Contribución de los fragmentos de vegetación al almacenamiento de carbono en paisajes agrícolas de la Amazonía peruana / Contribution of vegetation fragments to carbon storage in agricultural landscapes of the Peruvian Amazon

Resumen En el presente estudio se cuantifican las reservas de carbono existentes en siete fragmentos del paisaje agropecuario: (1) el bosque primario altamente talado, (2) bosques secundarios de 5, (3) 10 y (4) 15 años procedentes de pasturas, (5) agroforestería de cacao, (6) pastizal de Brachiaria decumbens en producción y (7) pastizal de Brachiaria decumbens degradado; estos fragmentos son característicos de los fundos agropecuarios del departamento de Ucayali, Perú. El carbono almacenado (la suma total de la parte aérea y del suelo) en el Bosque Primario fue de 267.26 t/ha; en Bosque Secundario de 15 años 232.30 t/ha; en Bosque Secundario de 10 años, 162.1 t/ha; en Bosque Secundario de 5 años, 124.42 t/ha; en agroforestería con cacao, 108.82 t/ha; en pastizal de B. decumbens, 72.57 t/ha; y en pastizal de B. decumbens degradada, 60.47 t/ha. Se observaron diferencias significativas (p ≤ 0.0001) entre los valores de carbono almacenado de los siete fragmentos, (R2 = 0.51, y CV = 53.66%). La prueba de contrastes ortogonales mostró que el carbono almacenado en el fragmento de bosque primario superó significativamente al promedio de carbono de los demás fragmentos; mientras que, el carbono almacenado en los bosques secundarios superó significativamente al carbono almacenado en el fragmento de agroforestería de cacao. No se encontraron diferencias del carbono almacenado en ambas pasturas, tampoco entre los bosques secundarios de 10 y 15 años. El incremento del número de familias y especies en relación directa a la edad del bosque secundario seria evidencia de la recuperación de la diversidad botánica.

Abstract In the present study, carbon stocks were quantified in seven agroforestry landscape fragments: (1) heavily logged primary forest, (2) secondary forests of 5, (3) 10, and (4) 15 years originating from pastures, (5) cacao agroforestry, (6) productive Brachiaria decumbens grassland, and (7) degraded Brachiaria decumbens grassland. These fragments are characteristic of agricultural estates in the Ucayali department, Peru. The carbon stored (the total sum of aboveground and soil) in the primary forest was 267.26 t/ha; in 15-year secondary forest, 232.30 t/ha; in 10-year secondary forest, 162.1 t/ha; in 5-year secondary forest, 124.42 t/ha; in cacao agroforestry, 108.82 t/ha; in productive B. decumbens grassland, 72.57 t/ha; and in degraded B. decumbens grassland, 60.47 t/ha. Significant differences (p ≤ 0.0001) were observed between the carbon stock values of the seven fragments (R2 = 0.51, and CV = 53.66%). Orthogonal contrast tests showed that the carbon stored in the primary forest fragment significantly exceeded the average carbon of the other fragments, while the carbon stored in the secondary forests significantly exceeded that stored in the cacao agroforestry fragment. No differences were found in the carbon stored in both grasslands, nor between the 10- and 15-year secondary forests. The increase in the number of families and species directly related to the age of the secondary forest provides evidence of the recovery of botanical diversity.

Valoración económica por servicios recreativos del río Hacha en el piedemonte amazónico colombiano / Economic valuation for recreational services of the river Hacha in the Colombian amazon foothills

RESUMEN El río Hacha ubicado en Florencia-Caquetá, Colombia, abastece agua para el consumo humano y proporciona otros servicios ecosistémicos. Las actividades antrópicas han generado una presión en este recurso natural. Se realizó una valoración económica de la calidad de agua y los servicios recreativos en los balnearios del corredor vial del río. Se establecieron cuatro puntos en el tramo para medir indicadores fisicoquímicos del agua. Se realizó una encuesta en una muestra de 460 personas, cuyo análisis empleó los métodos de costo-viaje y valoración contingente. Se encontró que los indicadores de calidad de agua no exceden los límites permisibles para contacto primario. La recreación en los sitios genera beneficios económicos para la demanda local: la variación del excedente del consumidor ante un proyecto hipotético de mejora en la calidad del agua fue positiva. La disposición a pagar por hogar por una mejora en la calidad del agua asciende a $9.984,04 por año. Esto implica que existe un potencial de aprovechamiento sostenible en los servicios ecosistémicos asociados a la recreación en el recurso hídrico.

ABSTRACT The Hacha river located in Florencia-Caquetá, supplies water for human consumption and provides other ecosystem services. Anthropic activities have generated pressure on this natural resource. An economic valuation was made of water quality and recreational services in the river's road corridor resorts. Four points were established along the stretch to measure physicochemical water indicators. A survey was conducted on a sample of 460 people whose analysis employed the Cost-Travel and Contingent Valuation methods. It was found that the water quality indicators do not exceed the permissible limits for primary contact. Recreation at the sites generates economic benefits for local demand: the variation in consumer surplus for a hypothetical water quality improvement project was positive. The willingness to pay (WTP) per household for an improvement in water quality amounts to $2.12 dollars per year. This implies that there is a potential for sustainable use of the ecosystem services associated with water resource recreation.

Crop-Livestock Integration Improves Physical Soil, Agronomic and Environmental Aspects in Soybean Cultivation.

Soybean is one of the most widely grown crops in the world and technologies are increasingly needed to increase productivity without impacting environmental degradation. In this context, the aim was to evaluate the action of forage plants of the genus Brachiaria sp. in crop-livestock integration on physical soil, agronomic and environmental aspects of soybean cultivation. The experiment was conducted in a subdivided plot design with seven integrated systems corresponding to the previous cultivation of Paiaguas palisadegrass, Xaraes palisadegrass and Ruziziensis grass in monocropping and intercropped with maize, as well as maize in monocropping. In the subplots, two grass management systems were evaluated: free growth and a grazing simulation cut. The bulk density and least limiting water range were assessed using soil samples and, after the pastures were desiccated when the soybean crop was planted, straw decomposition and plantability. A soil physics diagnosis by the bulk density and least limiting water range showed that the Paiaguas palisadegrass and Xaraes palisadegrass improved the soil environment due to biological soil loosening. The remaining mulch biomass did not affect soybean sowing and the adoption of Brachiaria sp. grass in the off-season, in addition to contributing to the provision of environmental services, and did not compromise grain productivity in succession.

Multicriteria spatial model to prioritize degraded areas for landscape restoration through agroforestry.

Reconciling the restoration of ecosystem services within agricultural landscapes is an effort that has been advancing within degraded areas restoration through agroforestry systems. However, to contribute to the effectiveness of these initiatives, it is essential to integrate landscape vulnerability and local demands to better highlight in which areas the implementation of agroforestry systems should be prioritized. Thus, we developed a spatial hierarchization methodology as a decision support tool as an active strategy for agroecosystem restoration. The proposed method constitutes a spatial indicator of priority areas to guide agroforestry interventions, including resource allocation and public policies for payment for environmental services. The methodology consists of Multicriteria Decision Analysis implemented in GIS software by combining input datasets based on biophysical conditions, environmental and socioeconomic aspects, that integrated promotes an assessment of the environment fragility, the pressures and responses to land use dynamic; a strategy for landscape restoration and conservation of the natural habitats, and multiple specific scenarios for decision making regarding the agricultural and the local actors demands. The output of the model provides the spatial distribution of areas suitable for the implementation of agroforestry systems, sorted into four priority levels (Low, Medium, High, and Extreme priority). The method is a promising tool proposal for territorial management and governance and subsidizes future research on the flows of ecosystem services.•Assessment of the environment fragility and the pressures and responses to land use dynamic.•Strategy for landscape restoration and conservation of remaining natural habitats.•Multiple specific scenarios for decision making regarding the agricultural and the local actors demands.

Carbon Pool in Mexican Wetland Soils: Importance of the Environmental Service.

Mexican wetlands are not included in Earth system models around the world, despite being an important carbon store in the wetland soils in the tropics. In this review, five different types of wetlands were observed (marshes, swamps, flooded grasslands, flooded palms and mangroves) in which their carbon pool/carbon sequestrations in Mexican zones were studied. In addition, it was shown that swamps (forested freshwater wetlands) sequestered more carbon in the soil (86.17 ± 35.9 Kg C m−2) than other types of wetlands (p = 0.011); however, these ecosystems are not taken into consideration by the Mexican laws on protection compared with mangroves (34.1 ± 5.2 Kg C m−2). The carbon pool detected for mangrove was statistically similar (p > 0.05) to data of carbon observed in marshes (34.1 ± 5.2 Kg C m−2) and flooded grassland (28.57 ± 1.04 Kg C m−2) ecosystems. The value of carbon in flooded palms (8.0 ± 4.2 Kg C m−2) was lower compared to the other wetland types, but no significant differences were found compared with flooded grasslands (p = 0.99). Thus, the carbon deposits detected in the different wetland types should be taken into account by policy makers and agents of change when making laws for environmental protection, as systematic data on carbon dynamics in tropical wetlands is needed in order to allow their incorporation into global carbon budgets.

Spatial indicator of priority areas for the implementation of agroforestry systems: An optimization strategy for agricultural landscapes restoration.

The ecological functions restoration in agricultural areas is a major challenge on a landscape scale. In the specific case of active restoration through Agroforestry Systems (AFS), the absence of a specific direction hinders ecological restoration processes, especially in regions that prefer intensive agriculture. Thus, this study aims to develop a Spatial Indicator of Priority Areas to guide Agroforestry Systems implementation in agricultural landscapes. A spatial multicriteria decision analysis (MDCA) was carried out based on environmental factors: soil, geology and slope (which determine the natural vulnerability of the land) and anthropogenic factors: land use and land cover, forest fragments, potential land use capacity and legal protected areas in rural properties (which reflects human pressure and land use suitability). Subsequently, four priority levels were classified for agroforestry interventions: (1) Low priority; (2) Average priority; (3) High priority; (4) Extreme priority. A final map was made to identify priority areas for landscape recovery in 9 cities located at the mouth of the Mogi Guaçu River Hydrographic Basin, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Considering the natural vulnerability of the land and the multifunctional aspects of the landscape, the scenarios projection allowed a consensus for forest conservation and agricultural suitability perspectives. A final combination of the explored aspects culminated in the spatial indicator, which model foresees 22,300 ha available for urgent actions for restoration, reforestation and sustainable exploitation through agroforestry systems. We emphasize the challenges in reconciling the socioeconomic and ecological functions in the agroecosystem, however, the metric provides a more inclusive and assertive management strategy for natural resources and advances towards the goal of reforestation and implementation of payment for environmental services (PES) schemes.

Connectivity conservation at the crossroads: protected areas versus payments for ecosystem services in conserving connectivity for Colombian carnivores.

Protected areas (PAs) constitute one of the main tools for global landscape conservation. Recently, payments for environmental services (PES) have attracted interest from national and regional governments and are becoming one of the leading conservation policy instruments in tropical countries. However, the degree to which areas designated for PES overlap with areas that are critical for maintaining species' landscape connectivity is rarely evaluated. We estimated habitat distributions and connectivity for 16 of the 22 mammalian carnivores occurring in the Caribbean region of Colombia, and identified the overlap between existing PAs and areas identified as being important for connectivity for these species. We also evaluated the potential impact of creation of new PAs versus new PES areas on conserving connectivity for carnivores. Our results show that PAs cover only a minor percentage of the total area that is important for maintaining connectivity ( x = 26.8 % ± 20.2 s . d . ). On the other hand, PES, if implemented extensively, could contribute substantially to mammalian carnivores' connectivity ( x = 45.4 % ± 12.8 s . d . ). However, in a more realistic scenario with limited conservation investment in which fewer areas are set aside, a strategy based on implementing new PAs seems superior to PES. We argue that prioritizing designation of new PAs will be the most efficient means through which to maintain connectivity.

Deforestation and environmental valuation of mangaba tree (Hancornia speciosaGomes) in Sergipe State, Brazil / Desmatamento e valoração ambiental da mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) no estado de Sergipe, Brasil

The aim of the current study is to evaluate deforestation in mangaba tree (Hancornia speciosaGomes) growing areas and environmental valuation in fairs held in Sergipe State, in order to suggest environmental service payment mechanisms to help conserving natural mangaba tree-growing areas in the state. Land use and cover, as well as deforestation, were measured based on MapBiomas data. Information about annual mangaba production was extracted from data provided by IBGE on Vegetable Extraction and Silviculture Production. The environmental valuation by mangaba consumers at fairs was measured through questionnaire application. Natural mangaba tree-growing areas in Sergipe State have shown low rates of forest cover and natural non-forest sites in the last 34 years. However, these areas are mainly used for agricultural purposes, a fact that compromises mangaba production. Sergipe State has shown considerable reduction in mangaba production rates from 1995 to 2016; however, such a production presented remarkable recovery in the last three years. Contingent valuation has shown that potential stakeholders are willing to financially contribute to the conservation of both mangaba trees and the Atlantic Forest.(AU)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desmatamento nas áreas de ocorrência de mangaba (Hancornia speciosaGomes) e a valoração ambiental nas feiras do estado de Sergipe, para que se possa propor mecanismos de pagamentos por serviços ambientais para conservação das áreas de ocorrência natural da mangaba no estado de Sergipe. O uso e cobertura da terra e o desmatamento foram quantificados com uso de dados do MapBiomas. A produção anual de mangaba foi extraída de dados da Produção da Extração Vegetal e da Silvicultura do IBGE. A valoração ambiental dos consumidores de mangaba nas feiras foi obtida por meio de entrevistas. As áreas de ocorrência natural de mangaba no estado de Sergipe em 34 anos apresentaram baixos percentuais de cobertura florestal e áreas naturais não florestais. Nessas áreas predomina o uso agropecuário, o que compromete a produção de mangaba. De 1995 a 2016 houve umagrande redução da produção de mangaba no estado de Sergipe, no entanto houve recuperação nos últimos três anos. A valoração contingente demonstrou que os potenciais stakeholders (tomadores de decisão) estão dispostos a contribuir financeiramente para a conservação das mangabeiras e da Mata Atlântica.(AU)

Application of a 'Recycling Exchange' instrument to compensate waste pickers in Brazil via a first payment for urban environmental services programme.

This article presents an approach to compensate waste pickers in the informal sector of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, via a Payment for Urban Environmental Services (PUES) instrument, called 'Recycling Exchange'. The aim is to evaluate the effects of this instrument on the amount of waste diverted from landfill and reintroduced into the production chain, and to increase recognition of waste pickers' contributions to the state's economy. It was found that the 'Recycling Exchange' met the fundamental objectives of a PUES: the double social and economic benefits of the social inclusion of waste pickers in the execution of the public policy for solid waste management, and inducing (in the case of glass), ensuring and stabilising (plastic and paper) continuity of the activity of selling recyclables in times of wide price fluctuations for these recyclables. The instrument enhanced the provision of this environmental service and the positive externalities associated with recycling.

Changes in the constituents of the "Bosque de Agua" of the Sierra Cruces-Ajusco-Chichinautzín, Mexico, an area with payment for environmental services.

The "Bosque de Agua", to the west and south of Mexico City, which is the fifth largest city in the world, has historically suffered disturbances in forest cover, with a consequent reduction in the environmental services provided. Changes in the state of the forests between 1994 and 2017 are here analyzed in terms of the annual net change in area of the different cover densities and the different change processes. In general, the net change was favorable in all cases: forest improvement vs. forest degradation, reforestation vs. deforestation, and afforestation vs. land use change. There were changes in 16.03% of the Bosque de Agua: recovery in 11.09% and disturbance in 4.94%. This marked recovery is the result of the protected status of two-thirds of the forest, the payment for hydrological environmental services in 29.33% of the forest, as of 2003, and the continuous programs of reforestation, fire control and surveillance by the local communities, circumstances that have allowed the recovery to exceed the disturbance in most of the Bosque de Agua. One-third of the forest disturbance is concentrated in six of the 35 municipalities in the southern region, caused by clandestine logging by organized gangs, due to the state of ungovernability that reigns in these municipalities. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12665-021-10025-w.

Land use dynamics under the Bolsa Floresta Program: a case study of the Uatumã Sustainable Development Reserve (Amazonas, Brazil) / Dinâmica de uso da terra no âmbito do Programa Bolsa Floresta: estudo de caso na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Uatumã (Amazonas, Brasil)

The effectiveness of a program of payment for environmental services (PES) in the Brazilian Amazon was analyzed through an accurate mapping of deforested areas. The Bolsa Floresta Program (BFP) in Amazonas state (Brazil) was chosen as an example of a PES program that aims to compensate farmers for their commitment to zero deforestation of primary forests while opening swiddens only in secondary vegetation areas. However, the official measurement of opened swiddens is not effective since only deforested areas larger than 6.25 ha are mapped, whereas most areas opened for cassava crops are approximately 1 ha in size. The effectiveness of the BFP was evaluated in the Uatumã Sustainable Development Reserve (SDR). We tested a methodology for mapping areas from 0.45 ha upwards that have been opened for cassava swiddens. The years 2006 (before the implementation of the BFP), 2011, 2015 and 2019 were analyzed. The results indicated that 88% of the areas opened for swiddens were between 0.45 and 6.25 ha in size. After the implantation of the BFP, the cumulative total deforested area decreased, and there was a reduction in deforested areas in primary forests. An intensification of swidden cultivation was also observed, which could cause a decline in productivity. The monitoring by land-use zoning showed that the majority of opened areas were located in intensive use zones, following the rules of the SDR management plan. The results show the efforts of local families to fulfill the BFP rules.(AU)

A efetividade de um programa de pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) na Amazônia brasileira foi analisada através de um mapeamento detalhado de áreas desmatadas. O Programa Bolsa Floresta (PBF), no estado do Amazonas (Brasil), foi escolhido como um exemplo de PSA que visa compensar agricultores por aderirem ao desmatamento zero da floresta primária ao abrir roças somente em áreas de capoeira. Porém, a medição oficial das roças não é efetiva, visto que apenas áreas desmatadas maiores que 6,25 ha estão sendo mapeadas, enquanto a maioria das áreas abertas para cultivo de mandioca possuem áreas de aproximadamente 1 ha. A eficácia do PBF foi avaliada na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS) do Uatumã. Testamos uma metodologia de mapeamento de áreas a partir de 0,45 ha abertas para roças de mandioca. Foram analisados ​​os anos de 2006 (antes da implantação do PBF), 2011, 2015 e 2019. Os resultados indicam que 88% das áreas abertas para roças tinham entre 0,45 e 6,25 ha. Após a implantação do PBF, a área total desmatada acumulada diminuiu e houve redução das áreas desmatadas em floresta primária. Também observamos uma intensificação da roça, o que pode ocasionar queda na produtividade. O monitoramento do zoneamento do uso da terra mostrou que a maioria das áreas abertas estão localizadas na zona de uso intensivo, seguindo as regras do plano de manejo da RDS. Os resultados mostraram os esforços das famílias para cumprir as regras do BFP.(AU)

Land use dynamics under the Bolsa Floresta Program: a case study of the Uatumã Sustainable Development Reserve (Amazonas, Brazil) / Dinâmica de uso da terra no âmbito do Programa Bolsa Floresta: estudo de caso na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Uatumã (Amazonas, Brasil)

The effectiveness of a program of payment for environmental services (PES) in the Brazilian Amazon was analyzed through an accurate mapping of deforested areas. The Bolsa Floresta Program (BFP) in Amazonas state (Brazil) was chosen as an example of a PES program that aims to compensate farmers for their commitment to zero deforestation of primary forests while opening swiddens only in secondary vegetation areas. However, the official measurement of opened swiddens is not effective since only deforested areas larger than 6.25 ha are mapped, whereas most areas opened for cassava crops are approximately 1 ha in size. The effectiveness of the BFP was evaluated in the Uatumã Sustainable Development Reserve (SDR). We tested a methodology for mapping areas from 0.45 ha upwards that have been opened for cassava swiddens. The years 2006 (before the implementation of the BFP), 2011, 2015 and 2019 were analyzed. The results indicated that 88% of the areas opened for swiddens were between 0.45 and 6.25 ha in size. After the implantation of the BFP, the cumulative total deforested area decreased, and there was a reduction in deforested areas in primary forests. An intensification of swidden cultivation was also observed, which could cause a decline in productivity. The monitoring by land-use zoning showed that the majority of opened areas were located in intensive use zones, following the rules of the SDR management plan. The results show the efforts of local families to fulfill the BFP rules.

A efetividade de um programa de pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) na Amazônia brasileira foi analisada através de um mapeamento detalhado de áreas desmatadas. O Programa Bolsa Floresta (PBF), no estado do Amazonas (Brasil), foi escolhido como um exemplo de PSA que visa compensar agricultores por aderirem ao desmatamento zero da floresta primária ao abrir roças somente em áreas de capoeira. Porém, a medição oficial das roças não é efetiva, visto que apenas áreas desmatadas maiores que 6,25 ha estão sendo mapeadas, enquanto a maioria das áreas abertas para cultivo de mandioca possuem áreas de aproximadamente 1 ha. A eficácia do PBF foi avaliada na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS) do Uatumã. Testamos uma metodologia de mapeamento de áreas a partir de 0,45 ha abertas para roças de mandioca. Foram analisados ​​os anos de 2006 (antes da implantação do PBF), 2011, 2015 e 2019. Os resultados indicam que 88% das áreas abertas para roças tinham entre 0,45 e 6,25 ha. Após a implantação do PBF, a área total desmatada acumulada diminuiu e houve redução das áreas desmatadas em floresta primária. Também observamos uma intensificação da roça, o que pode ocasionar queda na produtividade. O monitoramento do zoneamento do uso da terra mostrou que a maioria das áreas abertas estão localizadas na zona de uso intensivo, seguindo as regras do plano de manejo da RDS. Os resultados mostraram os esforços das famílias para cumprir as regras do BFP.

Land use dynamics under the Bolsa Floresta Program: a case study of the Uatumã Sustainable Development Reserve (Amazonas, Brazil)

ABSTRACT The effectiveness of a program of payment for environmental services (PES) in the Brazilian Amazon was analyzed through an accurate mapping of deforested areas. The Bolsa Floresta Program (BFP) in Amazonas state (Brazil) was chosen as an example of a PES program that aims to compensate farmers for their commitment to zero deforestation of primary forests while opening swiddens only in secondary vegetation areas. However, the official measurement of opened swiddens is not effective since only deforested areas larger than 6.25 ha are mapped, whereas most areas opened for cassava crops are approximately 1 ha in size. The effectiveness of the BFP was evaluated in the Uatumã Sustainable Development Reserve (SDR). We tested a methodology for mapping areas from 0.45 ha upwards that have been opened for cassava swiddens. The years 2006 (before the implementation of the BFP), 2011, 2015 and 2019 were analyzed. The results indicated that 88% of the areas opened for swiddens were between 0.45 and 6.25 ha in size. After the implantation of the BFP, the cumulative total deforested area decreased, and there was a reduction in deforested areas in primary forests. An intensification of swidden cultivation was also observed, which could cause a decline in productivity. The monitoring by land-use zoning showed that the majority of opened areas were located in intensive use zones, following the rules of the SDR management plan. The results show the efforts of local families to fulfill the BFP rules.

RESUMO A efetividade de um programa de pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) na Amazônia brasileira foi analisada através de um mapeamento detalhado de áreas desmatadas. O Programa Bolsa Floresta (PBF), no estado do Amazonas (Brasil), foi escolhido como um exemplo de PSA que visa compensar agricultores por aderirem ao desmatamento zero da floresta primária ao abrir roças somente em áreas de capoeira. Porém, a medição oficial das roças não é efetiva, visto que apenas áreas desmatadas maiores que 6,25 ha estão sendo mapeadas, enquanto a maioria das áreas abertas para cultivo de mandioca possuem áreas de aproximadamente 1 ha. A eficácia do PBF foi avaliada na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS) do Uatumã. Testamos uma metodologia de mapeamento de áreas a partir de 0,45 ha abertas para roças de mandioca. Foram analisados os anos de 2006 (antes da implantação do PBF), 2011, 2015 e 2019. Os resultados indicam que 88% das áreas abertas para roças tinham entre 0,45 e 6,25 ha. Após a implantação do PBF, a área total desmatada acumulada diminuiu e houve redução das áreas desmatadas em floresta primária. Também observamos uma intensificação da roça, o que pode ocasionar queda na produtividade. O monitoramento do zoneamento do uso da terra mostrou que a maioria das áreas abertas estão localizadas na zona de uso intensivo, seguindo as regras do plano de manejo da RDS. Os resultados mostraram os esforços das famílias para cumprir as regras do BFP.

Social valuation of the ecosystem services from coastal wetlands: current status and perspectives / Valoración social de los servicios ecosistémicos de humedales costeros: estado actual y perspectivas

RESUMEN Los Servicios Ecosistémicos (SE) son bienes y servicios que la humanidad obtiene de la naturaleza y a los que se asigna valor ecológico, económico y social, aunque se ha brindado menor atención al estudio de este último. Esta deficiencia es más notable en el caso de los humedales costeros, que proveen importantes SE, escasamente explorados desde la perspectiva social y espacial, pese a su pertinencia en la planificación territorial. Para conocer el estado del arte relativo a la valoración social de SE de humedales costeros y la importancia del análisis espacial en el proceso, se realizó una revisión documental sistemática (2005-2018) que permitió observar una tendencia positiva en el número de publicaciones, en especial en el último trienio. Se identificó que el valor social carece de una definición estandarizada y se ha enfocado a servicios sin valor de mercado, mientras que en lo relativo a dimensión espacial, se encontró que se ha venido incorporando con esquemas de mapeo participativo, dirigido a determinar la accesibilidad a sitios de provisión de SE y a la identificación de sitios de valor social dentro de los humedales, sin que la producción de mapas sea relevante. No se encontraron elementos para determinar si la valoración social es complementaria o alternativa a la económica, pero se requiere crear un marco conceptual para la valoración integral basado en la pluralidad de valores de los SE como una estrategia de conservación de los humedales.

ABSTRACT Ecosystem Services (ES) include goods and benefits that people obtain from nature and to which ecological, economic and social values are assigned, although less attention has been given to the study of the latter. This deficiency is particularly notable for coastal wetlands, which provide important ES, rarely studied from a social and spatial perspective, despite their relevance in territorial planning. To define the state-of-the-art about social assessment of SE in coastal wetlands and the importance of spatial analysis in that process, a systematic documentary review (2005-2018) was carried out, finding a positive trend in the number of publications, with a notable increase in the last three years. It was found that social value lacks clear definition and has focused on services without market value, while in terms of spatial dimension it has been included with participatory mapping schemes, aimed at determining the accessibility to SE provision sites and the identification of social value sites within the wetlands, but with a little relevant map production. No elements were found to conclude if social valuation is complementary or alternative to the economic one, but it is necessary to create a conceptual framework for the integral valuation, based on the plurality of values of the SE as a strategy for the conservation of wetlands.

Overstated carbon emission reductions from voluntary REDD+ projects in the Brazilian Amazon.

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) has gained international attention over the past decade, as manifested in both United Nations policy discussions and hundreds of voluntary projects launched to earn carbon-offset credits. There are ongoing discussions about whether and how projects should be integrated into national climate change mitigation efforts under the Paris Agreement. One consideration is whether these projects have generated additional impacts over and above national policies and other measures. To help inform these discussions, we compare the crediting baselines established ex-ante by voluntary REDD+ projects in the Brazilian Amazon to counterfactuals constructed ex-post based on the quasi-experimental synthetic control method. We find that the crediting baselines assume consistently higher deforestation than counterfactual forest loss in synthetic control sites. This gap is partially due to decreased deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon during the early implementation phase of the REDD+ projects considered here. This suggests that forest carbon finance must strike a balance between controlling conservation investment risk and ensuring the environmental integrity of carbon emission offsets. Relatedly, our results point to the need to better align project- and national-level carbon accounting.

Composition of the soil fauna community and leaf litter stock in agro-forestry systems and secondary forestry / Composição da comunidade da fauna do solo e estoque da serapilheira foliar em sistemas agroflorestais e floresta secundária

Agro-Forestry Systems (AFS), in addition to being a means of providing income, can be considered an alternative way of helping conserve biodiversity, both above and below ground. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accumulation of tree leaf litter and its nutrient content as well as the composition of fauna in the soil-litter layer in two Agro-Forestry Systems (AFS-1 and AFS-2), using as reference an area of secondary Forest (SF), in the Quilombola do Campinho da Independência community, Paraty, in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil. The collection of accumulated leaf litter and soil-litter fauna was carried out from four sample points in each area and at two different seasons of the year, the rainy and the dry season. The leaf litter stock and its nutrient content (Ca, Mg, P, K and N) were measured. The extraction of fauna was carried out according to Tüllgren's method, modifying the Berlese funnel. The stock of accumulated leaf litter differed between the two areas only in the rainy season; the amounts were smaller in AFS-2. In general, the Agro-Forestry Systems were very similar to the secondary forest in terms of levels and/or stock of nutrients in the majority of cases, at least in one of the seasons studied. The composition of the soil fauna groups in the Agro-Forestry System (AFS-1 and AFS-2) had a high degree of similarity to that found in the forest, and these systems mainly favour the populations of groups like Collembola and Formicidae.

Os sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs) além de proporcionarem geração de renda, podem ser considerados como uma alternativa para conservação da biodiversidade, tanto acima quanto abaixo da superfície do solo. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o estoque de serapilheira acumulada e seus estoques de nutrientes, bem como, a composição da fauna do conjunto solo-serapilheira, em dois sistemas agroflorestais (SAF-1 e SAF-2), utilizando como referência uma área de floresta secundária (FS), na comunidade Quilombola do Campinho da Independência, Paraty - RJ. A coleta da serapilheira acumulada e da fauna do sistema solo-serapilheira foi realizada a partir de quatro pontos amostrais em cada área, em duas épocas do ano, seca e chuvosa. Foi quantificado o estoque de serapilheira foliar, e seus estoques e teores de nutrientes (Ca, Mg, P, K e N). A extração da fauna foi realizada a partir do método modificado de Tüllgren, baseado no funil de Berlese. O estoque de serapilheira foliar acumulada só variou entre as áreas na estação chuvosa, sendo os menores valores quantificados no SAF-2. De maneira geral, os sistemas agroflorestais apresentaram semelhanças em comparação com a floresta para a maioria dos teores e/ou estoques de nutrientes, em pelo menos uma das épocas de avaliação. A composição dos grupos da fauna do solo dos sistemas agroflorestais (SAF-1 e SAF-2) apresentou um elevado grau de similaridade com a floresta, e estes sistemas favoreceram principalmente as populações de grupos como os Collembola e Formicidae.

Ecosystem services and production systems of family cattle farms: an analysis of animal production in Pampa biome / Serviços ecossistêmicos e o sistema de produção de pecuaristas familiares: uma análise da produção animal no bioma Pampa

This paper aims at discussing the beef cattle production system, related to ecosystem services, to emphasize the case of Associação de Produtores do Rincão do Vinte e Oito (Association of Rincão do Vinte e Oito Producers). The main objective is to analyze the offer of ecosystem services in the Ibirapuitã Environmental Protection Area (EPA), regarding the beef cattle production and sheep farming in the natural grassland. A case study with nine producers of the Association, considered as an analysis unit, was conducted in 2017 through semi-structured interviews. According to the producers, the preservation of animal production was valid, as they believed that it can provide welfare for their families and the remaining population. The respondents mentioned that, in the past, the tradition of producing beef cattle and sheep was very strong in the region, but nowadays, besides the tradition, they produce for profit, to be able to remain in rural areas. Beef cattle through the ecosystem supply service providers food for the population through meat production and sheep farming through meat and wool. Although the main theme of the research is directly related to the provisioning services, mainly focusing on beef cattle in the natural grassland, the cultural ecosystem services were widely cited during the research. The interviewers strongly highlighted the preservation of the traditional activities, conducted since the early days of occupation of the territory of Rio Grande do Sul, as well as the issues related to the preservation of the environment in which they live, the solidarity between the producers, and the natural grassland maintenance. Moreover, the observed landscapes indicated that the maintenance of rural agroecosystems in the region was preserved, thus putting even more emphasis on the range of ecosystem regulatory services.(AU)

Este artigo visa abordar o sistema de produção da bovinocultura de corte, relacionado aos serviçosecossistêmicos, de modo a dar ênfase ao caso da Associação de Produtores do Rincão do Vinte e Oito. Oprincipal objetivo é analisar a oferta de serviços ecossistêmicos na Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA)do Ibirapuitã, relacionados à bovinocultura de corte e a ovinocultura em campo nativo. Como unidadede análise, foi realizado um estudo de caso com nove produtores da Associação, através de entrevistassemiestruturadas, no ano de 2017. A manutenção da produção animal é considerada válida segundo osprodutores, pois acreditam que pode proporcionar o bem-estar para as suas famílias e para o restanteda população. Os entrevistados mencionam que antigamente a tradição de produzir bovinos de corte eovinos era muito forte na região, mas que, atualmente, além da tradição, produzem por conta do lucro,para conseguirem se manter no meio rural. A pecuária de corte por meio do serviço ecossistêmico deprovisão fornece alimento para a população através da produção de carne e a ovinocultura através dacarne e lã. Apesar da principal temática da pesquisa ser diretamente relacionada com os serviços deprovisão, principalmente com enfoque na bovinocultura de corte em campo nativo, durante a realizaçãoda pesquisa, os serviços ecossistêmicos culturais foram amplamente citados. A manutenção dasatividades tradicionais, realizadas desde os primórdios da ocupação do território gaúcho, as questõesvoltadas à preservação do meio em que vivem, a solidariedade entre os produtores e a manutençãodos campos foram muito destacadas pelos entrevistados. Além disso, pôde-se constatar a partir daobservação das paisagens, que a manutenção dos agroecossistemas rurais da região estão preservados,proporcionando, assim, ainda mais ênfase na gama de serviços ecossistêmicos de regulação.(AU)

Arranjos institucionais para a implantação de programa municipal de pagamento por serviços ambientais hídricos: estudo de caso de São José dos Campos (SP) / Institutional arrangements for implementation of a municipal payment program for water environmental services: case study of Sao José dos Campos (SP)

RESUMO O uso de instrumentos econômicos como indutores de qualidade ambiental vem ganhando destaque mundial. Na última década, o Brasil vivenciou a implantação de programas de Pagamento por Serviços Ambientais (PSA) para promover a restauração e a conservação de recursos naturais, com reconhecidos ganhos ambientais. Considerada a incipiência do uso dessa estratégia como política pública municipal, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de apresentar o estudo de caso do projeto de PSA em implantação no município de São José dos Campos (SP), na microbacia do ribeirão das Couves. A realização desta pesquisa foi subsidiada por revisão bibliográfica, análise documental e entrevistas estruturadas, contemplando desde a sua gênese, em 2010, até o ano de 2017. Com base nos resultados, foi possível verificar que os agentes públicos municipais invitaram esforços durante os cinco primeiros anos para adquirir conhecimento, estabelecer meios regulatórios, garantir recursos econômicos, envolver agentes sociais afetados por essa política, até que fosse possível iniciar o projeto. Nesse período foi estabelecido o arranjo institucional, motivado pela viabilidade de aprendizado das entidades parceiras e oportunidade de contribuição e partilha. Os principais ganhos com a implantação do projeto relacionam-se ao incremento de vegetação nativa e à melhoria de qualidade das águas na microbacia que são utilizadas como manancial para abastecimento público local. Entre os desafios destacados pelos gestores públicos está a inexistência de recursos humanos, materiais e financeiros dedicados à iniciativa. Por fim, destaca-se que o aprendizado gerado pelo projeto servirá ao município para a continuidade do programa e a projetos semelhantes.

ABSTRACT The use of economic instruments as inductors of environmental quality has gained worldwide prominence. In the last decade, Brazil experienced the implementation of Payment for Environmental Services (PES) programs to promote the restoration and conservation of natural resources, with recognized environmental gains. Considering the incipience of the use of this strategy as a municipal public policy, the present work was developed with the purpose of presenting the case study of the PES project in implantation in the municipality of São José dos Campos, in the Couves creek. The accomplishment of this research was subsidized by bibliographical revision, documental analysis and structured interviews, contemplating from its genesis, in 2010, until 2017. From the results, it was possible to verify that the municipal public agents invited efforts during the first five years to acquire knowledge, to establish regulatory means, to guarantee economic resources, to involve social agents affected by this policy, until it was possible to start the project. During this period the institutional arrangement was established, motivated by the viability of learning of the partner entities and the opportunity of contribution and sharing. The main gains from the implementation of the project are related to the increase of native vegetation and the improvement of water quality in the watershed that are used as source for local public supply. Among the challenges highlighted by public managers is the inexistence of resources: human, material, and financial dedicated to the initiative. Finally, it is highlighted that the learning generated by the project will serve the municipality for the continuity of the program and similar projects.

Ecosystem services and production systems of family cattle farms: an analysis of animal production in Pampa biome / Serviços ecossistêmicos e o sistema de produção de pecuaristas familiares: uma análise da produção animal no bioma Pampa

This paper aims at discussing the beef cattle production system, related to ecosystem services, to emphasize the case of Associação de Produtores do Rincão do Vinte e Oito (Association of Rincão do Vinte e Oito Producers). The main objective is to analyze the offer of ecosystem services in the Ibirapuitã Environmental Protection Area (EPA), regarding the beef cattle production and sheep farming in the natural grassland. A case study with nine producers of the Association, considered as an analysis unit, was conducted in 2017 through semi-structured interviews. According to the producers, the preservation of animal production was valid, as they believed that it can provide welfare for their families and the remaining population. The respondents mentioned that, in the past, the tradition of producing beef cattle and sheep was very strong in the region, but nowadays, besides the tradition, they produce for profit, to be able to remain in rural areas. Beef cattle through the ecosystem supply service providers food for the population through meat production and sheep farming through meat and wool. Although the main theme of the research is directly related to the provisioning services, mainly focusing on beef cattle in the natural grassland, the cultural ecosystem services were widely cited during the research. The interviewers strongly highlighted the preservation of the traditional activities, conducted since the early days of occupation of the territory of Rio Grande do Sul, as well as the issues related to the preservation of the environment in which they live, the solidarity between the producers, and the natural grassland maintenance. Moreover, the observed landscapes indicated that the maintenance of rural agroecosystems in the region was preserved, thus putting even more emphasis on the range of ecosystem regulatory services.

Este artigo visa abordar o sistema de produção da bovinocultura de corte, relacionado aos serviçosecossistêmicos, de modo a dar ênfase ao caso da Associação de Produtores do Rincão do Vinte e Oito. Oprincipal objetivo é analisar a oferta de serviços ecossistêmicos na Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA)do Ibirapuitã, relacionados à bovinocultura de corte e a ovinocultura em campo nativo. Como unidadede análise, foi realizado um estudo de caso com nove produtores da Associação, através de entrevistassemiestruturadas, no ano de 2017. A manutenção da produção animal é considerada válida segundo osprodutores, pois acreditam que pode proporcionar o bem-estar para as suas famílias e para o restanteda população. Os entrevistados mencionam que antigamente a tradição de produzir bovinos de corte eovinos era muito forte na região, mas que, atualmente, além da tradição, produzem por conta do lucro,para conseguirem se manter no meio rural. A pecuária de corte por meio do serviço ecossistêmico deprovisão fornece alimento para a população através da produção de carne e a ovinocultura através dacarne e lã. Apesar da principal temática da pesquisa ser diretamente relacionada com os serviços deprovisão, principalmente com enfoque na bovinocultura de corte em campo nativo, durante a realizaçãoda pesquisa, os serviços ecossistêmicos culturais foram amplamente citados. A manutenção dasatividades tradicionais, realizadas desde os primórdios da ocupação do território gaúcho, as questõesvoltadas à preservação do meio em que vivem, a solidariedade entre os produtores e a manutençãodos campos foram muito destacadas pelos entrevistados. Além disso, pôde-se constatar a partir daobservação das paisagens, que a manutenção dos agroecossistemas rurais da região estão preservados,proporcionando, assim, ainda mais ênfase na gama de serviços ecossistêmicos de regulação.