The effect mechanism of perceived entrepreneurial environment on Chinese college students' entrepreneurial intention: chain mediation model test.

Introduction: This study aimed to explore the effect of perceived entrepreneurial environment among Chinese college students' entrepreneurial intention and its underlying mechanism. Methods: Based on a survey of 445 college students from 5 universities with the perceived entrepreneurial environment assessment scale, the achievement motivation scale, the entrepreneurial self-efficacy scale, and the entrepreneurial intention questionnaire. Results: There were significant correlations among perceived entrepreneurial environment, achievement motivation, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention, and perceived entrepreneurial environment could significantly positively predict entrepreneurial intention. Achievement motivation and entrepreneurial self-efficacy played significant mediating roles between the perceived entrepreneurial environment and entrepreneurial intention. There were three paths that perceived entrepreneurial environment to influence entrepreneurial intention: One was the mediating role of achievement motivation; The second was the mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy; The third was the chain-mediated role of both achievement motivation and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Discussion: The internal mechanism of the relationship between perceived entrepreneurial environment and entrepreneurial intention enriches the research results of entrepreneurial psychology among college students and provides a theoretical basis for training and guiding the entrepreneurship of college students.

Exploring entrepreneurial intention: The roles of proactive personality, education, opportunity and Planned Behavior.

Entrepreneurial intention is crucial in fostering an entrepreneurial culture and driving economic growth, especially among students from higher education institutions. Our study aims to examine the role of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), specifically attitude towards entrepreneurship (ATE) and perceived behavioral control (PBC), in the relationships between proactive personality (PP), entrepreneurship education (EE), entrepreneurial opportunity (EO), and entrepreneurial intention (EI) among final-year students higher education institutions in China. The TPB framework provides a theoretical foundation to investigate how psychological factors, such as ATE and PBC, mediate an individual's intention to engage in entrepreneurial behavior. The research model was analyzed using PLS-SEM. The findings, derived from a sample of 250 final-year students from public universities in China, indicate that ATE and PBC mediate the relationships between PP, EO, and EI. However, only ATE was found to mediate the relationship between EE and EI. Our findings offer insights into the foundational mechanisms driving EI, significantly advancing the scholarly understanding of entrepreneurial behavior. By demonstrating the applicability of the TPB framework, our study sheds light on the psychological processes that underlie the connections between PP, EE, EO and EI.

Interconnectedness between entrepreneurial self-efficacy, attitude, and business creation: A serial mediation of entrepreneurial intention and environmental factor.

Entrepreneurial self-efficacy has been widely recognized as prominent in entrepreneurship, which can promote entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurial attitude, and business creation. This paper aims at investigating the extent and relationship of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurial attitude, and business creation among graduates in Malaysia, as well as examine the serial mediators of entrepreneurial intention and environmental factors in linking this relationship. This present study used a quantitative approach with a self-administered survey directed at university students in Malaysia. A total of 282 public university graduates in the Klang Valley completed this survey, and we further analysed the data undergoing covariance-based structural equation modelling (SEM). The findings indicate that entrepreneurial self-efficacy has a robust effect on entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurial attitude, and business creation among university graduates in Malaysia. In addition, results indicated that entrepreneurial intention and environmental factors completely mediate the serial mediation of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and business creation, while these two mediators partially mediate the link between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial attitude among graduates in Malaysia.

How entrepreneurship education affects college students' entrepreneurial intention: Samples from China.

Colleges and universities play a pivotal role in nurturing students' entrepreneurial aspirations, as evidenced by a significant increase in entrepreneurial education. Improving its quality and igniting students' motivation are crucial. This study, grounded in established theoretical frameworks, introduces variables such as entrepreneurial intention, attitude, and self-efficacy, forming a moderated mediation model. An analysis of 347 questionnaires using Mplus 8.0 reveals the following insights: (1) Collegiate-level entrepreneurship education is positively correlated with students' entrepreneurial intentions; (2) Entrepreneurial attitude and self-efficacy mediate the relationship between entrepreneurship education and students' entrepreneurial intentions; (3) Entrepreneurial social support moderates the link between entrepreneurship education and students' entrepreneurial intentions. These findings contribute to the body of knowledge in entrepreneurship education and provide valuable guidance for enhancing its effectiveness and fostering students' entrepreneurial aspirations.

Social entrepreneurial intention among university students in China.

The issues of employment, social inequality, and resource scarcity can be effectively addressed through social entrepreneurship, contributing to the growing research interest on the formation of social entrepreneurial intention. Using the theory of planned behaviour, the current study examined the influence of selected key factors on social entrepreneurial intention among university students. Based on the cross-sectional quantitative research design, online survey was conducted, which involved 684 students and graduates from five universities in Southern China. The obtained results demonstrated the significant and positive influence of perceived values on sustainability, opportunity recognition competency, attitude towards entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control on social entrepreneurial intention. Additionally, attitude towards entrepreneurship partially mediated the relationships of risk-taking propensity, self-efficacy, and need for achievement on social entrepreneurial intention. The multi-group analysis results also showed that need for achievement and social entrepreneurial intention differed significantly between genders, which provides new ideas for future investigations into the impact of gender on social entrepreneurial intentions. Based on the findings of this study, it is crucial that university students are exposed to relevant courses or training to develop social entrepreneurship competencies and promote sustainable values. The findings of this study will provide policymakers with relevant policy guidelines and more effective theoretical support to achieve the goal of promoting social entrepreneurship among university students in a more resource-efficient and effective manner.

What determines the entrepreneurial intentions of employees? A moderated mediation model of entrepreneurial motivation and innovate work behavior.

Innovation is a vital element of an organization's success. Companies must implement efficient, innovative plans and policies to consistently develop novel innovations. Based on the theory of planned behavior, the current framework formulated the idea of entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial mindset, and technological knowledge with entrepreneurial intention in the healthcare industry. Further, this concept comprises the mediating role of innovative work behavior and the moderating effect of entrepreneurial motivation between constructs. The study adopted a quantitative method and collected data from 529 employees working in healthcare organizations (e.g., medical services, manufacturing medical equipment, and drugs/Pharmaceutical companies). The study's findings revealed that entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial mindset, and technological knowledge positively and significantly affect entrepreneurial intention. The mediation results show that innovative work behavior significantly affects other constructs, and entrepreneurial motivation has a significant moderating effect. The study highlighted the notable transformations in the healthcare industry by proposing the need for relevant entrepreneurial education, traits, and characteristics in accelerating business activities. The study found a link between entrepreneurial education, mindset, technological knowledge, and entrepreneurial intention. This study is helpful for managers and practitioners in executing effective strategies for innovation in healthcare companies.

A Study on the Impact of Financial Literacy and Digital Capabilities on Entrepreneurial Intention: Mediating Effect of Entrepreneurship.

In the post-COVID-19 era, the content of work and the necessary skills are rapidly changing due to the digital transformation of the way people work. Entrepreneurial adaptability and digital capability are the most necessary competencies for exploring opportunities and quickly turning them into a professional career amid a crisis. Financial literacy is also essential for expanding skills in economic and social life. The purpose of this study is to verify the influence of university students' financial literacy and digital capability on entrepreneurial intention and the mediating effect of entrepreneurship. To this end, a survey was conducted on university students in Busan and Gyeongnam, and a sample of 162 respondents was verified using SPSS 28.0. As a result of the study, it was found that financial literacy had a partially positive effect on entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention. Digital capability was found to have a positive effect on entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention. It was found that entrepreneurship had a partially positive effect on entrepreneurial intention. It was found that entrepreneurship had a partially positive mediating effect between financial literacy and entrepreneurial intention. It was found that entrepreneurship had a positive mediating effect between digital capability and entrepreneurial intention. As a result of this study, it was confirmed that financial literacy, digital capability, and entrepreneurship are very important competencies for university students to adapt to new trends and promote start-ups in a rapidly changing job environment after COVID-19, suggesting the need for further education.

Interested to start a venture but worried about the future: Investigating the role of resilience in fear of career uncertainty and entrepreneurial intention.

Entrepreneurship is inherently characterised by immense uncertainty. Thereby, fear becomes an obvious experience and poses a significant threat to entrepreneurial intention (EI). This study aimed to extend this understanding by exploring how specific fears, such as fear of career uncertainty and fear of perceived inability, affect EI and how resilience impacts these fears and their interaction with EI. This study tested a mediation model on a sample of young university students in Bangladesh (n = 553), using a two-phase survey (before and after the COVID-19 pandemic) and applying the partial least squares - structural equation model in Smart PLS 4. The findings indicated that fear of career uncertainty had a significant negative influence, and resilience had a significant positive influence on EI. Additionally, resilience reduced both fear of career uncertainty and fear of perceived inability and, transformed fear of career uncertainty into a positive driver toward EI. In contrast to the extant evidence that suggested fear as a threat to EI, this study indicated that not all forms of fear are detrimental to EI and that experience of fear can be mitigated. This study suggested that resilient students can overcome fear concerning their careers and focus on establishing new ventures.

Psychometric properties of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in Dominican Republic adolescents

Introduction: This work represents the first attempt to obtain evidence of the validity of an entrepreneurial intention questionnaire in the adolescent population of a Latin American or Caribbean country. The objectives are to study the factor structure, the reliability, the external validity and to test the gender invariance of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire, in its adaptation for adolescents. Method: The sample consisted of 708 adolescents from the Dominican Republic with a mean age of 15.49, 65.2% of whom were women and 35.8% were men. Analyses included confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach's Alpha and Omega scores for reliability, correlations, and a gender invariance routine. Finally, latent means of females and males are compared. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit to the data and the reliability results were adequate. In addition, the correlations with the Entrepreneurial Attitudes Scale for Students were positive and statistically significant. Also, strict gender invariance was successfully verified. Although males presented a higher subjective norm, females showed higher entrepreneurial intentions. Conclusions: The Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire shows adequate psychometric properties and proves useful in conducting research on the promotion of entrepreneurship in early stages.

Introducción: Este trabajo supone el primer intento de obtener evidencias de validez de un cuestionario de intención emprendedora en adolescentes en un país de Latinoamérica y el Caribe. Tiene como objetivos reportar la estructura interna, fiabilidad, validez externa y probar la invarianza de género del Cuestionario de Intención Emprendedora en su adaptación para adolescentes. Método: La muestra está formada por 708 adolescentes de República Dominicana con una media edad de 15.49, un 65.2% de mujeres y un 35.8% hombres. Los análisis incluyeron análisis factorial confirmatorio, resultados de Alfa de Cronbach y Omega para la fiabilidad, correlaciones y una rutina de invarianza por género. Finalmente se compararon las medias latentes de hombres y mujeres. Resultados: El análisis factorial mostró un buen ajuste a los datos y los resultados de fiabilidad fueron adecuados. Además, las correlaciones con la Escala de Actitudes Emprendedoras para Estudiantes fueron positivas y estadísticamente significativas. También, se comprobó satisfactoriamente la invarianza estricta por género. Aunque los hombres presentaron mayor norma subjetiva, las mujeres mostraron una mayor intención emprendedora. Conclusiones: El Cuestionario de Intención Emprendedora muestra adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para que sea de utilidad en las investigaciones sobre la promoción del emprendimiento en etapas tempranas.

Do entrepreneurship education activities have an impact on entrepreneurial behavior? An application of behavioral entrepreneurial intention.

Many of the world's most prosperous and secure nations owe much of their success to the contributions of their entrepreneurial spirit. Indian youth unemployment is among the worst in the world, posing serious problems for a country with the youngest population. Using the framework of planned behavior theory, this research examines how entrepreneurship courses affect future plans to start a business. We developed a theoretical framework by investigating the effect of college-level entrepreneurial programs on regional prosperity and quality of life. The research offers data from China on the connection between entrepreneurship education and the desire to start a business. The hypotheses indicate the mediating function of entrepreneurial skills in this relationship. If universities and colleges want their students to have an entrepreneurial attitude and launch successful businesses, they need to improve the way they teach entrepreneurship. The impact of entrepreneurship education and an entrepreneurial mentality on the choice to establish a company was studied by academics in the Chinese region from September 2021 to June 2022. The study's overarching goal was to investigate the connections between formal entrepreneurship education, attitudes toward entrepreneurship, the idea of planned behavior, an entrepreneurial mindset, and creative intent. We used an econometrically sound partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) to do the necessary empirical computations. Education in entrepreneurship, an attitude conducive to starting a firm, the notion of planned behavior, and an entrepreneurial mindset all positively correlate with the choice to do so. The impulse to launch a new venture is highly correlated with a person's level of creativity. These findings make it quite evident that, in order to achieve the dual goals of economic development and poverty reduction, the government must increase spending and advocate for a shift in the way enterprises are organized.

Effect of entrepreneurial education and creativity on entrepreneurial intention in college students: mediating entrepreneurial inspiration, mindset, and self-efficiency.

Entrepreneurship in higher education is increasingly valuing entrepreneurial creativity as a significant driver for improving university students' innovative abilities. The purpose of this study was to examine the direct influence of entrepreneurial education and creativity on entrepreneurial intention, as well as the indirect role of entrepreneurial inspiration, mindset, and self-efficiency. This study gathered survey responses from 448 university business students from three Chinese provinces of Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang. The results indicated that entrepreneurial education and creativity have a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial intent. In addition, the results demonstrated that the combination of entrepreneurial mindset, inspiration, and self-efficacy partially mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial creativity. In addition, additional implications and restrictions are discussed in this article.

Boosting entrepreneurial intentions: A novel EEG-guided protocol.

This research proposal aims to explore the driving factors of an entrepreneurial mindset and develop pedagogies to boost entrepreneurial intention (EI) in entrepreneurially unmotivated individuals. Using an electroencephalogram (EEG) cap, the study will map the cognitive processes associated with entrepreneurship in both entrepreneurially motivated and unmotivated individuals. The expected outcomes include identifying crucial factors for a positive entrepreneurial intention and discovering effective teaching methodologies. The implications of this research extend to educational institutions, policy-making bodies, and incubation centers, supporting initiatives such as Start-up India and Stand-up India. Overall, this study contributes to entrepreneurship education and practical training for individuals lacking motivation.

Corrigendum: Effect of narcissistic personality on entrepreneurial intention among college students: mediation role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.774510.].

Entrepreneurial intention and the three stages of entrepreneurial action: a process approach.

The relationship between entrepreneurial intention (EI) and entrepreneurial action (EA) is a popular topic in entrepreneurship research, owing to the contribution of these constructs in the process leading to the entrepreneurial activity taking place. There are still countries that are recording high entrepreneurial intention levels in comparison to their corresponding entrepreneurial action levels that are low. This is a global concern to which South Africa (SA) is also not immune. Most of the research tests the relationship between two single constructs: EI and EA. Our study follows a process approach and investigates the effect of this relationship between EI and the three stages of EA. A quantitative method was employed and a survey utilized whereby data was collected among 597 entrepreneurs in South Africa. The data was analyzed through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The EI construct is supported through the Theory of Planned Behavior, in conjunction with the Motivation Opportunity Ability theory. The Discovery Theory, together with the Creative Theory, supports each of the stages of EA, namely: entrepreneurial opportunity discovery (EODI); entrepreneurial opportunity evaluation (EOEV); and entrepreneurial opportunity exploitation (EOEX). Previous research regarding the relationship between EI and EA measured this relationship from a binary point of view. This study contributes to the entrepreneurship field by employing the process approach to determine the impact of EI on the stages of EA. This study reveals that EI is statistically significant in all three stages of EA. However, the strength of this relationship is found to be strong between EI and the EODI and EOEV stages and moderate between EI and the EOEX stage. Therefore, this study reveals that effective training interventions and development are necessary between EI and the EOEX stage of EA.

Determinant factors of entrepreneurial ideation among university students: A systematic literature review.

Entrepreneurial ideation has gained robust prominence in the educational context, being a prominent variable in predicting the entrepreneurial intention of students. Thus, this systematic review seeks out and identifies the determinant factors of entrepreneurial ideation and understands the link between entrepreneurial ideation and intention. This paper adopted a systematic review of the literature in Scopus and Web of Science databases during 2016 and 2022, using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). Based on predefined inclusion criteria, a total of 14 articles published within the last decade were analyzed in detail. The findings of this review indicate that entrepreneurship ideation is determined by several factors, including entrepreneurship education, motivation, market, entrepreneurial imaginativeness, and information technology. The results also confirm that there is a link between entrepreneurial ideation and entrepreneurial intention among university students. This paper also highlights the trends in entrepreneurship ideation for university students' education and the primary role of entrepreneurial learning. The findings of this paper are to allocate avenues for future research on the theme of entrepreneurial ideations.

The Impact of Action Planning after Causation-and-Effectuation-Based Entrepreneurship Education.

The entrepreneurship literature shows inconsistent results in outcome effectiveness, such as entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE), entrepreneurial intention (EI), and entrepreneurial behavior. This could be due to the sole focus on the motivational aspects of behavioral change. Action planning, a volitional intervention used to modify health behavior, could resolve the inconsistent results mentioned above. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the direct impacts of action planning intervention (API) following entrepreneurship education (EE) on ESE, EI, and opportunity recognition and to examine the behavioral change process from motivational and volitional perspectives. In this randomized controlled trial (RCT), we considered action planning to enhance entrepreneurial behavior after EE. The sample included 83 participants from a university in Myanmar. We randomly assigned the students to the API and control groups. We collected data on ESE and EI before and after training. We used objective measures for opportunity recognition through an opportunity evaluation framework. Serial mediation analysis revealed that the volitional impact on opportunity recognition was positively significant. From a motivational standpoint, ESE improved significantly, but we found no significant impact on EI; ESE and EI were serial mediators, with no specific mediation solely by ESE or EI. The findings contribute to the EE literature by presenting a brief and cost-effective API for EE.

A multivariate dataset on profiling personality traits, social and cognitive determinants of omani students' entrepreneurial intention.

This data article collects and validates a multivariate dataset on personality traits, social, and cognitive predictors of the entrepreneurial intention of 276 students of three Omani universities. Administering a validated questionnaire, a pilot study was conducted by taking a sample of 60 responses to ensure the robustness of the survey scales. Following the pilot study, the final data were collected from 276 UG and PG level students in February 2021, which were first cleaned for missing, unengaged, and outlier responses before going ahead with statistical analyses. The data were also checked for common method bias by applying Cook's distance method which was followed by establishing the measurement model (ensuring model fitness, convergent and divergent validities) by running a CFA model in AMOS. The dataset from this data article would be of significant use for the researchers studying nascent and student entrepreneurship and Oman universities and the government in developing an entrepreneurship course curriculum.

Antecedents of civil engineering students' entrepreneurial intentions: Dataset article.

The Kingdom of Morocco has implemented significant reform projects over the past decade to promote youth entrepreneurship. In light of these efforts, it is essential to examine the antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions among students. To this end, the current data article aims to explore the antecedents of civil engineering students' entrepreneurial intentions. Thus, we collected data from civil engineering students using a self-administered questionnaire through Google Forms. We employed the partial least squares structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the collected dataset. The data analysis using SmartPLS software showed that entrepreneurial attitude, entrepreneurial capacity, and subjective norms positively and significantly affect the civil engineering students' entrepreneurial intention. The insights from this study can be used by Moroccan higher education institutions (HEI) managers to identify crucial elements that can improve students' inclination towards entrepreneurship.

Antecedents of immigrants' entrepreneurial intention formation process: an empirical study of immigrant entrepreneurs in Canada.

Economic integration of ever-increasing number of immigrants in the host country is a challenge both for the immigrant and their host government. Immigrant entrepreneurship can be one of the solutions to this challenge. However, little is known about how immigrant entrepreneurship intention formation process takes place. Immigrants face various challenging situations that make them psychologically and cognitively distinct. This study models from a holistic perspective, the dimensions of individual and contextual variables as antecedents of Immigrants' entrepreneurial intention (IEI). The study aims to identify the key factors responsible for developing EI of immigrants with an implementation intent. Cross-sectional data from Canada is examined using a sample of 250 immigrants. The analysis adopts a structural equation modelling approach. In addition to risk perception, bridging social network, and experience, we postulate that the perceived distance of entrepreneurial culture (country of origin versus host country) and entrepreneurial support are crucial factors that influence IEI. Empirical analyses based on survey data partially confirmed our hypotheses. The results show the role of psychological and cognitive factors in determining immigrants' intention to start a new business. We extend the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) by identifying certain understudied determinants in the literature and presenting a holistic decision-making process in the context of immigration-entrepreneurship nexus. Examining specific factors that appropriately contextualize immigrant entrepreneurship research and relativize the EI through a learning-based approach advances current literature. It offers insights to policymakers and practitioners to contemplate entrepreneurial culture as a shared liability issue (foreignness, host country), and adapt their entrepreneurship guidance accordingly. Thus, this study opens the way to a better understanding of the business behaviour of immigrants. Their impact matters for the entrepreneurial diversity that resilient ecosystems need.

Sustainable entrepreneurship out of entrepreneurial opportunity identification: The mediating role of psychological capital.

Introduction: The aim of the present study, was to examine the simultaneous effects of entrepreneurial opportunity identification (EOI) and psychological capital (PC) on university students' entrepreneurial intention (EI). Compared with necessity-driven entrepreneurship, opportunity-driven entrepreneurship is more sustainable. Scholars have shown that EOI is key to forming EI, but little has been discussed about its association with PC. Methods: A total of 555 university students in China were enrolled by means of convenience sampling. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis of variables were performed using SPSS 21.0 software. Structural equation modeling analysis (SEM) with AMOS 21.0 was used to examine the structural effects of EOI and PC on university students' EI. Results: According to the results, university students' EOI and PC had a positive and insignificant influence on their levels of EI. Furthermore, PC was found to fully mediate the impact of EOI on EI. Discussion: The present study could shed light on new instructions to examine the interaction between the cognitive and psychological components of EI in the field of entrepreneurship. It is recommended that educators and practitioners should pay regard to the role of EOI and PC.