Bank erosion drastically reduces oyster reef filtration services in estuarine environments.

Oyster reefs near estuarine channels have experienced substantial mortality over the last decades, primarily due to bank erosion, potentially exacerbated by boat activity. Using aerial imagery, we measured bank erosion along the Intracoastal Waterway and its main tributaries in the Guana-Tolomato-Matanzas estuary, finding that erosion outweighs progradation. This notably threatens oyster reefs and their filtration capabilities. By modeling the impact of bank erosion on oyster habitats and filtration using hydrodynamic, water quality, and particle tracking models, we observed a 12% filtration reduction due to reef mortality. Erosion results in an exponential decrease in reef area and filtration services, due to the removal of channel-adjacent reefs, which play a critical role in water filtration. If current erosion rates continue, simulations suggest a potential 20% filtration reduction over 100 years, potentially worsening water quality. Our findings highlight the urgency to protect and restore reefs near banks to mitigate erosion and maintain filtration services.

Evaluating the impact of soil erosion on soil quality in an agricultural land, northeastern China.

The impact of soil erosion on soil quality is still not systematically understood. The purpose of this study was thus to quantify the impact of soil erosion on soil quality and its change with slope morphology in an agricultural field, northeastern China based on radionuclide 137Cs, unmanned aerial vehicle derived high resolution digital elevation model, and soil sampling. 137Cs method yielded an average soil erosion rate of - 275 t km-2 yr-1 ranging from - 1870 to 1557 t km-2 yr-1. The soil quality index derived from total dataset (SQI_TDS) can be well explained by that derived from minimum data set (SQI_MDS) with a determination coefficient R2 of 0.874. SOM, sand, and cation exchange capacity in the MDS play more important roles than other soil indicators. Soil quality was significantly affected by soil erosion, with Adj. R2 of 0.29 and 0.33 for SQI_TDS and SQI_MDS, respectively. The spatial variations of soil erosion and soil quality were both affected by slope topography. Soil erosion must be controlled according to topographic and erosion characteristics in northeastern China.

Tissue characteristics of residual lesion in patients with acute coronary syndrome caused by plaque rupture versus plaque erosion: a single-center, retrospective, observational study.

Patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), frequently caused by plaque rupture (PR), often have vulnerable plaques in residual lesions as well as in culprit lesions. However, whether this occurs in patients with plaque erosion (PE) as well is unknown. We retrospectively analyzed the data of 88 patients with ACS who underwent both optimal coherence tomography (OCT) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Based on plaque morphology of the culprit lesions identified using OCT, patients were classified into PE (n=23) and PR (n=35) groups. The tissue characteristics of residual lesions evaluated using integrated backscatter IVUS were compared between both groups after percutaneous coronary intervention. The PE group had a significantly lower percent lipid volume and a higher percent fibrous volume than the PR group (35.0±17.8% vs 49.2±13.4%, p<0.001; 63.2±17.1% vs 50.3±13.1%, p=0.002, respectively). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that percent lipid volume in the residual lesions was a significant discriminant factor in estimating the plaque morphology of the culprit lesion (optimal cut-off value, <43.5%; sensitivity and specificity values were 73.9% and 68.6%, respectively). In conclusion, patients with PE had a significantly lower percent lipid volume and a significantly higher percent fibrous volume in the residual lesions than those with PR, suggesting that the nature of coronary plaques in patients with PE is different from that of those with PR.

Influence of bottled salad dressings on the development of enamel erosion in the presence or absence of salivary pellicle - An in vitro study.

Background: Acidic beverages are believed to elevate the risk of enamel surface erosion. In addition to the intake of soft drinks, the increased consumption of salad dressings has been linked to a higher prevalence of dental erosion. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the influence of bottled salad dressings on the development of enamel erosion in the presence or absence of pellicle through in vitro experiment. Methods: Preliminary pH and calcium analyses of solutions were performed. Highest pH and calcium content was found for sandwich spread i.e., 4.69 and 55.4 mg/100 g grams, respectively. Eighty tooth specimens (measuring 4 × 4 × 3 mm) were prepared from extracted human premolars and randomly assigned to four groups (group 1: orange juice; group 2: eggless plain mayonnaise; group 3: sandwich spread; and group 4: thousand island dressing) with 20 samples in each group. Ten tooth specimens from each group were immersed in 20 ml of the respective solutions for 5 min (control group). The remaining ten tooth specimens from each group were submerged in 5 mL saliva vials for 3 min to facilitate salivary pellicle formation before being immersed in their respective solutions for 5 min (saliva-covered group). Pre and post-experimental assessments of enamel roughness and hardness were conducted using a surface roughness tester and Knoop Hardness indenter, respectively. Results: Overall, enamel roughness was notably elevated in the control group, with the eggless plain mayonnaise (0.52 ± 0.38) and thousand island dressing groups (0.57 ± 0.29) showing a significant increase in surface roughness post-test (p = 0.05). Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in the enamel roughness between the groups. On the other hand, regardless of the presence/absence of the salivary pellicle, a marked decrease in enamel hardness was observed among all groups except for group 3 (sandwich spread) with a mean score of 311.5 ± 82.6 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: A significant increase in surface roughness and reduction in enamel hardness was observed with salad dressings. However, in vitro formed salivary pellicle showed a protective effect against tooth erosion.

Slope protection effect of typical vegetation in the Three Gorges reservoir area under extreme rainfall.

In recent years, vegetation plays a key role in landslide stability under extreme rainfall in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, so it is very important to identify the mechanism of vegetation slope protection. This study takes wildcat landslide in Three Gorges Reservoir area as the research object, using indoor landslide model test and building monitoring systems such as stress field, displacement field, and soil erosion, to illustrate the protective effect of typical vegetation. Furthermore, Bermuda cover effectively reduces pore water pressure, pore soil pressure, displacement, and turbidity. In particular, the three stages of interception and buffering of rainfall by stems and leaves, infiltration and absorption of rainfall by the root system, and the reinforcement of the slope against sliding forces by the root system have been divided. Moreover, these findings offer valuable preliminary insights for guiding landslide mitigation strategies in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

Mapping and quantifying medium-term soil loss rates in mountain olive groves using unmanned aerial vehicle technology.

Olive groves are one of the main agroecosystems in the Mediterranean region, but water erosion, aggravated by inappropriate soil management, is compromising the environmental sustainability of these crops. National and international public organisations, including the European Union via its Common Agricultural Policy, have acknowledged the problem and recognise the need to quantify the effects of this process. However, the variability of currently available short-term soil erosion measurements, together with limited understanding of the underlying processes, mean there is considerable uncertainty about the long-term effects of soil erosion. This paper presents an innovative procedure called SERHOLIVE4.0 designed to measure and model long-term soil erosion rates in olive groves, by means of structure-from-motion (SfM) techniques by which image information is obtained from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). For the present study, the procedure was evaluated in mountain olive groves, where the erosion rate was calculated from historical surface reconstructions. Overall, this approach was found to be practical and effective. The method includes the following steps: [1] measure the current relief using UAV technology; [2] reconstruct the historical relief from field measurements; [3] calculate soil truncation (h) and obtain a soil erosion rate map; [4] determine the erosive dynamics of the slope and establish the relation between tree truncation, slope and mounds. The method we describe presents the following advantages:•it quantifies soil losses by reference to existing tree mounds;•it is straightforward to apply;•its application enhances the calibration of erosion models.

Yardangs sculpted by erosion of heterogeneous material.

The recognizable shapes of landforms arise from processes such as erosion by wind or water currents. However, explaining the physical origin of natural structures is challenging due to the coupled evolution of complex flow fields and three-dimensional (3D) topographies. We investigate these issues in a laboratory setting inspired by yardangs, which are raised, elongate formations whose characteristic shape suggests erosion of heterogeneous material by directional flows. We combine experiments and simulations to test an origin hypothesis involving a harder or less erodible inclusion embedded in an outcropping of softer material. Optical scans of clay objects fixed within flowing water reveal a transformation from a featureless mound to a yardang-like form resembling a lion in repose. Phase-field simulations reproduce similar shape dynamics and show their dependence on the erodibility contrast and flow strength. Through visualizations of the flow fields and analysis of the local erosion rate, we identify effects associated with flow funneling and the turbulent wake that are responsible for carving the unique geometrical features. This highly 3D scouring process produces complex shapes from simple and commonplace starting conditions and is thus a candidate explanation for natural yardangs. The methods introduced here should be generally useful for geomorphological problems and especially those for which material heterogeneity is a primary factor.

Simulating liquefaction-induced resuspension flux in a sediment transport model.

Wave-induced liquefaction is a geological hazard under the action of cyclic wave load on seabed. Liquefaction influences the suspended sediment concentration (SSC), which is essential for sediment dynamics and marine water quality. Till now, the identification of liquefaction state and the effect of liquefaction on SSC have not been sufficiently accounted for in the sediment model. In this study, we introduced a method for simulating the liquefaction-induced resuspension flux into an ocean model. We then simulated a storm north of the Yellow River Delta, China, and validated the results using observational data, including significant wave heights, water levels, excess pore water pressures, and SSCs. The liquefaction areas were mainly distributed in coastal zones with water depths less than 12 m, and the simulated maximum potential soil liquefaction depth was 1.39 m. The liquefaction-induced SSC was separated from the total SSC of both liquefaction- and shear-induced SSCs by the model, yielding a maximum liquefaction-induced SSC of 1.07 kg·m-3. The simulated maximum proportion of liquefaction-induced SSC was 26.2% in regions with water depths of 6-12 m, with a maximum significant wave height of 3.4 m along the 12 m depth contour. The erosion zone at water depths of 8-12 m was reproduced by the model. Within 52.5 h of the storm, the maximum erosion thickness along the 10 m depth contour was enhanced by 33.9%. The model is applicable in the prediction of liquefaction, and provides a new method to simulate the SSC and seabed erosion influenced by liquefaction. Model results show that liquefaction has significant effects on SSC and seabed erosion in the coastal area with depth of 6-12 m. The validity of this method is confined to certain conditions, including a fully saturated seabed exhibiting homogeneity and isotropic properties, small liquefaction depth, residual liquefaction dominating the development of pore pressures, no influence by structures, and the sediment composed of silt and mud that experiences frequent wave-induced liquefaction.

Evaluation of biocementation of slope soil for erosion control with low-cost materials.

In this study, biocementation of slope soil was performed using low-cost, commercially available materials to create a nutrient solution with native Cytobacillus hornekea. The high cost of laboratory-grade materials and microbes for biocementation is one of the main obstacles to its popularity. However, the cost of biocementation has been reduced significantly without reducing the strength when low-cost materials were used instead of laboratory-grade materials in this study. Direct shear test results and SEM also proved the suitability of the low-cost biocementation. Artificial rainfall with an intensity of 50-60 mm/h resulted in soil erosion of around 10% and 2% without and with biocementation, respectively. The amount of produced calcium carbonate was around 3.9% while using the low-cost materials with native microbes which is quite comparable with the laboratory-grade materials (3.4%).

Impacts of farmland decontamination on 137Cs transfers in rivers after Fukushima nuclear accident: Evidence from a retrospective sediment core study.

Following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant disaster in March 2011, the Japanese government initiated an unprecedented decontamination programme to remediate 137Cs-contaminated soils and allow population return. This programme involved the removal of topsoil under farmland and residential land, and its replacement with "fresh soil" composed of granitic saprolite. However, decontamination was limited to these two land uses, without remediating forests, which cover 70 % of the surface area in the affected region. In this unprecedented context, the specific impact of this unique decontamination programme on 137Cs transfers in river systems remains to be quantified at the catchment scale. In this study, based on the analysis of a sediment core collected in June 2021 in the Mano Dam reservoir draining a decontaminated catchment, the effects of soil decontamination on particle-bound 137Cs dynamics and sediment source contributions in response to a succession of extreme precipitation events were retrospectively assessed. The sequence of sediment layer deposition and its chronology were reconstructed through the analysis of several diagnostic properties (organic matter, elemental geochemistry, visible colourimetry, granulometry) and contextual information. During abandonment (2011-2016), cropland contribution decreased (31 %). Concurrently, 137Cs activity and deposition flux decreased (19 and 29%year-1, respectively). Following decontamination (2017), sediment transfer increased (270 %) in response to increased contributions from decontaminated cropland and "fresh soil" (625 % and 180 % respectively). Meanwhile, forest contributions remained stable. In contrast, 137Cs activity dropped (65 %), although 137Cs deposition flux remained constant. Forests acted as a stable source of 137Cs. Accordingly, 137Cs deposition flux after decontamination (2016-2021) was similar to that observed during the 5-years period of land abandonment (2011-2016), as a result of the regrowth of spontaneous vegetation over farmland, protecting soil against erosion. Future research should further investigate the impact of longer land abandonment that prevailed in some regions decontaminated lately on the 137Cs fluxes in the rivers.

When birds of a feather flock together: Severe genomic erosion and the implications for genetic rescue in an endangered island passerine.

The Seychelles magpie-robin's (SMR) five island populations exhibit some of the lowest recorded levels of genetic diversity among endangered birds, and high levels of inbreeding. These populations collapsed during the 20th century, and the species was listed as Critically Endangered in the IUCN Red List in 1994. An assisted translocation-for-recovery program initiated in the 1990s increased the number of mature individuals, resulting in its downlisting to Endangered in 2005. Here, we explore the temporal genomic erosion of the SMR based on a dataset of 201 re-sequenced whole genomes that span the past ~150 years. Our sample set includes individuals that predate the bottleneck by up to 100 years, as well as individuals from contemporary populations established during the species recovery program. Despite the SMR's recent demographic recovery, our data reveal a marked increase in both the genetic load and realized load in the extant populations when compared to the historical samples. Conservation management may have reduced the intensity of selection by increasing juvenile survival and relaxing intraspecific competition between individuals, resulting in the accumulation of loss-of-function mutations (i.e. severely deleterious variants) in the rapidly recovering population. In addition, we found a 3-fold decrease in genetic diversity between temporal samples. While the low genetic diversity in modern populations may limit the species' adaptability to future environmental changes, future conservation efforts (including IUCN assessments) may also need to assess the threats posed by their high genetic load. Our computer simulations highlight the value of translocations for genetic rescue and show how this could halt genomic erosion in threatened species such as the SMR.

Coastal erosion and flooding risk assessment based on grid scale: A case study of six coastal metropolitan areas.

Coastal areas, situated at the critical juncture of sea-land interaction, are confronted with significant challenges from coastal erosion and flooding. It is imperative to evaluate these risks and offer scientific guidance to foster regional sustainable development. This article developed a coastal risk assessment model based on grid scale, integrating both coastal exposure and socio-ecological environment. Fourteen indicators were selected, aiming to offer a systematic approach for estimating and comparing disaster risks in coastal areas. This risk assessment model was applied to Shanghai, New York, Sydney, San Francisco, Randstad, and Tokyo metropolitan areas. The results indicate: (1) Accounting for the protective role of habitat types like mangroves and the distance attenuation effect offered a more precise representation of hazard situation; (2) The integration of the Game Theory weighting method with both subjective Analytic Hierarchy Process and objective CRITIC weighting enhanced the scientific validity and rationality of the results by minimizing deviations between subjective and objective weights; (3) Shanghai exhibited the highest average hazard and vulnerability, San Francisco had the lowest average hazard and Sydney had the lowest average vulnerability; In terms of comprehensive risk, Shanghai possessed the highest average risk, while Sydney presented the lowest. The proposed model framework is designed to swiftly identify high-risk zones, providing detailed information references for local governments to devise efficacious risk management and prevention strategies.

Effect of Salt Solution Erosion on Mechanical Properties and Micropore Structure of Recycled Fine Aggregate ECC.

This study examined the impact of sulfate and sulfate-chloride dry-wet cyclic erosion on the mechanical properties and microscopic pore structure of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) with recycled fine aggregate (RA). Uniaxial tensile tests and four-point bending tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of RAECC, while the resonance frequency ratio was used to assess the integrity of the specimens. Finally, X-ray computed tomography (X-CT) reconstruction was employed to analyze the erosion effects on the microscopic pore structure. The results showed that the uniaxial tensile strength and flexural strength of the RAECC specimens in corrosive solution first increased and then decreased, and the 5% Na2SO4 solution caused the most serious erosion of the specimens. The resonance frequency ratio of the specimens reached the peak value when they were subjected to dry-wet cycles 15 times in the 5% Na2SO4 solution. During the erosion process, the pore space of the specimen first decreased and then increased, and the number of pores increased. The erosion process is the result of the erosion products continuously filling and eventually destroying the pores, and the erosion damage produces a large number of new pores and poor sphericity, leading to a decline in mechanical properties.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal interactions bridge the support of root-associated microbiota for slope multifunctionality in an erosion-prone ecosystem.

The role of diverse soil microbiota in restoring erosion-induced degraded lands is well recognized. Yet, the facilitative interactions among symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, rhizobia, and heterotrophic bacteria, which underpin multiple functions in eroded ecosystems, remain unclear. Here, we utilized quantitative microbiota profiling and ecological network analyses to explore the interplay between the diversity and biotic associations of root-associated microbiota and multifunctionality across an eroded slope of a Robinia pseudoacacia plantation on the Loess Plateau. We found explicit variations in slope multifunctionality across different slope positions, associated with shifts in limiting resources, including soil phosphorus (P) and moisture. To cope with P limitation, AM fungi were recruited by R. pseudoacacia, assuming pivotal roles as keystones and connectors within cross-kingdom networks. Furthermore, AM fungi facilitated the assembly and composition of bacterial and rhizobial communities, collectively driving slope multifunctionality. The symbiotic association among R. pseudoacacia, AM fungi, and rhizobia promoted slope multifunctionality through enhanced decomposition of recalcitrant compounds, improved P mineralization potential, and optimized microbial metabolism. Overall, our findings highlight the crucial role of AM fungal-centered microbiota associated with R. pseudoacacia in functional delivery within eroded landscapes, providing valuable insights for the sustainable restoration of degraded ecosystems in erosion-prone regions.

Intraoral Scanning for Monitoring Dental Wear and Its Risk Factors: A Prospective Study.

Dental wear arises from mechanical (attrition or abrasion) and chemical (erosion) factors. Despite its prevalence and clinical significance, accurately measuring and understanding its causes remain challenging in everyday practice. This one-year study with 39 participants involved comprehensive examinations and full-arch intraoral scans at the start and after 12 months. Volume loss exceeding 100 µ on each tooth's surfaces (buccal, lingual/palatine and incisal/occlusal) was measured by comparing three-dimensional scans from both time points. This study also assessed factors such as abrasion and erosion through clinical exams and questionnaires. There were no significant differences in dental wear in participants with sleep bruxism. However, noticeable wear occurred in the front teeth of those with waking bruxism and joint-related symptoms. Increased wear was associated with frequent consumption of acidic drinks, regular swimming, dry mouth, nocturnal drooling and heartburn, while no significant wear was found in patients with reflux. The used methodology proved effective in accurately assessing the progression of dental wear, which is important as many patients may initially be asymptomatic. The variability observed in dental wear patterns underscores the need to develop specific software applications that allow immediate and efficient comparison of wear areas based on extensive analysis of patient databases.

Coronary Plaque Erosion: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment.

Plaque erosion (PE), a distinct etiology of acute coronary syndromes (ACSs), is often overshadowed by plaque ruptures (PRs). Concerning its epidemiology, PE has garnered increasing recognition, with recent studies revealing its prevalence to be approximately 40% among ACS patients, challenging earlier assumptions based on autopsy data. Notably, PE exhibits distinct epidemiological features, preferentially affecting younger demographics, particularly women, and often manifesting as a non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. There are seasonal variations, with PE events being less common in winter, potentially linked to physiological changes and cholesterol solidification, while peaking in summer, warranting further investigation. Moving to molecular mechanisms, PE presents a unique profile characterized by a lesser degree of inflammation compared to PR, with endothelial shear stress emerging as a plausible molecular mechanism. Neutrophil activation, toll-like receptor-2 pathways, and hyaluronidase 2 expression are among the factors implicated in PE pathophysiology, underscoring its multifactorial nature. Advancements in intravascular imaging diagnostics, particularly optical coherence tomography and near-infrared spectroscopy coupled with intravascular ultrasound, offer unprecedented insights into plaque composition and morphology. Artificial intelligence algorithms show promise in enhancing diagnostic accuracy and streamlining image interpretation, augmenting clinician decision-making. Therapeutically, the management of PE evolves, with studies exploring less invasive approaches such as antithrombotic therapy without stenting, particularly in cases identified early through intravascular imaging. Additionally, the potential role of drug-coated balloons in reducing thrombus burden and minimizing future major adverse cardiovascular events warrants further investigation. Looking ahead, the integration of advanced imaging modalities, biomarkers, and artificial intelligence promises to revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of coronary PE, ushering in a new era of personalized and precise cardiovascular care.

Satellite-derived sandy shoreline trends and interannual variability along the Atlantic coast of Europe.

Monitoring sandy shoreline evolution from years to decades is critical to understand the past and predict the future of our coasts. Optical satellite imagery can now infer such datasets globally, but sometimes with large uncertainties, poor spatial resolution, and thus debatable outcomes. Here we validate and analyse satellite-derived-shoreline positions (1984-2021) along the Atlantic coast of Europe using a moving-averaged approach based on coastline characteristics, indicating conservative uncertainties of long-term trends around 0.4 m/year and a potential bias towards accretion. We show that west-facing open coasts are more prone to long-term erosion, whereas relatively closed coasts favor accretion, although most of computed trends fall within the range of uncertainty. Interannual shoreline variability is influenced by regionally dominant atmospheric climate indices. Quasi-straight open coastlines typically show the strongest and more alongshore-uniform links, while embayed coastlines, especially those not exposed to the dominant wave climate, show weaker and more variable correlation with the indices. Our results provide a spatial continuum between previous local-scale studies, while emphasizing the necessity to further reduce satellite-derived shoreline trend uncertainties. They also call for applications based on a relevant averaging approach and the inclusion of coastal setting parameters to unravel the forcing-response spectrum of sandy shorelines globally.

Gully regulates snowmelt runoff, sediment and nutrient loss processes in Mollisols region of Northeast China.

Gully is a prominent indicator of land degradation in agroecosystems, functioning as a crucial pathway connecting upslopes to downstream channels. However, little is known about how gully regulates runoff, sediment, and nutrient loss processes in the catchment during snowmelt. In this study, we monitored these processes in situ at both the gully head (the upslope accumulated catchment of the gully head, CGH) and outlet of two representative and typical gully-dominated catchments (F1 and F2) during snowmelt in Mollisols region of Northeast China. Our results showed that runoff discharge of CGH and outlet exhibited a multi-peak trend during snowmelt, driven by the transition from snow melting to soil thawing. This transition resulted in distinct runoff patterns in both CGH and outlet, with significant differences in their response to air temperature. The total runoff yield of CGH accounted for 57.8 % in F1 and 40.6 % in F2 of the total runoff yield of the outlet. Notably, the peak sediment concentration displayed a marked lag compared to the peak runoff discharge, primarily dominated by the increased sensitivity of gully erosion after the thawing of gully slopes. Gully erosion was the main source of sediment yield in the catchment, contributing 98.2 % in F1 and 96.6 % in F2. Furthermore, nutrient concentrations exhibited a decreasing trend during snowmelt. The comparison of high nutrient concentrations in CGH and relatively low nutrient concentrations in outlet highlighted the gully's role in intercepting and diluting runoff nutrients. Hysteresis analysis confirmed the differential contribution of CGH and gully to nutrient sources. CGH accounting for 50.9 % and 93.3 % of runoff TN and runoff TP loss, while contributing only 8.3 % and 5.8 % to sediment TN and sediment TP loss, respectively. These findings offer valuable insights for effective erosion control and nonpoint source pollution management in gully-dominated agroecosystems during snowmelt.

No increase of soil wind erosion with the establishment of center pivot irrigation system in Mu-Us sandy land.

Center Pivot Irrigation system (CPIs) is widely used in newly exploited arable land in sandy lands. These sandy lands are currently stable because of climate change and ecological restoration efforts since the beginning of the 21st century in northern China. The exploitation of these fixed sandy lands to arable land with CPIs may affect the soil wind erosion, yet it remains unknown. The temporal changes of CPIs and its effect on wind erosion module were analyzed and modeled from 2000 to 2020 in Mu-Us sandy land using satellite images and Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ). The establishment of CPIs started from 2010, boomed in 2015 and peaked in 2020. They were mainly transformed from woodland, grassland, and barren land near rivers in east and southeast, and from cropland in inter-dunes in west and southwest of Mu-Us sandy land. The temporal and spatial pattern of CPIs well aligns with the land consolidation and requisition-compensation balance policies. In most of the Mu-Us sandy land, the annual erosion module is <25 t ha-1 a-1. Despite great variation, the annual, Winter and Spring erosion module of the Mu-Us sandy land or in Otog Qian and Yuyang, the CPIs concentrated counties, all decreased during 2000-2019. Although, wind erosion module in CPIs was lower than the surrounding area, it increased in 2019 given the same climate conditions as in 2010. Our results suggest 1) the establishment of CPIs in Mu-Us sandy land greatly depends on the local policy and natural endowment, and 2) although the set-up of CPIs showed no impact on the wind erosion with CPIs accounting for <1 % of Mu-Us sandy land, post-harvest of CPIs should be carefully concerned to prevent soil wind erosion.

Oro-dental manifestations of eating disorders: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Eating disorders (EDs) pose a significant risk to health, especially when not diagnosed early. For several years EDs and oral health has been extensively studied, and now it is quite clear the existence of a correlation between specific oral manifestations and these disorders. While these oral signs could potentially aid early diagnosis of EDs, their identification and the eventual establishment of a correlation is currently heavily limited to the clinician's experience. The present systematic review critically examines existing literature, offering an updated overview of oro-dental manifestations associated with EDs. METHOD: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, and grey literature were searched, and relevant epidemiological comparative studies were screened using the Rayyan software. No limitations have been imposed on the research regarding oro-dental outcomes, encompassing all medically diagnosed EDs. The quality of the studies was valuated using AXIS appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies. RESULT: Out of 3990 studies, 32 fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in the synthesis. The identified eating disorders include Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and/or Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified, predominantly among female subjects, primarily originating from Europe. The evaluated oro-dental outcomes include dental erosion, caries, saliva assessment, hygiene-periodontal parameters, and mucosal tissue appearance. The association with erosion is confirmed while gingival recession, dentinal hypersensitivity, salivary flow thresholds and aspects relating to oral pathology are receiving increasing support from emerging evidence. DISCUSSION: This trend emphasizes the critical role of the complete intraoral examination to detect significant oro-dental signs that may indicate the onset of an ED.

The article is a review of existing studies that explores the link between eating disorders and oral health issues. It found that people with eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, may experience dental problems such as tooth erosion, cavities, and altered saliva production. The review findings emphasize the importance of dental care providers recognizing these signs early and suggests better training for dental professionals. By doing so, they can help diagnose eating disorders sooner and recommend appropriate treatment. This approach aims to improve patients' overall wellbeing by addressing both the oral health issues and the underlying eating disorders, making it essential for patients and medical teams to be aware of the interconnectedness between oral health and eating disorders.