Care entanglements: Upholding difference through the uses of mental health diagnosis in Chilean schools.

This article draws upon findings from fieldwork conducted with Chilean mental health practitioners and school staff to explore how children's mental health diagnoses can be used in the school setting as a particular rationale to mobilise and convey new forms of care practices (Mol, The logic of care: Health and the problem of patient choice, 2008). Inspired by the framing of care as an interrelational, interdependent and more-than-human affair promoted by Science and Technology Studies, and drawing from conceptual tools offered by post-humanist approaches, we focus our examination on the diagnosis of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Following the diagnosis since its formulation by clinicians in the public sector to its enactment in an urban school in Santiago, Chile, we explore how certain caring/uncaring practices are enacted in relation to the diagnosis, reconfiguring the classroom by incorporating (non)human actors to care for the diagnosed child. However, care is ambivalent, and the diagnosis can be put into action for other purposes as it interweaves with educational policies and other agendas. Thus, to produce policies that truly foster inclusion, attention must be given to the micropolitical level where disabilities and disorders are enacted, developing appropriate ethico-political and affective sensitivities to care accordingly.

On the microstructures of the bulk of P3HT amorphous films obtained from two protocols: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations.

An influential factor for the microstructure of semiconductor polymer films is the solvent chosen for their processing and subsequent performance as an active layer in electronic and optical devices. In this paper, we address the solvent-polymer interplays by reporting a comparison between the microstructure of the bulk of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) films formed from two different simulation methodologies: using the o-dichlorobenzene (ODCB) as an aggregation chain parameter and a solvent-free protocol. In comparison to the length of an ideal planar chain, the solvent caused an average reduction of 12% of oligomer chains. Whereas, in the other film, the reduction was around 30%. Furthermore, the solvent allowed pathways of π-interactions due to the cohesional-like distribution of the chains, indicating that the solvent also induces chain orientation affecting its microstructure.

A supervisão na formação psicanalítica no modelo Eitingon: história, controvérsias, linhas de desenvolvimento / Supervision in psychoanalytic training in the Eitingon model: history, controversies, developmental lines / Supervisión en la formación psicoanalítica en el modelo Eitingon: historia, controversias, líneas de desarrollo / La supervision dans la formation psychanalytique selon le modèle Eitingon: son histoire, des controverses, des lignes de développement

Um marco essencial na formação psicanalítica é a supervisão de formação. A autora apresenta como e através do que podem se desenvolver a competência e a identidade, ou pode haver um efeito inibidor. Considera a relação emocional entre supervisor e supervisionando durante a supervisão de formação, permeada pelas próprias experiências de aprendizagem e didáticas, carregadas com material inconsciente e ancoradas no âmbito semipúblico do Instituto. Retoma a história da supervisão de formação, descreve a controvérsia quanto a teach or treat e mostra as teorias psicanalíticas mais utilizadas na supervisão. Constata que também nos contextos mais "racionais" se atualiza uma constelação e uma dinâmica relacional emocional, parcialmente inconscientes, entre o supervisionando e o supervisor.

Training supervision is an essential event in psychoanalytic training. This study reveals how and from what competence and identity can be developed, and also if there may be an inhibiting effect. At the same time, it is always about an emotional relationship between supervisor and supervised during the training supervision process, permeated with their own learning and didatics experiences, which are constituted of unconscious material and anchored in the semi-public scope of the Institute. In this paper, the history of training supervision is recapitulated, and its conflict related to the ''teach-or-treat'' controversy is approached. Moreover, a viewpoint on the most used psychoanalytic theories in the supervision process is introduced. Consequently, even in more 'rational' contexts, a constellation, as well as a partially unconscious, emotional relational dynamics between the supervised and the supervisor are always updated.

Un hito esencial en la formación psicoanalítica es la supervisión de la formación. Se presenta aquí cómo y a través de qué competencia e identidad puede desarrollarse, o puede surgir un efecto inhibitorio. Al mismo tiempo, es siempre una relación emocional entre supervisor y supervisionando durante la supervisión de la formación, influenciada por el propio aprendizaje y experiencias didácticas, cargada de material inconsciente y anclada en el ámbito parcialmente público del Instituto. En este artículo se retoma la historia de la supervisión del entrenamiento, se describe su conflicto con la controversia "teach or treat" y se presenta una visión de las teorías psicoanalíticas más utilizadas en la supervisión. De ello se deduce que también en los contextos más "racionales" siempre hay una constelación y una dinámica relacional emocional, parcialmente inconsciente, entre el supervisor y el supervisor.

Une borne essentielle dans la formation psychanalytique, c'est la supervision de formation. On présente ici comment et par quel moyen la compétence et l'identité peuvent se développer, ou il peut y avoir un effet inhibiteur. En même temps, il s'agit toujours d'une relation émotionnelle entre superviseur et supervisé pendant la supervision de formation, transpercée par ses propres expériences d'apprentissage et didactiques, chargées de matériel inconscient et ancrées dans le cadre semi-public de l'Institut. Dans cet article on reprend l'histoire de la supervision de formation, on décrit son conflit par rapport à la controverse "teach or treat" et on présente un panorama des théories psychanalytiques les plus employées en supervision. Le résultat, c'est que dans les contextes les plus « rationnels ¼ on actualise toujours une constellation et une dynamique relationnelle émotionnelle, partiellement inconsciente, entre le superviseur et le supervisé.

Genitourinary Systems Entangled with Shifting Environments in a Salvadoran Subsistence Farming Community.

Diseases of the genitourinary system are the leading cause of hospital deaths in El Salvador, and chronic kidney disease of unknown origin has been gaining attention as a public health problem among farmers in particular. Epidemiological studies point, in part, to environmental risk factors, which have shifted over time with the deployment of modern agricultural science and ongoing climate change. We examined how diseases of the genitourinary system were situated at several margins of an epidemic in one rural Salvadoran municipality where these environmental and epidemiological changes are occurring, albeit relatively slow. By using this approach to study diseases of the genitourinary system, we illustrate one way in which shifting human/environment entanglements can be experimentally "known" in the context of human diseases associated with them. Our approach offers a unique perspective in thinking with ethnographic data to compliment ongoing epidemiological investigations of kidney disease in El Salvador.

Nuevas subjetividades: una aproximación posthumanista y material a los procesos de encuentro entre niñas, niños y psicoestimulantes / New subjectivities: a posthumanist and neo-materialist approach to the processes of encounter between children and psychostimulant medication / Novas subjetividades: uma abordagem pós-humanista e material dos processos de encontro entre meninas, meninos e psicoestimulantes

Resumen: Este artículo propone un abordaje complejo y posthumanista a los diversos modos mediante los cuales niñas, niños y psicofármacos se co-afectan, determinando diversos devenires ontológicos a partir de esta interacción, en el nicho provisto por dos escuelas ubicadas en la zona oriente de Santiago de Chile. A partir de los resultados de una praxiografía que se extendió por ocho meses con niñas y niños de 9 y 10 años, se sostiene que es necesario pensar esta relación entre niñas, niños y psicofármacos desde coordenadas distintas a las provistas por las tesis de la medicalización. Esto, en tanto ellas reducen y achatan la noción de subjetividad a una posesión interna del individuo, y a una separación radical con el mundo, sostenida en una discutible idea de excepcionalismo humano. En respuesta a esta idea de subjetividad, se propone otra que permite un abordaje diferente al problema, en tanto es una subjetividad entendida en sus aspectos procesales, dinámicos, y últimamente sostenido en base a entramados con el mundo y con la medicación.

Abstract: This article advances a posthumanist and complex approach to the different ways in which children and psychostimulants can co-affect each other, enabling different ontological becomings thanks to the processes of coming together that took place in the niche provided by two schools located in East Side of Santiago, Chile. Grounded in the results of an 8-months praxiography with children aged 9 and 10-years old, I argue for the need of new coordinates to reflect upon these interactions, coordinates different to those granted by the medicalization thesis. This, inasmuch as their approach tends to flatten and reduce the subjectivity of the medicated child to an inner essence, radically separated from the world, which is sustained under a disputed idea of human expectionalism. In respond to this, I advance an idea of subjectivity which is relational, processual and sustained on entanglements with the world and with the medication.

Resumo: Este artigo propõe uma abordagem complexa e pós-humanista aos vários modos pelos quais meninos, meninas e psicofármacos se co-afetam, determinando diferentes devires ontológicos dessa interação, no nicho prestado por duas escolas localizadas na zona oriente de Santiago do Chile. A partir dos resultados de uma praxiografía que durou oito meses com meninas e meninos com idade entre 9 e 10 anos, argumenta-se que é necessário pensar sobre a relação entre crianças e psicofármacos a partir de coordenadas diferentes das previstas pelas teses da medicalização. Neste aspecto, estas teses reduzem e achatam a noção de subjetividade a uma posse interna do indivíduo, e uma separação radical do mundo, realizada em uma ideia discutível do excepcionalismo humano. Em resposta a esta idéia de subjetividade, propõe-se uma abordagem diferente para o problema, a partir de uma subjetividade entendida em seus aspectos processuais, dinâmicos e, finalmente, sustentada com base nas associações com o mundo e com a medicação.

Pharmaceutical entanglements: an analysis of the multiple determinants of ADHD medication effects in a Chilean school.

This article draws upon findings from ethnographic fieldwork conducted in a Chilean school to explore how the effects of globally circulating ADHD medications emerge within the localized contexts of everyday users. An analysis of observations of children on ADHD medications within classroom settings is developed which challenges the assumption, pervasive within biomedical paradigms, that the effects of such medications can be understood as resulting directly from their chemical properties and biological modes of action. Our case study highlights the significance of multiple, interacting determinants of drug effects in an everyday setting, focusing in particular on classroom dynamics, teacher-student relations, and the agency of children taking the medications. We conclude that while ADHD medications may act in part by altering physiological processes, an adequate account of their effects requires that analytic attention extends to the sociomaterial contexts in which medications and users are embedded.