulsion and chitosan.

Developing plastic/fluorine/silicon-free and degradable water/oil-resistant coatings for paper-based packaging materials to replace disposable plastic products is a very effective way to solve the problem of 'white pollution' or microplastics pollution. A novel water/oil-resistant coating was developed by alkyl ketene dimer (AKD)-based Pickering emulsion and chitosan in this work. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) were used as a stabilizing solid for AKD emulsion, with the addition of chitosan as an oil-resistance agent. The coating provides excellent hydrophobicity, water/oil resistance as well as good barrier properties. The water contact angle was as high as 130° and the minimum Cobb60 value was 5.7 g/m2, which was attributed to the hydrophobicity of AKD. In addition, the kit rating reached maximum 12/12 at coating weight of 8.26 g/m2 and the water vapor transmittance rate (WVTR) was reduced to 153.4 g/(m2⋅day) at the coating weight of 10.50 g/m2. The tensile strength of the paper was increased from 28.1 to 43.6 MPa after coating. Overall, this coating can effectively improve the performance of paper-based materials, which may play an important role in the process of replacing disposable plastic packaging with paper-based materials.