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1.
Plants (Basel) ; 13(2)2024 Jan 11.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38256748

ABSTRACT

Cactus pear is used in large proportions in diets for small ruminants in semiarid regions. However, its exclusive use is not recommended due to the low fiber and crude protein content and the high water and mineral content, leading to metabolic disorders, low dry matter intake, and weight loss. The use of mixed cactus silage associated with protein and fibrous sources seeks to overcome the deficits in dry matter, fiber and crude protein, aiming to improve the nutritional quality of the diets that will be offered to ruminants. Thus, the use of gliricidia hay in cactus pear silages could represent an important alternative to improve the nutritional and fermentative characteristics of the ensiled material. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the fermentation dynamics, nutritional characteristics, and aerobic stability of mixed silages of cactus pear combined with different levels of gliricidia hay. This was a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and five repetitions. The treatments consisted of different levels of inclusion of gliricidia hay (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% on a dry matter basis) in the composition of mixed cactus pear silages. The inclusion of gliricidia hay in the composition of mixed silages of cactus pear resulted in a quadratic effect for dry matter recovery, pH, NH3-N, buffering capacity, aerobic stability, ether extract, P, K, Na, and Zn (p < 0.05). There was a reduction in density, effluent losses, maximum pH, mineral matter, non-fiber carbohydrates, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn (p < 0.05), and an increase in the time to reach maximum pH as well as an upward trend in pH, dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and B (p < 0.05). Under experimental conditions, the inclusion of gliricidia hay between 20 and 30% in cactus pear-based silage provided an improvement to the chemical composition and fermentation parameters of the silages.

2.
Arch Anim Nutr ; 77(3): 245-259, 2023 Jun.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37325929

ABSTRACT

Particle size and storage time are factors that can affect the fermentation quality and digestibility of rehydrated corn grain silage (RCS). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of particle size and storage time on chemical and microbiological characteristics, aerobic stability, and ruminal degradability of RCS. Corn grains were ground to pass through either a 3 mm (fine) or 9 mm (coarse) screen, rehydrated to 44.3% moisture and ensiled in 200 L polyethylene buckets. Samples were taken before and after ensiling at 10, 30, 90 and 200 days of storage to assess microbial counts, fermentation end products, and DM ruminal degradability. DM degradation was evaluated with incubation times of 0 (bag wash), 3, 6 and 48 h in 3 rumen-cannulated cows. The effective ruminal degradation (ERD) was calculated based on soluble fraction (A), degradable fraction (B) and passage rate (kp) defined as 7.0%/h: A + B [kd/(kd + kp)]. Aerobic stability was evaluated in silages after 200 days of storage, and pH and temperature were analysed up to 240 h of aerobic exposure. At 90 and 200 d of storage, fine RCS resulted in lower crude protein and greater NH3-N concentrations than coarse RCS. Coarsely ground RCS had a lower temperature at the beginning of storage than finely ground corn. Finely ground RCS had greater yeast counts and ethanol concentrations than coarsely ground RCS during storage time. Fine RCS was more susceptible to aerobic deterioration, reaching maximum temperature and pH values faster than coarse RCS. DM ruminal degradability increased over the storage time. The particle size of the rehydrated corn grain silage did not affect the kd values after 90 d of storage, while for the ERD, a long fermentation time was necessary (200 d). Considering the fermentation characteristics and the kinetics of ruminal DM degradation, fine grinding is recommended for short storage periods and coarse grinding may be a strategy to increase the rate of grinding when the storage period is greater than 200 d.


Subject(s)
Animal Feed , Silage , Female , Animals , Cattle , Silage/analysis , Animal Feed/analysis , Zea mays , Fermentation , Particle Size , Starch/metabolism , Diet/veterinary , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Digestion , Rumen/metabolism
3.
Semina ciênc. agrar ; 44(2): 929-936, mar.-abr. 2023. tab
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1511560

ABSTRACT

The production of mixed silages can be an essential strategy for storing and processing feed for ruminants in arid and semi-arid regions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of inclusion levels of forage cactus in sorghum silage on chemical-bromatological composition, losses, in vitro digestibility, and fermentative profile. Sorghum silages were produced by adding 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% forage cactus based on natural matter. Experimental silos were filled with the mixtures and hermetically sealed. The silos were opened after 34 days of fermentation, and the samples were analyzed for composition, digestibility, fermentative profile, and losses in silage. The inclusion of forage cactus presented a negative quadratic influence (P < 0.05) on the contents of dry matter (DM), ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and cellulose of sorghum silage. The DM concentration decreased from 35.83 to 25.43% for the control treatment (0%) to the 20% treatment, followed by stabilization at values close to 26 ± 1% in subsequent levels. Digestibility in vitro and the total digestible nutrients of the silages increased linearly (P < 0.05) with the inclusion of forage cactus. However, there was a linear increase (P < 0.05) of pH, ammonia nitrogen, acetic acid, and butyric acid with the inclusion of forage cactus, reaching values indicative of the limitation of the fermentation process from the level of 20% inclusion. Including forage cactus in sorghum silage did not affect (P > 0.05) losses by gases, effluents, and DM recovery from silage. Adding up to 10% of forage cactus can benefit chemical-bromatological characteristics, digestibility, and fermentation of sorghum silage.(AU)


A produção de silagens mistas pode ser importante estratégia para armazenamento e beneficiamento dos alimentos para ruminantes em regiões áridas e semiáridas. Objetivou-se avaliar efeito de níveis de inclusão de palma forrageira na ensilagem do sorgo sobre composição químico-bromatológica, perdas, digestibilidade in vitro e perfil fermentativo. Foram produzidas silagens de sorgo com adição de 0, 10, 20, 30 e 40% de palma forrageira com base na matéria natural. Utilizou-se silos experimentais preenchidos com as misturas e fechados hermeticamente. Após 34 dias de fermentação os silos foram abertos e as amostras analisada quanto a composição, digestibilidade, perfil fermentativo e perdas na ensilagem. A inclusão de palma forrageira influenciou de forma quadrática negativa (P < 0,05) os teores de matéria seca (MS), extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e celulose da silagem de sorgo. The DM concentration decreased from 35.83 to 25.43% for the control treatment (0%) to the 20% treatment, followed by stabilization at values close to 26 ± 1% in subsequent levels. A digestibilidade in vitro e os nutrientes digestíveis totais das silagens aumentaram linearmente (P < 0,05) com a inclusão de palma forrageira. Contudo, houve incremento linear (P < 0,05) do pH, nitrogênio amoniacal, ácido acético e ácido butírico com a inclusão de palma forrageira, atingido valores indicativos de limitação do processo fermentativo a partir do nível de 20% de inclusão. A inclusão de palma forrageira na ensilagem do sorgo não influenciou (P > 0,05) as perdas por gases, efluentes, e recuperação de MS da silagem. A adição até 10% de palma forrageira pode ser recomendada para beneficiar características químico-bromatológica, digestibilidade e fermentação da silagem de sorgo.(AU)


Subject(s)
Silage/analysis , Organic Acids/analysis , Fermentation/physiology , Food Analysis/methods , Cactaceae/chemistry , Sorghum/chemistry
4.
Rev. colomb. cienc. pecu ; 34(4): 305-315, Oct.-Dec. 2021. tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1408031

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Inclusion of urea and calcium oxide (CaO) during sugarcane ensilage has been hypothesized to improve dairy cow performance. Objective: To evaluate the use of urea and calcium oxide as additives to preserve sugarcane silage quality and determine whether they improve dairy cow performance and metabolic efficiency. Methods: Four diets were used: sugarcane silage without additive (SS), sugarcane silage with 10 g/kg urea (SU), sugarcane silage with 5 g/kg urea + 5 g/kg CaO (SUC), and sugarcane silage with 10 g/kg CaO (SC). Eight crossbred cows at approximately 100 days of lactation were distributed in two 4x4 Latin squares, and their diets were formulated to reach an average milk production of 15 kg/day. Results: Dry matter, non-fibrous carbohydrates, organic matter, total carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrient intake were the highest (p<0.05) for the cows fed SC. Urinary excretion of nitrogen was higher (p<0.05) for cows fed diets based on SUC than those fed diets with SC. Milk urea nitrogen content was the highest (p<0.05) in animals fed SU diets. Nitrogen balance was positive in all treatments; however, the microbial protein synthesis was low for all diets. Conclusions: The diet with SU showed the highest nitrogen loss through the milk. Among the evaluated silages, those with SC and SUC are recommended to promote a high intake of nutritional components.


Resumen Antecedentes: La hipótesis fue que una dieta con combinación de urea y óxido de calcio (CaO) para el ensilaje de caña de azúcar, puede mejorar la producción de vacas lecheras cruzadas. Objetivo: Evaluar la urea y el óxido de calcio como aditivos para preservar la calidad del ensilaje de caña de azúcar y determinar si mejoran el rendimento y la eficiencia metabólica de vacas lecheras. Métodos: Cuatro dietas fueron utilizadas: ensilaje de caña de azúcar sin aditivo (SS), ensilaje de caña de azúcar con 10 g/kg de urea (SU), ensilaje de caña de azúcar con 5 g/kg de urea + 5 g/kg de CaO (SUC) y ensilaje de caña de azúcar con 10 g/kg de CaO (SC). Ocho vacas cruzadas fueron evaluadas con una producción media de leche de 15 kg/día y aproximadamente 100 días de lactación, distribuidas en dos cuadrados latinos 4x4. Resultados: El consumo de materia seca, carbohidratos no fibrosos, materia orgánica, carbohidratos totales y nutrientes digestibles totales fue mayor (p<0,05) cuando las vacas fueron alimentadas con dietas conteniendo SC. La excreción de nitrógeno en la orina fue mayor (p<0,05) cuando las vacas fueron alimentadas con dietas basadas en SUC que las alimentadas con dietas SC. El nitrógeno ureico de la leche fue mayor (p<0,05) en animales alimentados con dietas con SU. El balance de nitrógeno fue positivo en todos los tratamientos, sin embargo, la síntesis de proteína microbiana fue baja para todas las dietas. Conclusión: La dieta con SU presentó la mayor pérdida de nitrógeno por medio de la leche. Entre los ensilajes evaluados, aquellos con SC y SUC son recomendados por promover un mayor consumo de componentes nutricionales.


Resumo Antecedentes: A hipótese foi que uma dieta com a mistura de ureia e óxido de cálcio (CaO) para a ensilagem de cana de açúcar, poderia melhorar a produção de vacas leiteiras mestiças. Objetivo: Avaliar ureia e óxido de cálcio como aditivos para preservar a qualidade da silagem de cana de açúcar: melhoria da produção e eficiência metabólica de vacas leiteiras. Métodos: Quatro dietas foram utilizadas: silagem de cana de açúcar sem aditivo (SS), silagem de cana de açúcar com 10 g/kg de ureia (SU), silagem de cana de açúcar com 5 g/kg de ureia + 5 g/kg de CaO (SUC) e silagem de cana de açúcar com 10 g/kg de CaO (SC). Oito vacas mestiças foram avaliadas com uma produção media de 15 kg/dia e aproximadamente 100 dias de lactação, distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 4x4. Resultados: O consumo de matéria seca, carboidratos não fibrosos, matéria orgânica, carboidratos totais e nutrientes digestíveis totais foi maior (p<0,05) quando as vacas foram alimentadas com dietas contendo SC. A excreção de nitrogênio na urina foi maior (p<0,05) quando as vacas foram alimentadas com dietas baseadas em SUC do que aqueles animais alimentados com dietas SC. O nitrogênio ureico do leite foi maior (p<0,05) em animais alimentados com dietas com SU. O balanço de nitrogênio foi positivo em todos os tratamentos, no entanto, a síntese de proteína microbiana foi baixa para todas as dietas. Conclusão: A dieta com SU apresentou maior perda de nitrogênio por meio do leite. Entre as silagens avaliadas, aquelas com SC e SUC são recomendadas por promover maior consumo de componentes nutricionais.

5.
Arq. Ciênc. Vet. Zool. UNIPAR (Online) ; 24(1, cont.): e2408, jan-jun. 2021. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1283534

ABSTRACT

A silagem pode ser utilizada na alimentação de ruminantes e equídeos, sendo uma alternativa viável em épocas de estiagem. Para a produção de silagem, é importante optar por plantas forrageiras que atendam às necessidades nutritivas dos animais e que possuam características favoráveis para a conservação e aproveitamento das mesmas. Com o objetivo de preparo de um produto ensilado de qualidade, e ressaltar o uso de experimentos práticos para fins didáticos, foi realizado um ensaio demonstrativo de preparação de silagem. Neste trabalho, também foram feitas comparações de cada fase fermentativa do processo de forma visual. A metodologia empregada nesse experimento se mostrou eficaz visto os resultados obtidos em relação ao produto fabricado e a facilidade na assimilação do conteúdo por parte dos discentes, ressaltando a importância da boa conduta na produção desse alimento.(AU)


Silage can be used to feed ruminants and equines and is a viable alternative in drought times. For silage production, it is important to choose forage plants that meet the animal nutritional needs and have favorable characteristics for their conservation and use. In order to practice and learn about the ensiling good practices, a silage preparation experiment was performed and documented in video, for didactic purposes, in the forage crop discipline. In this study, each fermentation phase of the process was visually compared. The methodology used in this experiment proved to be effective given the results obtained about the manufactured product and the ease assimilation of content by students, emphasizing the importance of good practices in this food production.(AU)


El ensilaje puede ser utilizado para alimentar a los rumiantes y a los equinos y es una alternativa viable en tiempos de sequía. Para la producción de ensilaje, es importante elegir plantas forrajeras que atiendan a las necesidades nutricionales de los animales y que tengan características favorables para su conservación y aprovechamiento. Con el objetivo de preparo de un producto ensilado de calidad, y resaltar el uso de experimentos prácticos para fines didácticos, se realizó un ensayo demostrativo de preparación de ensilaje. En este trabajo, las comparaciones de cada fase de fermentación del proceso también se hicieron de manera visual. La metodología empleada en ese experimento demostró ser eficaz, dados los resultados obtenidos en relación con el producto fabricado y la facilidad de asimilación del contenido por parte de los estudiantes, destacando la importancia de la buena conducta en la producción de ese alimento.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Silage , Veterinary Medicine/organization & administration , Ruminants , Food Production , Education, Veterinary/methods , Methodology as a Subject
6.
Arq. ciênc. vet. zool. UNIPAR ; 24: e2408, jan.-jun. 2021. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-765237

ABSTRACT

A silagem pode ser utilizada na alimentação de ruminantes e equídeos, sendo uma alternativa viável em épocas de estiagem. Para a produção de silagem, é importante optar por plantas forrageiras que atendam às necessidades nutritivas dos animais e que possuam características favoráveis para a conservação e aproveitamento das mesmas. Com o objetivo de preparo de um produto ensilado de qualidade, e ressaltar o uso de experimentos práticos para fins didáticos, foi realizado um ensaio demonstrativo de preparação de silagem. Neste trabalho, também foram feitas comparações de cada fase fermentativa do processo de forma visual. A metodologia empregada nesse experimento se mostrou eficaz visto os resultados obtidos em relação ao produto fabricado e a facilidade na assimilação do conteúdo por parte dos discentes, ressaltando a importância da boa conduta na produção desse alimento.(AU)


Silage can be used to feed ruminants and equines and is a viable alternative in drought times. For silage production, it is important to choose forage plants that meet the animal nutritional needs and have favorable characteristics for their conservation and use. In order to practice and learn about the ensiling good practices, a silage preparation experiment was performed and documented in video, for didactic purposes, in the forage crop discipline. In this study, each fermentation phase of the process was visually compared. The methodology used in this experiment proved to be effective given the results obtained about the manufactured product and the ease assimilation of content by students, emphasizing the importance of good practices in this food production.(AU)


El ensilaje puede ser utilizado para alimentar a los rumiantes y a los equinos y es una alternativa viable en tiempos de sequía. Para la producción de ensilaje, es importante elegir plantas forrajeras que atiendan a las necesidades nutricionales de los animales y que tengan características favorables para su conservación y aprovechamiento. Con el objetivo de preparo de un producto ensilado de calidad, y resaltar el uso de experimentos prácticos para fines didácticos, se realizó un ensayo demostrativo de preparación de ensilaje. En este trabajo, las comparaciones de cada fase de fermentación del proceso también se hicieron de manera visual. La metodología empleada en ese experimento demostró ser eficaz, dados los resultados obtenidos en relación con el producto fabricado y la facilidad de asimilación del contenido por parte de los estudiantes, destacando la importancia de la buena conducta en la producción de ese alimento.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Silage , Veterinary Medicine/organization & administration , Ruminants , Food Production , Education, Veterinary/methods , Methodology as a Subject
7.
Arq. ciênc. vet. zool. UNIPAR ; 24: e2408, jan.-jun. 2021. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | VETINDEX | ID: vti-31943

ABSTRACT

A silagem pode ser utilizada na alimentação de ruminantes e equídeos, sendo uma alternativa viável em épocas de estiagem. Para a produção de silagem, é importante optar por plantas forrageiras que atendam às necessidades nutritivas dos animais e que possuam características favoráveis para a conservação e aproveitamento das mesmas. Com o objetivo de preparo de um produto ensilado de qualidade, e ressaltar o uso de experimentos práticos para fins didáticos, foi realizado um ensaio demonstrativo de preparação de silagem. Neste trabalho, também foram feitas comparações de cada fase fermentativa do processo de forma visual. A metodologia empregada nesse experimento se mostrou eficaz visto os resultados obtidos em relação ao produto fabricado e a facilidade na assimilação do conteúdo por parte dos discentes, ressaltando a importância da boa conduta na produção desse alimento.(AU)


Silage can be used to feed ruminants and equines and is a viable alternative in drought times. For silage production, it is important to choose forage plants that meet the animal nutritional needs and have favorable characteristics for their conservation and use. In order to practice and learn about the ensiling good practices, a silage preparation experiment was performed and documented in video, for didactic purposes, in the forage crop discipline. In this study, each fermentation phase of the process was visually compared. The methodology used in this experiment proved to be effective given the results obtained about the manufactured product and the ease assimilation of content by students, emphasizing the importance of good practices in this food production.(AU)


El ensilaje puede ser utilizado para alimentar a los rumiantes y a los equinos y es una alternativa viable en tiempos de sequía. Para la producción de ensilaje, es importante elegir plantas forrajeras que atiendan a las necesidades nutricionales de los animales y que tengan características favorables para su conservación y aprovechamiento. Con el objetivo de preparo de un producto ensilado de calidad, y resaltar el uso de experimentos prácticos para fines didácticos, se realizó un ensayo demostrativo de preparación de ensilaje. En este trabajo, las comparaciones de cada fase de fermentación del proceso también se hicieron de manera visual. La metodología empleada en ese experimento demostró ser eficaz, dados los resultados obtenidos en relación con el producto fabricado y la facilidad de asimilación del contenido por parte de los estudiantes, destacando la importancia de la buena conducta en la producción de ese alimento.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Silage , Veterinary Medicine/organization & administration , Ruminants , Food Production , Education, Veterinary/methods , Methodology as a Subject
8.
Sci. agric ; 78(2): e20190096, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1497927

ABSTRACT

Ensiling corn for longer periods is a strategy used to increase rumen bacteria access to starch. In fact, when corn is ensiled for insufficient periods, starch digestibility decreases, as evidenced by excreted starch. This study investigates the effects of corn silage ensiling time on starch digestibility of dairy cows through fecal starch analysis. The trial was conducted during the spring of 2013 and the fall of 2014 on twenty dairy herds located in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. Total mixed ration (TMR), whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) and fecal samples were collected for determination of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin and starch. Apparent total tract starch digestibility (ATTSD) was calculated using equations developed by Fredin et al. (2014) and Bal et al. (1997). Data were analyzed using the CORR, REG and GLM procedures of SAS. Spring and fall WPCS were ensiled for 260 and 132 days, respectively (p 0.05) in ATTSD-Fredin from season to season though there was a trend (p = 0.11) towards greater ATTSD-Bal for spring samples. ATTSD-Bal was positively correlated with ensiling days (r = 0.31). Starch digestibility was not negatively affected by WPCS harvesting maturity. Differences in post-ruminal starch digestion, variation between farms in DM intake and diets, limitations of the equations, influence of uncontrolled factors, and the small number of experimental units might have contributed to the absence of significant results. Overall, Bal et al. (1997) equation was more efficient in distinguishing ATTSD from different ensiling periods.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Starch/analysis , Feces/chemistry , Silage , Zea mays
9.
Acta amaz. ; 51(3): 191-198, 2021. tab
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-764737

ABSTRACT

The use of cassava root silage for animal feeding is a suitable option for farmers who grow cassava as an alternative product and for cattle ranchers who have to deal with high prices of corn. Our objective was to determine the effects of cassava genotypes and the correction of soil acidity on the microbial population, fermentation characteristics, chemical composition, aerobic stability and losses of cassava root silage. We used a 2 × 3 factorial design in completely randomized blocks, with four replications. We evaluated two cassava genotypes (Caeté and Manteiguinha) and three methods of soil acidity correction (lime, gypsum, and lime+gypsum). The roots were harvested 11 months after planting, ensiled in PVC silos, and stored for 45 days. No interaction was observed between genotypes and soil acidity correction for any of the evaluated parameters. The silage of Caeté genotype showed the highest concentration of dry matter (421 g kg-1 fresh matter) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (893 g kg-1 dry matter), and the lowest concentrations of neutral detergent fiber (37.1 g kg-1 dry matter) . No significant differences were observed among treatments for lactic acid bacteria, yeast and mold counts in silages. Both genotypes resulted in silages with an adequate fermentation profile and considerably high aerobic stability, but with high effluent loss. The Caeté genotype showed to be potentially better for silage production due to its higher dry matter recovery. Due to the high level of effluent loss, it is recommended to test the effect of a moisture-absorbing additive during the ensiling process of these cassava roots.(AU)


O uso da silagem de raiz de mandioca na alimentação animal representa uma opção viável tanto para os produtores que cultivam mandioca (visando ter um produto para comercialização alternativa), quanto para os pecuaristas que compram milho a preços elevados. Assim, objetivou-se determinar o efeito de variedades e da correção da acidez do solo sobre as populações microbianas, características fermentativas, composição química, estabilidade aeróbia e perdas de silagens de raízes de mandioca. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento em blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 2×3 com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados dois genótipos de mandioca (Caeté e Manteiguinha) e três tipos de correção de acidez do solo (calagem, gessagem e calagem+gessagem). Após 11 meses, as raízes foram colhidas, trituradas e ensiladas em silos do tipo PVC, onde permaneceram por 45 dias. Não observamos efeito de interação entre genótipos e correção do solo para os parâmetros testados. As silagens do genótipo Caeté apresentaram as maiores concentrações de matéria seca (421 g kg-1 matéria fresca) e carboidratos não fibrosos (893 g kg-1 matéria seca), e menores de fibra em detergente neutro (37.1 g kg-1 matéria seca). Não houve diferenças significativas entre tratamentos para bactérias ácido láticas, leveduras e mofos nas silagens. Ambos os genótipos resultaram em silagens com perfil de fermentação adequado e estabilidade aeróbia consideravelmente elevada, mas com elevadas perdas de efluentes. O genótipo Caeté apresentou condições potencialmente melhores para produção de silagem devido a sua maior recuperação de matéria seca. Devido à alta perda de efluente, recomendamos testar o efeito da adição de um aditivo absorvente de umidade durante o processo de ensilagem dessas raízes de mandioca.(AU)


Subject(s)
Silage/analysis , Fermentation , Soil Acidity/analysis , Genotype , Manihot/chemistry , Manihot/genetics
10.
Sci. agric. ; 78(2): e20190096, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-27986

ABSTRACT

Ensiling corn for longer periods is a strategy used to increase rumen bacteria access to starch. In fact, when corn is ensiled for insufficient periods, starch digestibility decreases, as evidenced by excreted starch. This study investigates the effects of corn silage ensiling time on starch digestibility of dairy cows through fecal starch analysis. The trial was conducted during the spring of 2013 and the fall of 2014 on twenty dairy herds located in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. Total mixed ration (TMR), whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) and fecal samples were collected for determination of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin and starch. Apparent total tract starch digestibility (ATTSD) was calculated using equations developed by Fredin et al. (2014) and Bal et al. (1997). Data were analyzed using the CORR, REG and GLM procedures of SAS. Spring and fall WPCS were ensiled for 260 and 132 days, respectively (p < 0.01). There was no difference (p > 0.05) in ATTSD-Fredin from season to season though there was a trend (p = 0.11) towards greater ATTSD-Bal for spring samples. ATTSD-Bal was positively correlated with ensiling days (r = 0.31). Starch digestibility was not negatively affected by WPCS harvesting maturity. Differences in post-ruminal starch digestion, variation between farms in DM intake and diets, limitations of the equations, influence of uncontrolled factors, and the small number of experimental units might have contributed to the absence of significant results. Overall, Bal et al. (1997) equation was more efficient in distinguishing ATTSD from different ensiling periods.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Starch/analysis , Feces/chemistry , Silage , Zea mays
11.
Ci. Anim. bras. ; 21: e-58129, June 16, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-32027

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated dry matter yield and nutritional characteristics of different oat genotypes (Avena spp.) for ensiling. Treatments consisted of genotypes of white oat IPR 126 (Avena sativa), black oat Cabocla IPR and Agrocoxilha (Avena strigosa), and BRS Madrugada and BRS Centauro (Avena vertis). Oats were harvested at the phenological stage of milk/dough grain. The design was a completely randomized block scheme, with five treatments and three replications per treatment. The IPR Cabocla genotype showed the highest dry matter content (before and after silo opening) and in vitro dry matter digestibility of fresh forage. No differences were observed for in vitro dry matter digestibility and dry matter losses among silages. The highest silage digestible dry matter yield (kg ha-1) was observed for the BRS Centauro genotype. Thus, despite the better nutritional quality presented by the IPR Cabocla genotype before ensiling, BRS Centauro genotype presented a higher yield of digestible dry matter per hectare.(AU)


Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características produtivas e nutricionais de diferentes cultivares de aveia (Avena spp.),visando à produção de silagem. Os tratamentos foram constituídos dos cultivares de aveia branca IPR 126 (Avena sativa), Agrocoxilha, e IPR Cabocla (Avena strigosa), bem como das cultivares BRS Madrugada e BRS Centauro (Avena vertis). As forragens foram colhidas e ensiladas quando atingiram o estádio fenológico de grão pastoso/farináceo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições por tratamento. O cultivar Cabocla apresentou os maiores teores de matéria seca (antes e após a abertura dos silos) e maior digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca no momento de ensilagem. Após a ensilagem não foram observadas diferenças para a digestibilidade in vitro e perdas de matéria seca entre os tratamentos. Contudo, após correção dos respectivos valores para perdas de matéria seca na ensilagem e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, observou-se maior produção de matéria seca digestível (kg ha-1) para o cultivar Centauro.(AU)


Subject(s)
Avena/chemistry , Nutritive Value , Avena/genetics , Silage
12.
Ciênc. anim. bras. (Impr.) ; 21: e, 23 mar. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1473748

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated dry matter yield and nutritional characteristics of different oat genotypes (Avena spp.) for ensiling. Treatments consisted of genotypes of white oat IPR 126 (Avena sativa), black oat Cabocla IPR and Agrocoxilha (Avena strigosa), and BRS Madrugada and BRS Centauro (Avena vertis). Oats were harvested at the phenological stage of milk/dough grain. The design was a completely randomized block scheme, with five treatments and three replications per treatment. The IPR Cabocla genotype showed the highest dry matter content (before and after silo opening) and in vitro dry matter digestibility of fresh forage. No differences were observed for in vitro dry matter digestibility and dry matter losses among silages. The highest silage digestible dry matter yield (kg ha-1) was observed for the BRS Centauro genotype. Thus, despite the better nutritional quality presented by the IPR Cabocla genotype before ensiling, BRS Centauro genotype presented a higher yield of digestible dry matter per hectare.


Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características produtivas e nutricionais de diferentes cultivares de aveia (Avena spp.),visando à produção de silagem. Os tratamentos foram constituídos dos cultivares de aveia branca IPR 126 (Avena sativa), Agrocoxilha, e IPR Cabocla (Avena strigosa), bem como das cultivares BRS Madrugada e BRS Centauro (Avena vertis). As forragens foram colhidas e ensiladas quando atingiram o estádio fenológico de grão pastoso/farináceo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições por tratamento. O cultivar Cabocla apresentou os maiores teores de matéria seca (antes e após a abertura dos silos) e maior digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca no momento de ensilagem. Após a ensilagem não foram observadas diferenças para a digestibilidade in vitro e perdas de matéria seca entre os tratamentos. Contudo, após correção dos respectivos valores para perdas de matéria seca na ensilagem e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, observou-se maior produção de matéria seca digestível (kg ha-1) para o cultivar Centauro.


Subject(s)
Avena/genetics , Avena/chemistry , Silage , Nutritive Value
13.
Rev. bras. zootec ; 49: e20190231, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1444092

ABSTRACT

In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of cutting height (25 or 40 cm above ground) and bacterial inoculation (a combined inoculant of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici) on the chemical and microbial compositions, fermentative profile, and aerobic stability of whole-plant corn silage and nitrogen balance, intake, and apparent nutrient digestibility by sheep. To evaluate silage characteristics and sheep metabolism, we performed analyses based on a completely randomized block design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement (two cutting heights, with or without bacterial inoculant). We evaluated the chemical and microbial compositions, pH, fermentation end-products, and aerobic stability of silage. To examine nutrient digestibility of silage, we used 24 male sheep over a 21-day period. We found that the aerobic stability did not differ among the silages. Sheep fed silages produced from corn harvested at 40 cm had increased intakes of crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrate, and total digestible nutrients, whereas the non-fiber carbohydrate intake of inoculated corn silages was found to be higher than that of uninoculated silage. Furthermore, the amounts of nitrogen retained by sheep fed silage produced from corn harvested at 40 cm were higher than those of sheep fed silage produced from corn harvested at 25 cm. Collectively, our findings indicate that, despite the observed effects, a difference of 15 cm in cutting height results in relatively small changes in the chemical composition of corn silage and a limited effect on the nutrient intake and nitrogen balance of animals fed this silage. Moreover, although bacterial inoculation promotes an efficient fermentation, it has no marked effects on the aerobic stability of silage.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Silage/analysis , Sheep/physiology , Eating/physiology , Agricultural Inoculants/chemistry , Zea mays/chemistry
14.
Semina Ci. agr. ; 40(4): 1695-1708, jul.-ago. 2019. ilus, tab
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-22010

ABSTRACT

Corn ensiling is a feed preservation practice used for ruminant production. During the process of making and opening the silos, the quality of the silage may change due to the entrance of air, which can cause damage and decrease the voluntary intake of the animals. The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition of corn silages during their use in commercial bunker silos, as well as to correlate this with qualitative and quantitative characteristics related to the silage making process. Technical data on silage making and samples were collected from 14 bunker silos, with five samples collected along each silo (at 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90% of their lengths); additionally, two sampling methodologies were compared (“W” vs. layer collections in silo panels: top, middle and bottom). The values for the pH and titratable acidity (TA) were significant (p < 0.05) in relation to the sampling method, where the pH of the top was higher (3.8±0.5) than that of the middle and the bottom layers (3.6±0.3 and 3.5±0.3); therefore, the TA was lower in the top of the silos. The dry matter, ashes, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, pH, TA, as well as the silo sampling method during the unloading of commercial bunker silos did not differ for any of the variables (p < 0.05). Also, the particle size did not differ during the unloading of the commercial bunker silos (p > 0.05). According to the collected technical data, 78.57% of the bunker silos were built directly on the ground, the harvesting equipment was mostly borrowed from municipalities or farmers associations (for 35.7 and 28.5% of the farms, respectively), and in only 64.2% of the farms, the harvester was sharpened before silage cutting. Good practices were applied during the corn silage process and throughout the use of the silos, homogeneous quality was detected in the western region of Santa Catarina. Either “W” or layer collections can be used to sample corn silage.(AU)


A ensilagem de milho é uma prática de conservação de alimento utilizada na produção de ruminantes. Durante o processo de confecção e abertura do silo, a silagem pode ter alterações em sua qualidade em função da entrada de ar, que pode causar prejuízos e diminuir o consumo dos animais. Objetivou-se avaliar a composição bromatológica das silagens de milho ao longo da utilização, de silos comerciais do tipo trincheira, bem como correlaciona-las com as características qualitativas e quantitativas, relacionadas ao processo de confecção das silagens. Os dados técnicos sobre a confecção da silagem, bem como amostras foram coletas à campo em 14 propriedades, em que foram coletadas cinco amostras ao longo de cada silo (relativos à 10, 30, 50, 70 e 90% do seu comprimento), e adicionalmente duas metodologias de amostragem foram comparadas (coletas em “W” vs. coletas em estratos do painel do silo: topo, meio e base). Os valores de pH e AT (p < 0,05), foram significativos em relação ao método de amostragem, em que o pH do topo foi maior (3,8±0,5) que o do meio e o da base (3,6±0,3 e 3,5±0,3); portanto, a AT foi menor no topo dos silos. Os resultados encontrados para MS, MM, PB, FDN e FDA, pH e AT, assim como comparado ao método de amostragem do silo não diferiram entre si para nenhuma das variáveis (p < 0,05). Além disso, o tamanho das partículas não diferiu ao longo da utilização dos silos comerciais tipo trincheira (p > 0.05). O levantamento técnico mostrou que 78,57% dos silos trincheira avaliados foram construídos diretamente no solo, que os equipamentos de colheita utilizados foram emprestados de prefeituras ou associações de agricultores (para 35,7% e 28,5% das fazendas), ou que em somente 64,2% das fazendas o equipamento de colheita foi afiado antes da colheita. Foram observadas boas práticas de ensilagem de milho e homogênea qualidade ao longo do silo. Ambos métodos de coleta, em “W” como em estratos do painel podem ser usados durante amostragem de silagem de milho.(AU)


Subject(s)
Zea mays/chemistry , Silage/analysis , Food Analysis/methods
15.
Semina ciênc. agrar ; 40(4): 1695-1708, jul.-ago. 2019. ilus, tab
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1501455

ABSTRACT

Corn ensiling is a feed preservation practice used for ruminant production. During the process of making and opening the silos, the quality of the silage may change due to the entrance of air, which can cause damage and decrease the voluntary intake of the animals. The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition of corn silages during their use in commercial bunker silos, as well as to correlate this with qualitative and quantitative characteristics related to the silage making process. Technical data on silage making and samples were collected from 14 bunker silos, with five samples collected along each silo (at 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90% of their lengths); additionally, two sampling methodologies were compared (“W” vs. layer collections in silo panels: top, middle and bottom). The values for the pH and titratable acidity (TA) were significant (p 0.05). According to the collected technical data, 78.57% of the bunker silos were built directly on the ground, the harvesting equipment was mostly borrowed from municipalities or farmers’ associations (for 35.7 and 28.5% of the farms, respectively), and in only 64.2% of the farms, the harvester was sharpened before silage cutting. Good practices were applied during the corn silage process and throughout the use of the silos, homogeneous quality was detected in the western region of Santa Catarina. Either “W” or layer collections can be used to sample corn silage.


A ensilagem de milho é uma prática de conservação de alimento utilizada na produção de ruminantes. Durante o processo de confecção e abertura do silo, a silagem pode ter alterações em sua qualidade em função da entrada de ar, que pode causar prejuízos e diminuir o consumo dos animais. Objetivou-se avaliar a composição bromatológica das silagens de milho ao longo da utilização, de silos comerciais do tipo trincheira, bem como correlaciona-las com as características qualitativas e quantitativas, relacionadas ao processo de confecção das silagens. Os dados técnicos sobre a confecção da silagem, bem como amostras foram coletas à campo em 14 propriedades, em que foram coletadas cinco amostras ao longo de cada silo (relativos à 10, 30, 50, 70 e 90% do seu comprimento), e adicionalmente duas metodologias de amostragem foram comparadas (coletas em “W” vs. coletas em estratos do painel do silo: topo, meio e base). Os valores de pH e AT (p 0.05). O levantamento técnico mostrou que 78,57% dos silos trincheira avaliados foram construídos diretamente no solo, que os equipamentos de colheita utilizados foram emprestados de prefeituras ou associações de agricultores (para 35,7% e 28,5% das fazendas), ou que em somente 64,2% das fazendas o equipamento de colheita foi afiado antes da colheita. Foram observadas boas práticas de ensilagem de milho e homogênea qualidade ao longo do silo. Ambos métodos de coleta, em “W” como em estratos do painel podem ser usados durante amostragem de silagem de milho.


Subject(s)
Food Analysis/methods , Silage/analysis , Zea mays/chemistry
16.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 71(3): 959-966, May-June 2019. tab, ilus
Article in English | VETINDEX, LILACS | ID: biblio-1011333

ABSTRACT

The objective with this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of water inclusion on the chemical composition and fermentation profiles of reconstituted corn grain silage. The experiment was carried out in a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design, with three replicates per treatment. Five treatments were evaluated with different levels of water inclusion (% of the natural matter): dry corn grain (control); 90% dry corn grain (DCG) and 10% water; 80% DCG and 20% water; 70% DGC and 30% water; and 60% DCG and 40% water, totaling 45 experimental silos. Inclusion of water in the silage of reconstituted corn grain promoted a reduction in the CP (%) and NDF (%) contents. However, the water increase elevated the NPN/TN contents and the amount of effluent, gas and dry matter (%) losses. The treatment with inclusion of 30% water in the natural matter leads to a better fermentation profile and fewer losses of effluent and dry matter, so it is recommended for ensiling dry ground corn grain.(AU)


Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de inclusão de água na composição química e no perfil fermentativo de silagem de grão de milho reidratado. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema fatorial, em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Cinco tratamentos com diferentes níveis de inclusão de água (% da matéria natural) foram avaliados: milho grão seco (controle); 90% de milho grão seco (MGS) e 10% de água; 80% de MGS e 20% de água; 70% de MGS e 30% de água e 60% de MGS e 40% de água, totalizando 45 silos experimentais. A inclusão de água na silagem do grão de milho reconstituído promoveu redução nos conteúdos de PB (% MS) e FDN (% MS). Contudo, o incremento de água aumentou os teores de NNP/NT e as perdas por efluente, gás e matéria seca. O tratamento com a inclusão de 30% de água na matéria natural propicia um melhor perfil fermentativo e menores perdas por efluente e matéria seca, sendo recomendado para a ensilagem de grão de milho seco moído.(AU)


Subject(s)
Silage , Zea mays , Fermentation , Humidity
17.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 71(3): 959-966, May-June 2019. tab, ilus
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-25679

ABSTRACT

The objective with this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of water inclusion on the chemical composition and fermentation profiles of reconstituted corn grain silage. The experiment was carried out in a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design, with three replicates per treatment. Five treatments were evaluated with different levels of water inclusion (% of the natural matter): dry corn grain (control); 90% dry corn grain (DCG) and 10% water; 80% DCG and 20% water; 70% DGC and 30% water; and 60% DCG and 40% water, totaling 45 experimental silos. Inclusion of water in the silage of reconstituted corn grain promoted a reduction in the CP (%) and NDF (%) contents. However, the water increase elevated the NPN/TN contents and the amount of effluent, gas and dry matter (%) losses. The treatment with inclusion of 30% water in the natural matter leads to a better fermentation profile and fewer losses of effluent and dry matter, so it is recommended for ensiling dry ground corn grain.(AU)


Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de inclusão de água na composição química e no perfil fermentativo de silagem de grão de milho reidratado. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema fatorial, em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Cinco tratamentos com diferentes níveis de inclusão de água (% da matéria natural) foram avaliados: milho grão seco (controle); 90% de milho grão seco (MGS) e 10% de água; 80% de MGS e 20% de água; 70% de MGS e 30% de água e 60% de MGS e 40% de água, totalizando 45 silos experimentais. A inclusão de água na silagem do grão de milho reconstituído promoveu redução nos conteúdos de PB (% MS) e FDN (% MS). Contudo, o incremento de água aumentou os teores de NNP/NT e as perdas por efluente, gás e matéria seca. O tratamento com a inclusão de 30% de água na matéria natural propicia um melhor perfil fermentativo e menores perdas por efluente e matéria seca, sendo recomendado para a ensilagem de grão de milho seco moído.(AU)


Subject(s)
Silage , Zea mays , Fermentation , Humidity
18.
Bol. ind. anim. (Impr.) ; 76: 1-9, 2019. tab
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1466966

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of different levels of mango residue (0, 10, 20 and 30% natural matter) in the mixed silages of elephant grass and cassava peels. The material was ensiled for 60 days in polyvinyl chloride "PVC" experimental bags. There was a maximum loss (P<0.05) of the effluent of 48.5 kg/ton of natural matter with the inclusion of 24.3% of mango residue in the elephant grass silage and cassava peel. Maximum dry matter (DM) loss (P<0.05) of 22.1% and minimum DM recovery (P<0.05) of 78.9% were found with the inclusion of 21.1% and 21.4% of mango residue. Quadratic behavior (P<0.05) was observed for the chemical composition of the silages, with minimum DM content (29.2%) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (37.6% NFC), and maximum crude protein (9.64% CP) and neutral detergent fiber (41.6% NDF) contents, with the inclusion of 23.5%, 8.90%, 10.7%, and 9.11% of mango residue, respectively. In the sensory evaluation regarding the characteristics associated with the nutritional value, the classification "good to very good" was recorded for the silages where the elephant grass and the cassava peels were added with 10% and 20% of mango residue. The inclusion of 10.7% of natural mango residue in elephant grass and cassava peel silages is enough to improve crude protein content, with lower effluent loss.


Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar o efeito da inclusão de diferentes níveis de resíduo de manga (0, 10, 20 e 30% da matéria natural) nas silagens mistas de capim-elefante e casca de mandioca. O material foi ensilado durante 60 dias em silos experimentais de policloreto de vinil “PVC”. Observou-se perda máxima (P<0,05) de efluentes de 48,5 kg/t de matéria natural com a inclusão de 24,3% de resíduo de manga. Perda máxima (P<0,05) de 22,1% de matéria (MS) e recuperação mínima (P<0,05) de 78,9% de MS foram registradas com a inclusão de 21,1% e 21,4% de resíduo de manga. Comportamento quadrático (P<0,05) foi observado para a composição química das silagens, com conteúdo mínimo de MS (29,2%) e carboidratos não fibrosos (37,6% de CNF), e conteúdos máximos de proteína bruta (9,64% de PB) e fibra em detergente neutro (41,6% de FDN), com a inclusão de 23,5%, 8,90%, 10,7% e 9,11% de resíduo de manga, respectivamente. Na avaliação sensorial quanto às características associadas ao valor nutritivo registrou-se a classificação “boa a muito boa” para as silagens onde o capim-elefante e a casca de mandioca foram aditivados com 10 e 20% de resíduo de manga. A adição de 10,7% de resíduo de manga na silagem de capim-elefante e casca de mandioca é suficiente para melhorar o conteúdo de proteína bruta, com menores perdas por efluentes.


Subject(s)
Mangifera/adverse effects , Manihot/chemistry , Pennisetum/chemistry , Garbage , Silage/analysis , Food Composition , Chemical Phenomena
19.
Acta sci., Anim. sci ; 41: 43709-43709, 2019. graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1459837

ABSTRACT

Adding legumes to sugarcane silage is a strategy used to improve silage quality and reduce losses. This study’s objective was to evaluate the chemical composition and fermentation profile of silages sugarcane and pigeon pea. A completely randomized design was used, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of sugarcane silage with increasing pigeon pea proportions (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). The forages were ensiled in experimental microsilos that remained closed for 60 days. Their chemical compositions were evaluated by determining the pH value and dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin content. Fermentation profiles were evaluated by determining the effluent, gas, and total dry matter losses and dry matter recovery of the silage. Including pigeon pea in sugarcane silage decreases the hemicellulose content and increases the crude protein, acid detergent fiber and lignin content. Fermentation losses are reduced by adding pigeon pea to sugarcane silage with reduced effluent and gas losses and increased dry matter.


Subject(s)
Cajanus/chemistry , Saccharum/chemistry , Silage/analysis
20.
Acta Sci. Anim. Sci. ; 41: e43709-e43709, jan. 2019. graf
Article in English | VETINDEX | ID: vti-20551

ABSTRACT

Adding legumes to sugarcane silage is a strategy used to improve silage quality and reduce losses. This studys objective was to evaluate the chemical composition and fermentation profile of silages sugarcane and pigeon pea. A completely randomized design was used, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of sugarcane silage with increasing pigeon pea proportions (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). The forages were ensiled in experimental microsilos that remained closed for 60 days. Their chemical compositions were evaluated by determining the pH value and dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin content. Fermentation profiles were evaluated by determining the effluent, gas, and total dry matter losses and dry matter recovery of the silage. Including pigeon pea in sugarcane silage decreases the hemicellulose content and increases the crude protein, acid detergent fiber and lignin content. Fermentation losses are reduced by adding pigeon pea to sugarcane silage with reduced effluent and gas losses and increased dry matter.(AU)


Subject(s)
Silage/analysis , Cajanus/chemistry , Saccharum/chemistry
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