ABSTRACT
This study aims to present a proposal for using the focal animal recording technique to evaluate the welfare of buffaloes and to verify the association between each behavior and thermal comfort indices. The study was conducted in an experimental paddock located in Santarém, Pará, Brazil. A total of 10 female Murrah animals were used. The behavior of the animals was recorded during the day, with the use of three trained observers, for 72 consecutive h. Climatic variables were collected, and the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) and the practical Buffalo Comfort Climatic Conditions Index (BCCCIp) were determined. The multivariate technique of principal components and Spearman's correlation were employed. BCCCIp and THI were outside the thermal comfort zone at different times of the day. Grazing (P) was more frequent in the coldest hours of the day, while rumination occurred at different periods, mainly during the daytime and frequently in a lying position. There was a positive correlation between idle lying behavior and average temperature-Tmed (r = 0.583; p < 0.028), THI (r = 0.432; p < 0.034), and BCCCIp (r = 0.554; p < 0.049). There was a positive correlation between grazing and Tmed (r = 0.665; p < 0.0004) and BCCCIp (r = 0.583; p < 0.036). The standing idle behavior negatively correlated with Tmed (r = -0.718; p < 0.0001), THI (r = -0.522; p < 0.008), and BCCCIp (r = -0.8076; p < 0.0008). The lying ruminating behavior had a positive correlation with Tmed (r = 0.586; p < 0.002), THI (r = 0.477; p < 0.018), and BCCCIp (r = 0.8033; p < 0.0009). Furthermore, ruminating while standing correlated positively with Tmed (r = 0.680; p < 0.0003). The adaptation of the focal animal technique, with six observers evaluating each animal for 6 min through filming, proved to be efficient in pointing out the different behaviors of buffalo raised in Eastern Amazon fields under heat stress at different times of the day.
ABSTRACT
The study of insect reproduction is important from both basic and applied perspectives, particularly in mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), because of the diversity of reproduction modes and also because they are important agricultural pests. Sex pheromone control strategies are currently being developed for many species. Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell) and Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) are closely related species that often coexist in the same host plant. In this study, mating behavior, the possible occurrence of asexual reproduction, and hybridization between them were investigated. We confirmed that both species did not show asexual reproduction and required the presence of a male to reproduce. When couples of the same species were put together, males had a highly stereotyped mating behavior, and females showed an active role in mating success by accepting or rejecting males with abdominal movements. In hybridization trials, no progeny was obtained for any of the interspecific combinations. Moreover, in interspecific pairs, males mainly moved randomly in the arena without direct contact with females and females showed no willingness to mate, escape, or not move in the presence of the male. Therefore, courtship and copulation success in both species were directly related to the specificity of the mating pair and, there was no evidence of hybridization. This information is useful for the understanding of reproduction in this family and supports the development of management techniques based on sex pheromones to disrupt reproduction or to monitor these mealybug species populations.
Subject(s)
Hemiptera , Sex Attractants , Male , Female , Animals , Hemiptera/genetics , Reproduction, Asexual , Hybridization, Genetic , Copulation , ReproductionABSTRACT
Behavior is a useful trait for comparative studies that provide the comprehension of phylogenetic relationships among species. Here, we present a description of two spiny-rats species' behavioral repertoire, Clyomys laticeps and Trinomys setosus (Rodentia: Echimyidae). The affiliative and agonistic behavioral patterns were sampled during a three-year study of captive populations of wild animals. Observational data were collected in two phases under different arrangements of individuals in groups. We also compare the behavioral traits of T. setosus and C. laticeps with the known behavioral patterns of Trinomys yonenagae. We add categories to the previous descriptions of T. setosus and a standard ethogram for C. laticeps. Trinomys setosus showed a visual and vocal display we called foot-trembling, which was not described in this form and function for other species studied until now. We discuss the differences in their sociality levels and similarities and differences among behavior patterns and repertoires.(AU)
O comportamento é uma característica útil para estudos comparativos que fornecem a compreensão das relações filogenéticas entre as espécies. Apresentamos aqui uma descrição do repertório comportamental de duas espécies de ratos-de-espinho Clyomys laticeps and Trinomys setosus (Rodentia: Echimyidae). Os padrões comportamentais afiliativos e agonísticos foram amostrados durante um estudo de três anos em populações de animais silvestres em cativeiro. Os dados foram coletados em duas fases sob diferentes arranjos de indivíduos em grupos sociais. Comparamos as características comportamentais de T. setosus e C. laticeps com as da espécie mais conhecida, T. yonenagae. Adicionamos categorias às descrições anteriores de T. setosus, e um etograma padrão para C. laticeps. Trinomys setosus mostrou uma exibição visual e vocal que chamamos de saltitar, que não foi descrito nesta forma e função para outras espécies do gênero estudado até agora. Discutimos diferenças nos níveis de socialidade e similaridades e diferenças entre os padrões comportamentais e repertórios.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Rodentia , Behavior, AnimalABSTRACT
This study assessed the behavior of dairy calves raised in outdoor holding pens covered with different geosynthetics. Twenty crossbred (Girolando, Jersey and Holstein) dairy calves undergoing weaning were used, with an average initial live weight of 40.6 Kg. A completely randomized block design was used, with a 4 x 3 factorial scheme and 5 repetitions. The roofing materials were polyethylene mesh, drainage geocomposite, nonwoven geotextile and woven geotextile, representing the first factor, and assessment times (8 to 11 a.m., 11:15 a.m. to 2 p.m. and 2:15 to 6 p.m.) the second factor. Environmental variables were analyzed, and the following heat stress indices calculated: black globe-humidity index (BGHI) and equivalent temperature. The average BGHI and equivalent temperature were 79 and 26, respectively. Walking behavior differed between treatments (P<0.05) and was more frequent in the woven geotextile treatment. The most frequent behavior observed throughout the day was lying in the shade (53%), demonstrating the importance of providing artificial shading during this stage of life. When compared to polyethylene mesh, the drainage geocomposite and nonwoven geotextile were better suited to providing shade for dairy calves undergoing weaning in tropical regions.
O trabalho avaliou o comportamento de bezerras leiteiras, criadas em bezerreiros de modelo tropical, contendo diferentes geossintéticos como material de cobertura. Foram avaliadas 20 fêmeas Girolando, Jersey e Holandesa com peso inicial médio de 40,6 Kg durante a fase de aleitamento. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados completos, em arranjo fatorial 4 x 3 com 5 repetições. Os materiais de cobertura foram: malha de polietileno, geocomposto drenante, geotêxtil não-tecido e geotêxtil tecido foram o primeiro fator e os períodos do dia (08 às 11, 11:15 às 14 e 14:15 às 18 horas) foram o segundo fator. Foram avaliadas as variáveis ambientais e calculados os índices de conforto térmico: índice de temperatura do globo negro e umidade e índice de temperatura equivalente. As médias do índice de temperatura do globo negro e índice de temperatura equivalente foram 79 e 26, respectivamente. O comportamento andando diferiu entre tratamentos (P<0,05), sendo mais frequente no tratamento geotêxtil tecido. A frequência comportamental mais observada ao longo do dia foi deitada à sombra (53%) deixando evidente a importância da disponibilização de sombreamento artificial para essa fase de vida. Os materiais de cobertura geossintéticos Geodrenante e Geotêxtil não-tecido, comparados à malha de polietileno, foram os mais apropriados para a utilização como sombreamento em regiões de clima tropical para bezerras em fase de aleitamento.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cattle , Behavior, Animal , Heat Stress Disorders/veterinary , Housing, Animal/statistics & numerical data , Tropical ClimateABSTRACT
Abstract Behavior is a useful trait for comparative studies that provide the comprehension of phylogenetic relationships among species. Here, we present a description of two spiny-rats species' behavioral repertoire, Clyomys laticeps and Trinomys setosus (Rodentia: Echimyidae). The affiliative and agonistic behavioral patterns were sampled during a three-year study of captive populations of wild animals. Observational data were collected in two phases under different arrangements of individuals in groups. We also compare the behavioral traits of T. setosus and C. laticeps with the known behavioral patterns of Trinomys yonenagae. We add categories to the previous descriptions of T. setosus and a standard ethogram for C. laticeps. Trinomys setosus showed a visual and vocal display we called foot-trembling, which was not described in this form and function for other species studied until now. We discuss the differences in their sociality levels and similarities and differences among behavior patterns and repertoires.
Resumo O comportamento é uma característica útil para estudos comparativos que fornecem a compreensão das relações filogenéticas entre as espécies. Apresentamos aqui uma descrição do repertório comportamental de duas espécies de ratos-de-espinho Clyomys laticeps and Trinomys setosus (Rodentia: Echimyidae). Os padrões comportamentais afiliativos e agonísticos foram amostrados durante um estudo de três anos em populações de animais silvestres em cativeiro. Os dados foram coletados em duas fases sob diferentes arranjos de indivíduos em grupos sociais. Comparamos as características comportamentais de T. setosus e C. laticeps com as da espécie mais conhecida, T. yonenagae. Adicionamos categorias às descrições anteriores de T. setosus, e um etograma padrão para C. laticeps. Trinomys setosus mostrou uma exibição visual e vocal que chamamos de saltitar, que não foi descrito nesta forma e função para outras espécies do gênero estudado até agora. Discutimos diferenças nos níveis de socialidade e similaridades e diferenças entre os padrões comportamentais e repertórios.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Rodentia , Social Behavior , Phylogeny , Brazil , Animals, WildABSTRACT
Behavior is a useful trait for comparative studies that provide the comprehension of phylogenetic relationships among species. Here, we present a description of two spiny-rats species' behavioral repertoire, Clyomys laticeps and Trinomys setosus (Rodentia: Echimyidae). The affiliative and agonistic behavioral patterns were sampled during a three-year study of captive populations of wild animals. Observational data were collected in two phases under different arrangements of individuals in groups. We also compare the behavioral traits of T. setosus and C. laticeps with the known behavioral patterns of Trinomys yonenagae. We add categories to the previous descriptions of T. setosus and a standard ethogram for C. laticeps. Trinomys setosus showed a visual and vocal display we called foot-trembling, which was not described in this form and function for other species studied until now. We discuss the differences in their sociality levels and similarities and differences among behavior patterns and repertoires.
O comportamento é uma característica útil para estudos comparativos que fornecem a compreensão das relações filogenéticas entre as espécies. Apresentamos aqui uma descrição do repertório comportamental de duas espécies de ratos-de-espinho Clyomys laticeps and Trinomys setosus (Rodentia: Echimyidae). Os padrões comportamentais afiliativos e agonísticos foram amostrados durante um estudo de três anos em populações de animais silvestres em cativeiro. Os dados foram coletados em duas fases sob diferentes arranjos de indivíduos em grupos sociais. Comparamos as características comportamentais de T. setosus e C. laticeps com as da espécie mais conhecida, T. yonenagae. Adicionamos categorias às descrições anteriores de T. setosus, e um etograma padrão para C. laticeps. Trinomys setosus mostrou uma exibição visual e vocal que chamamos de saltitar, que não foi descrito nesta forma e função para outras espécies do gênero estudado até agora. Discutimos diferenças nos níveis de socialidade e similaridades e diferenças entre os padrões comportamentais e repertórios.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Behavior, Animal , RodentiaABSTRACT
Abstract Behavior is a useful trait for comparative studies that provide the comprehension of phylogenetic relationships among species. Here, we present a description of two spiny-rats species behavioral repertoire, Clyomys laticeps and Trinomys setosus (Rodentia: Echimyidae). The affiliative and agonistic behavioral patterns were sampled during a three-year study of captive populations of wild animals. Observational data were collected in two phases under different arrangements of individuals in groups. We also compare the behavioral traits of T. setosus and C. laticeps with the known behavioral patterns of Trinomys yonenagae. We add categories to the previous descriptions of T. setosus and a standard ethogram for C. laticeps. Trinomys setosus showed a visual and vocal display we called foot-trembling, which was not described in this form and function for other species studied until now. We discuss the differences in their sociality levels and similarities and differences among behavior patterns and repertoires.
Resumo O comportamento é uma característica útil para estudos comparativos que fornecem a compreensão das relações filogenéticas entre as espécies. Apresentamos aqui uma descrição do repertório comportamental de duas espécies de ratos-de-espinho Clyomys laticeps and Trinomys setosus (Rodentia: Echimyidae). Os padrões comportamentais afiliativos e agonísticos foram amostrados durante um estudo de três anos em populações de animais silvestres em cativeiro. Os dados foram coletados em duas fases sob diferentes arranjos de indivíduos em grupos sociais. Comparamos as características comportamentais de T. setosus e C. laticeps com as da espécie mais conhecida, T. yonenagae. Adicionamos categorias às descrições anteriores de T. setosus, e um etograma padrão para C. laticeps. Trinomys setosus mostrou uma exibição visual e vocal que chamamos de saltitar, que não foi descrito nesta forma e função para outras espécies do gênero estudado até agora. Discutimos diferenças nos níveis de socialidade e similaridades e diferenças entre os padrões comportamentais e repertórios.
ABSTRACT
Accelerometers are a technology that is increasingly used in the evaluation of animal behaviour. A tri-axial accelerometer attached to a vest was used on Tamandua tetradactyla individuals (n = 10) at Biodiversity Park. First, the influence of using a vest on the animals' behaviour was evaluated (ABA-type: A1 and A2, without a vest; B, with a vest; each stage lasted 24 h), and no changes were detected. Second, their behaviour was monitored using videos and the accelerometer simultaneously (experimental room, 20 min). The observed behaviours were correlated with the accelerometer data, and summary measures (X, Y and Z axes) were obtained. Additionally, the overall dynamic body acceleration was calculated, determining a threshold to discriminate activity/inactivity events (variance = 0.0055). Then, based on a 24 h complementary test (video sampling every 5 min), the sensitivity (85.91%) and precision (100%) of the accelerometer were assessed. Animals were exposed to an ABA-type experimental design: A1 and A2: complex enclosure; B: decreased complexity (each stage lasted 24 h). An increase in total activity (%) was revealed using the accelerometer (26.15 ± 1.50, 29.29 ± 2.25, and 35.36 ± 3.15, respectively). Similar activity levels were detected using video analysis. The results demonstrate that the use of the accelerometer is reliable to determine the activity. Considering that the zoo-housed lesser anteaters exhibit a cathemeral activity pattern, this study contributes to easily monitoring their activities and responses to different management procedures supporting welfare programs, as well as ex situ conservation.
ABSTRACT
Resumen El cautiverio de animales silvestres produce importantes alteraciones conductuales y fisiológicas, derivadas, entre otras, de la restricción de espacio y limitada variedad alimenticia, por lo que resulta necesario el establecimiento continuo de estrategias de compensación como los enriquecimientos. La investigación tuvo como objetivo la evaluación etológica de enriquecimientos con grillos (Acheta domesticus) y gusano rey (Zophobas morio) en especímenes de monos churuco (Lagothrix lagotricha) albergados en la Unidad de Apoyo Hogar de Paso para Fauna Silvestre de la Universidad de la Amazonía, ubicada en el perímetro rural de Florencia - Caquetá, Colombia. Para su desarrollo se implementó un bioterio para la reproducción de los invertebrados utilizados en los enriquecimientos, y se trabajó con 16 especímenes primates (ocho machos y ocho hembras), para cuyo seguimiento conductual se instauraron etogramas durante 11 semanas, de las cuales, en las cuatro primeras no se aplicaron enriquecimientos con el fin de identificar el patrón conductual inicial. El análisis de las interacciones entre las variables conductuales estudiadas (alimentación, locomoción, interacciones sociales, descanso, alerta, cuidado y actividades varias), se realizó mediante la prueba LSD de Fisher (α=0,05); para identificar diferencias entre los factores fijos para cada una de las variables se empleó un análisis de varianza y se desarrolló adicionalmente un análisis de componentes principales. Como resultado principal se encontró que la implementación de los enriquecimientos generó un incremento en el tiempo de inversión para las categorías de alimentación, locomoción, interacciones sociales y actividades varias; y una disminución en la categoría de descanso, logrando así una efectiva motivación para la aparición de conductas naturales de la especie.
Abstract The captivity of wild animals produces important behavioral and physiological alterations, derived, among others, from the restriction of space and limited food variety, for which the continuous establishment of compensation strategies such as enrichment is necessary. The objective of the research was the ethological evaluation of enrichment with crickets (Acheta domesticus) and king worm (Zophobas morio) in specimens of churuco monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) housed in the support unit, Hogar de Paso para Fauna Silvestre of the Universidad de la Amazonía, located in the rural area of Florencia - Caquetá, Colombia. For its development, a vivarium was implemented for the reproduction of the invertebrates used in the enrichments, and work was done with 16 primate specimens (eight males and eight females), for whose behavioral monitoring ethograms were established for 11 weeks, of which, in the first four were not enriched to identify the initial behavioral pattern. The analysis of the interactions between the behavioral variables studied (feeding, locomotion, social interactions, rest, alertness, care and various activities), was performed using Fisher's LSD test (α=0.05); to identify differences between the fixed factors for each of the variables studied, an analysis of variance was used, and a principal components analysis was also developed. As a main result, it was found that the implementation of the enrichments generated an increase in the investment time for the categories of food, locomotion, social interactions and various activities; and a decrease in the category of rest, thus achieving an effective motivation for the appearance of natural behaviors of the species.
Resumo O cativeiro de animais silvestres gera importantes alterações comportamentais e fisiológicas, resultante, entre outras, pela restrição do espaço e a limitada variedade alimentar, para as quais foi necessário o desenvolvimento contínuo de estratégias de compensação como o enriquecimento nutricional. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi a avaliação etológica do enriquecimento com grilos-domésticos (Acheta domesticus) e superverme (Zophobas morio) em espécimes de macacos-barrigudos (Lagothrix lagotricha) alojados na unidade de apoio, Hogar de Paso para Fauna Silvestre, da Universidade da Amazônia, localizada na zona rural de Florência - Caquetá, Colômbia. Para o seu desenvolvimento, foi implementado um biotério para a reprodução dos invertebrados utilizados nos enriquecimentos, e trabalhou-se com 16 espécimes de macacos (oito machos e oito fêmeas), nos quais os etogramas de acompanhamento comportamental foram estabelecidos durante 11 semanas, das quais, as quatro primeiras não foram enriquecidos para identificar o padrão comportamental inicial. A análise das interações entre as variáveis comportamentais estudadas (alimentação, locomoção, interações sociais, repouso, estado de alerta, cuidados e atividades diversas), foram realizadas por meio do teste LSD de Fisher (α=0,05); para identificar diferenças entre os fatores fixos para cada uma das variáveis estudadas, foi utilizada a análise de variância e realizou-se análise de componentes principais. Como principal resultado, se estabeleceu que a implementação dos enriquecimentos gerou um aumento no tempo utilizado para as categorias de alimentação, locomoção, interações sociais e atividades diversas; e uma diminuição na categoria de recuperação, conseguindo assim uma motivação efetiva para o desenvolvimento de comportamentos naturais dessa especie.
ABSTRACT
The maintenance of pumas under human care imposes different conditions from those found in the natural environment, which may result in stress and impaired welfare. The objective was to evaluate the effects of environmental enrichment on the welfare of four jaguar specimens (Puma concolor), kept under human care. The enrichment techniques addressed were food, sensory, and mixed (physical-cognitive) enrichment. The research was divided into three phases: Phase 1, pre-enrichment; Phase 2, application of enrichment; and Phase 3, post-enrichment. The observation of the activities was performed using the focal animal method, and the behaviors were recorded to compose an ethogram. The sampling effort totaled 96 hours, with a 24-hour observation time for each specimen. During phases 2 and 3, the animals showed increased expression of natural behaviors, increased exploration and interaction with the enclosure, as well as, with other individuals. In addition, the applied activities provided cognitive challenges and reduced the animals' idle time. Although puma 4 showed stereotyped behavior, during the three phases of this study, this individual was healthy and active. Thus, the results demonstrate the beneficial effects of environmental enrichment on the well-being of pumas held in captivity.(AU)
A manutenção de onças-pardas mantidas sob cuidados humanos impõe condições diferentes daquelas encon-tradas no ambiente natural, o que pode resultar em estresse e prejuízo ao bem-estar. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental no bem-estar de quatro espécimes de Onça-parda (Puma concolor), mantidos sob cuidados humanos. As técnicas de enriquecimento abordadas foram o enriquecimento alimentar, sensorial e misto (físico-cogni-tivo). A pesquisa foi dividida em três fases: Fase 1; Pré-enriquecimento, Fase 2; Aplicação dos enriquecimentos e Fase 3; Pós-enriquecimento. A observação das atividades foi realizada através do método animal focal, sendo registrados os comportamentos para composição de um etograma. O esforço amostral totalizou 96 horas, com o tempo de observação de 24 horas para cada espécime. Durante as fases 2 e 3, os animais apresentaram aumento da expressão de comporta-mentos naturais, aumento da exploração e interação com o recinto, assim como, com os outros indivíduos. Além disso, as atividades aplicadas proporcionaram desafios cognitivos e reduziram o tempo ocioso dos animais. Embora a Onça-parda 4 tenha apresentado comportamento estereotipado, durante as três fases deste estudo, este indivíduo mostrou-se saudável e ativo. Dessa forma, os resultados demonstram os efeitos benéficos do enriquecimento ambiental no bem-estar de onças-pardas mantidas em cativeiro.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Stress, Physiological/physiology , Behavior, Animal/physiology , Animal Welfare , Puma/physiology , Food, Fortified , EcosystemABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate and to describe the main behaviors of family groups of lowland pacas (Cuniculus paca) raised in a commercial breeding facility. We used 24 adult pacas, 16 females and 8 males, with a mean live weight of 8.2 kg and age ranging from 2 to 4 years. The animals were kept in groups of two females and one male per enclosure. Cameras were used to monitor the animals. The behaviors identified were divided into five categories (maintenance, exploratory, social interaction, reproductive, and environmental interaction). A completely randomized design in a split-split plot arrangement with three treatment factors was used: sex, period of the day, and season. The frequencies of the maintenance and environmental interaction behavioral categories were significantly higher during the day compared to the nocturnal period (P < 0.05). The duration of each behavioral category differed significantly (P < 0.05) between day and night. The frequencies of the maintenance and reproductive behavioral categories were significantly higher during the dry season compared to the rainy season (P < 0.05) and the relative duration of behaviors of the environmental interaction category was shorter during the dry season (P < 0.05). Females exhibited a significantly higher frequency of maintenance and environmental interaction than males (P < 0.05) and the duration of environmental interaction was shorter (P < 0.05) in females. The present results add to the existing knowledge on the behavior of lowland pacas raised in captivity for production of this wild species which is in the stage of domestication.
Subject(s)
Cuniculidae , Animals , Ethology , Female , Male , Reproduction , SeasonsABSTRACT
Toxic baits are the most efficient method to control leaf-cutter ants in eucalyptus forests for paper and cellulose production. For the proper use of these baits, insecticide compounds must reach workers and contaminate them. Thus, understanding how these baits are processed inside the nests is vital for a successful control, especially when it comes to genus Acromyrmex. Lack of information on toxic baits and on contamination of Acromyrmex workers raises the question: do workers from subspecies Acromyrmex subterraneus (Forel) prepare leaves and toxic baits in similar ways for their fungus garden? To answer it, this study described and analyzed the behavioral repertoire executed by A. subterraneus workers during the preparation of leaf disks and baits and their incorporation into the fungus garden. Results show that the act of licking the substrate was the most frequently executed behavior, regardless of subspecies or size categories. Moreover, additional behaviors have been observed when workers processed the baits, such as licking and scraping their jaws on the surface of the bait pellet, as well as licking and biting fragments of bait pellets, moistening them. Thus, it is concluded that the preparation of baits is different from that of leaves; baits are more processed and can therefore contribute to contaminating workers via insecticides.
Subject(s)
Ants/physiology , Behavior, Animal , Insecticides , Plant Leaves , Animals , FungiABSTRACT
For the amphibians the territoriality, the elaborate courtship and other forms of behaviors, seem to be more associated with species that exhibit the pattern of prolonged reproduction. Vocalization is an important biological aspect related to the reproduction and social behavior of the anurans. This is the first study with behavior and calls for the rocket frog, Allobates olfersioides (Lutz, 1925) and we record the territorial and courtship behavior in ethogram, describe and analyze its vocal repertoire and evaluate the climatic influence on the acoustic activity of the species. We observed 18 males of A. olfersioides by animal focal method, recording all individual activities for ten minutes to calculate the frequency of each action exhibited. Additionally, we played a previously recorded advertisement call to individual male frogs for analyze the territorial responses displayed by individual males during the work. For this anuran, we recorded 11 distinct behaviors and analyzed 14 advertisement calls that demonstrated that the call of A. olfersioides is a simple call composed of a single non-pulsed note, the call duration had a mean of 0.02s, the mean of intercall interval was of 0.35s and the dominant frequency presented a mean of 5.67 kHz. The period of vocal activity was recorded during almost all months of the study (November 2015 to October 2016), except November and December, where the individuals presented acoustic inactivity. We believe that A. olfersioides presents a continuous reproduction (approximately 10 months), due to the absence of vocalizations during the driest months in November and December. Concerning the behavioral activities, A. olfersioides presents territorialist behavior patterns similar to other species of Aromobatidae, demonstrating the importance of the acoustic and visual signals exhibited by this anuran species of the Atlantic Forest.(AU)
Em anfíbios a territorialidade, o cortejo elaborado e outras formas de comportamento, parecem estar mais associados a espécies que exibem o padrão de reprodução prolongado. A vocalização é um importante aspecto biológico relacionado à reprodução e ao comportamento social dos anuros. Este é o primeiro estudo com comportamento e vocalização da rã-foguete Allobates olfersioides (Lutz, 1925) e nós registramos em etograma o comportamento de territorialidade e corte, descrevemos e analisamos o seu repertório vocal e avaliamos a influência climática na atividade acústica da espécie. Ao todo 18 machos de A. olfersioides foram observados pelo método de animal focal, registrando todas as atividades individuais durante dez minutos. Adicionalmente, nós utilizamos o playback de um canto de advertência de macho adulto para analisar as respostas territoriais exibidas por indivíduos machos durante o trabalho. Para este anuro, registramos 11 comportamentos distintos e analisamos 14 cantos de anúncio que demonstraram que o canto de A. olfersioides é um canto simples e composto por uma única nota não pulsionada com duração média de 0,02s, intervalo médio entre cantos de 0,35s e frequência dominante média de 5,67kHz. O período de atividade vocal foi registrado durante quase todos os meses do estudo (novembro de 2015 a outubro de 2016), exceto novembro e dezembro, onde os indivíduos ficaram inativos quanto às atividades acústicas. Acreditamos que A. olfersioides apresente uma reprodução contínua (com duração de aproximadamente dez meses), devido à ausência de vocalizações durante os meses mais secos em novembro e dezembro. No que se refere às atividades comportamentais, A. olfersioides apresenta padrões de comportamento semelhantes a outras espécies de Aromobatidae, como também, o padrão territorialista já visto para o grupo, demonstrando a importância dos sinais acústicos e visuais.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Anura , Reproductive Medicine , Reproductive BehaviorABSTRACT
For the amphibians the territoriality, the elaborate courtship and other forms of behaviors, seem to be more associated with species that exhibit the pattern of prolonged reproduction. Vocalization is an important biological aspect related to the reproduction and social behavior of the anurans. This is the first study with behavior and calls for the rocket frog, Allobates olfersioides (Lutz, 1925) and we record the territorial and courtship behavior in ethogram, describe and analyze its vocal repertoire and evaluate the climatic influence on the acoustic activity of the species. We observed 18 males of A. olfersioides by animal focal method, recording all individual activities for ten minutes to calculate the frequency of each action exhibited. Additionally, we played a previously recorded advertisement call to individual male frogs for analyze the territorial responses displayed by individual males during the work. For this anuran, we recorded 11 distinct behaviors and analyzed 14 advertisement calls that demonstrated that the call of A. olfersioides is a simple call composed of a single non-pulsed note, the call duration had a mean of 0.02s, the mean of intercall interval was of 0.35s and the dominant frequency presented a mean of 5.67 kHz. The period of vocal activity was recorded during almost all months of the study (November 2015 to October 2016), except November and December, where the individuals presented acoustic inactivity. We believe that A. olfersioides presents a continuous reproduction (approximately 10 months), due to the absence of vocalizations during the driest months in November and December. Concerning the behavioral activities, A. olfersioides presents territorialist behavior patterns similar to other species of Aromobatidae, demonstrating the importance of the acoustic and visual signals exhibited by this anuran species of the Atlantic Forest.
Em anfíbios a territorialidade, o cortejo elaborado e outras formas de comportamento, parecem estar mais associados a espécies que exibem o padrão de reprodução prolongado. A vocalização é um importante aspecto biológico relacionado à reprodução e ao comportamento social dos anuros. Este é o primeiro estudo com comportamento e vocalização da rã-foguete Allobates olfersioides (Lutz, 1925) e nós registramos em etograma o comportamento de territorialidade e corte, descrevemos e analisamos o seu repertório vocal e avaliamos a influência climática na atividade acústica da espécie. Ao todo 18 machos de A. olfersioides foram observados pelo método de animal focal, registrando todas as atividades individuais durante dez minutos. Adicionalmente, nós utilizamos o playback de um canto de advertência de macho adulto para analisar as respostas territoriais exibidas por indivíduos machos durante o trabalho. Para este anuro, registramos 11 comportamentos distintos e analisamos 14 cantos de anúncio que demonstraram que o canto de A. olfersioides é um canto simples e composto por uma única nota não pulsionada com duração média de 0,02s, intervalo médio entre cantos de 0,35s e frequência dominante média de 5,67kHz. O período de atividade vocal foi registrado durante quase todos os meses do estudo (novembro de 2015 a outubro de 2016), exceto novembro e dezembro, onde os indivíduos ficaram inativos quanto às atividades acústicas. Acreditamos que A. olfersioides apresente uma reprodução contínua (com duração de aproximadamente dez meses), devido à ausência de vocalizações durante os meses mais secos em novembro e dezembro. No que se refere às atividades comportamentais, A. olfersioides apresenta padrões de comportamento semelhantes a outras espécies de Aromobatidae, como também, o padrão territorialista já visto para o grupo, demonstrando a importância dos sinais acústicos e visuais.
Subject(s)
Animals , Anura , Reproductive Behavior , Reproductive MedicineABSTRACT
ABSTRACT For the amphibians the territoriality, the elaborate courtship and other forms of behaviors, seem to be more associated with species that exhibit the pattern of prolonged reproduction. Vocalization is an important biological aspect related to the reproduction and social behavior of the anurans. This is the first study with behavior and calls for the rocket frog, Allobates olfersioides (Lutz, 1925) and we record the territorial and courtship behavior in ethogram, describe and analyze its vocal repertoire and evaluate the climatic influence on the acoustic activity of the species. We observed 18 males of A. olfersioides by animal focal method, recording all individual activities for ten minutes to calculate the frequency of each action exhibited. Additionally, we played a previously recorded advertisement call to individual male frogs for analyze the territorial responses displayed by individual males during the work. For this anuran, we recorded 11 distinct behaviors and analyzed 14 advertisement calls that demonstrated that the call of A. olfersioides is a simple call composed of a single non-pulsed note, the call duration had a mean of 0.02s, the mean of intercall interval was of 0.35s and the dominant frequency presented a mean of 5.67 kHz. The period of vocal activity was recorded during almost all months of the study (November 2015 to October 2016), except November and December, where the individuals presented acoustic inactivity. We believe that A. olfersioides presents a continuous reproduction (approximately 10 months), due to the absence of vocalizations during the driest months in November and December. Concerning the behavioral activities, A. olfersioides presents territorialist behavior patterns similar to other species of Aromobatidae, demonstrating the importance of the acoustic and visual signals exhibited by this anuran species of the Atlantic Forest.
RESUMO Em anfíbios a territorialidade, o cortejo elaborado e outras formas de comportamento, parecem estar mais associados a espécies que exibem o padrão de reprodução prolongado. A vocalização é um importante aspecto biológico relacionado à reprodução e ao comportamento social dos anuros. Este é o primeiro estudo com comportamento e vocalização da rã-foguete Allobates olfersioides (Lutz, 1925) e nós registramos em etograma o comportamento de territorialidade e corte, descrevemos e analisamos o seu repertório vocal e avaliamos a influência climática na atividade acústica da espécie. Ao todo 18 machos de A. olfersioides foram observados pelo método de animal focal, registrando todas as atividades individuais durante dez minutos. Adicionalmente, nós utilizamos o playback de um canto de advertência de macho adulto para analisar as respostas territoriais exibidas por indivíduos machos durante o trabalho. Para este anuro, registramos 11 comportamentos distintos e analisamos 14 cantos de anúncio que demonstraram que o canto de A. olfersioides é um canto simples e composto por uma única nota não pulsionada com duração média de 0,02s, intervalo médio entre cantos de 0,35s e frequência dominante média de 5,67kHz. O período de atividade vocal foi registrado durante quase todos os meses do estudo (novembro de 2015 a outubro de 2016), exceto novembro e dezembro, onde os indivíduos ficaram inativos quanto às atividades acústicas. Acreditamos que A. olfersioides apresente uma reprodução contínua (com duração de aproximadamente dez meses), devido à ausência de vocalizações durante os meses mais secos em novembro e dezembro. No que se refere às atividades comportamentais, A. olfersioides apresenta padrões de comportamento semelhantes a outras espécies de Aromobatidae, como também, o padrão territorialista já visto para o grupo, demonstrando a importância dos sinais acústicos e visuais.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Background: Abnormal and stereotypic behaviors in horses have been widely studied around the world and different epidemiological situations have been described for behavioral disturbances. Objective: To determine the frequency of abnormal and stereotypic behaviors in a population of police patrolling horses. Additionally, to establish chronic stress levels in the population of interest. Methods: Twenty police horses were evaluated. The animals went through 48 hours of continuous observation to record the frequency of normal, abnormal, and stereotypic behaviors. Cortisol index (CI) was calculated for all the subjects. Results: A 65% of the horses expressed behavioral disturbances, with 55% corresponding to stereotypies. The abnormal behaviors consisted on wood chewing, pawing, and bed eating. Stereotypic behaviors were weaving, stall walking, and aerophagia (crib-biting or wind sucking). According to the CI, 13 horses were under chronic stress (CI<0.30). Conclusion: High level of chronic stress, expressed as abnormal and stereotypic behaviors, was observed in the horses.
Resumen Antecedentes: Los comportamientos anormales y estereotipados en caballos han sido ampliamente estudiados en el mundo, así como también diversas situaciones epidemiológicas relacionadas con estos disturbios. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de los comportamientos anormales y estereotipados en una población de caballos de patrullaje de la policía y establecer su nivel de estrés crónico. Métodos: Se evaluaron 20 caballos. Los animales fueron observados durante 48 horas continuas para recopilar los comportamientos anormales y estereotipados. El índice del cortisol (CI) fue calculado para todos los animales. Resultados: El 65% de la población estudiada expresó disturbios del comportamiento, y el 55% de dichos disturbios se clasificó como estereotipias. Los comportamientos anormales observados consistieron en lignofagia, patear y comer cama. Los comportamientos estereotipados fueron balanceo, caminar en círculos y aerofagia. El CI mostró presencia de estrés crónico en 13 caballos (CI<0.30). Conclusión: Se encontró un alto porcentaje de estrés crónico en los caballos de la policía, expresado como comportamientos anormales y estereotipados.
Resumo Antecedentes: Comportamentos anormais e estereotipados de cavalos têm sido amplamente estudados no mundo, assim como também diversas situações epidemiológicas relacionadas com estes distúrbios. Objetivo: Determinar a frequência de comportamentos anormais e estereotipados em uma população de cavalos de patrulhamento da polícia e estabelecer seu nível de estresse crónico. Métodos: Foram avaliados 20 equinos. Os animais foram observados durante 48 horas continuas para gravar os comportamentos anormais e estereotipados. O índice do cortisol (CI) foi calculado para todos os equinos. Resultados: O 65% da população estudada expressaram distúrbios do comportamento, 55% dos distúrbios foram estereotipias. Os comportamentos anormais observados foram lignofagia, escoicear a baia e comer cama. Os comportamentos estereotipados foram movimentos laterais repetitivos, movimentos aleatórios na baia e aerofagia. O CI mostrou presença de estresse crónico em 13 cavalos ao mostrar valores menores a 0.30. Conclusão: Se determinou um alto porcentagem de estresse crónico nos cavalos da polícia, expressado na forma de comportamentos anormais e estereotipados.
ABSTRACT
Foram avaliados os efeitos tóxicos do hormônio 17β-estradiol (E2) livre e complexado à β-ciclodextrina (CD) sobre o comportamento e a fisiologia de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus). Os peixes foram observados por 30 dias, em dois estágios do desenvolvimento (alevino e juvenil), pelo método ad libitum, para a confecção de um etograma. Posteriormente, juvenis foram divididos em três grupos: controle e expostos ao E2 (10ng/L) livre e complexado à β-ciclodextrina (β-CD:E2) por 90 dias. Foram avaliados o comportamento pelo método de varredura instantânea, o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a mortalidade em diferentes intervalos. Os alevinos e os juvenis apresentaram frequências de exibição comportamentais diferentes (P<0,05) nos eventos: Afastar (4,7±1,3 e 3,6±0,6%) e Ondulação de repulsão (2,3±0,9 e 1,3±1,0%). Os juvenis expostos ao complexo β-CD:E2 apresentaram aumento (P<0,05) na exibição dos comportamentos agressivos, como Afastar, Ataque caudal, Confronto prolongado, Perseguição, Fuga, e menor mortalidade, quando comparados ao grupo exposto ao E2 livre e controle. Pode-se concluir que a complexação do E2 com a β-CD alterou a toxicidade do E2, pois promoveu um aumento na frequência de exibição dos comportamentos agressivos e interferiu na mortalidade dos animais.(AU)
Toxic effects of free and complexed 17β-estradiol (E2) hormone into β-cyclodextrin (CD) on the behavior and physiology of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were evaluated. The fish were observed for 30 days in two stages of development (fingerling and juvenile) by the ad libitum method to make an ethogram. After this, juveniles were divided into three groups: control and exposed to free E2 (10ng/L) and complexed into β-cyclodextrin (β-CD:E2) for 90 days. The behavior was evaluated through scan sampling method, feed intake, body mass and mortality at different intervals. The fingerlings and juveniles showed behavioral patterns with different display frequencies (P<0.05) for events: Move Away (4.7±1.3 and 3.6±0.6%) and Waving Repulsion (2.3±0.9 and 1.3±1.0%). The juveniles exposed to β-CD:E2 complex showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in the frequency of display of aggressive behaviors as Move Away, Caudal Attack, Clash Extended, Chase, Escape and decrease of mortality when compared to group exposed to free E2 and control. In conclusion, complexation of E2 into β-CD modified E2 toxicity, because it promoted an increase in the frequency of display of aggressive behaviors and it affected the mortality of animals.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cichlids/metabolism , beta-Cyclodextrins/analysis , Estradiol/analysisABSTRACT
Foram avaliados os efeitos tóxicos do hormônio 17β-estradiol (E2) livre e complexado à β-ciclodextrina (CD) sobre o comportamento e a fisiologia de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus). Os peixes foram observados por 30 dias, em dois estágios do desenvolvimento (alevino e juvenil), pelo método ad libitum, para a confecção de um etograma. Posteriormente, juvenis foram divididos em três grupos: controle e expostos ao E2 (10ng/L) livre e complexado à β-ciclodextrina (β-CD:E2) por 90 dias. Foram avaliados o comportamento pelo método de varredura instantânea, o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a mortalidade em diferentes intervalos. Os alevinos e os juvenis apresentaram frequências de exibição comportamentais diferentes (P<0,05) nos eventos: Afastar (4,7±1,3 e 3,6±0,6%) e Ondulação de repulsão (2,3±0,9 e 1,3±1,0%). Os juvenis expostos ao complexo β-CD:E2 apresentaram aumento (P<0,05) na exibição dos comportamentos agressivos, como Afastar, Ataque caudal, Confronto prolongado, Perseguição, Fuga, e menor mortalidade, quando comparados ao grupo exposto ao E2 livre e controle. Pode-se concluir que a complexação do E2 com a β-CD alterou a toxicidade do E2, pois promoveu um aumento na frequência de exibição dos comportamentos agressivos e interferiu na mortalidade dos animais.(AU)
Toxic effects of free and complexed 17β-estradiol (E2) hormone into β-cyclodextrin (CD) on the behavior and physiology of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were evaluated. The fish were observed for 30 days in two stages of development (fingerling and juvenile) by the ad libitum method to make an ethogram. After this, juveniles were divided into three groups: control and exposed to free E2 (10ng/L) and complexed into β-cyclodextrin (β-CD:E2) for 90 days. The behavior was evaluated through scan sampling method, feed intake, body mass and mortality at different intervals. The fingerlings and juveniles showed behavioral patterns with different display frequencies (P<0.05) for events: Move Away (4.7±1.3 and 3.6±0.6%) and Waving Repulsion (2.3±0.9 and 1.3±1.0%). The juveniles exposed to β-CD:E2 complex showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in the frequency of display of aggressive behaviors as Move Away, Caudal Attack, Clash Extended, Chase, Escape and decrease of mortality when compared to group exposed to free E2 and control. In conclusion, complexation of E2 into β-CD modified E2 toxicity, because it promoted an increase in the frequency of display of aggressive behaviors and it affected the mortality of animals.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cichlids/metabolism , beta-Cyclodextrins/analysis , Estradiol/analysisABSTRACT
Land planarians have a simple anatomy and simple behavioral repertoire in relation to most bilaterian animals, which makes them adequate for the study of biological processes. In this study, we investigate the behavior of land planarians during interaction events with other invertebrates found in the same environment. We observed 16 different behavioral units, including seven different capture behaviors and three different prey ingestion behaviors. The capture behavior varied from very simple, such as simply covering the prey with the body, to more complex ones, including two forms of tube formation that are described for the first time. In general, the capture behaviors were similar among different predators but different for different prey. Similarly, prey ingestion type was more related to prey type than to predator species, with small soft prey being swallowed without fragmentation, large prey being crushed, and prey with a hard skeleton being perforated. Considering that land planarians face limitations due to their lack of efficient ways to retain water, thus being highly dependent on a moist environment, the set of behaviors shown by them in this study was considerably rich, especially concerning strategies to capture prey.
Subject(s)
Biodiversity , Eating , Planarians , Predatory Behavior , Animals , Isopoda , Isoptera , Oligochaeta , Planarians/anatomy & histology , Planarians/physiology , SnailsABSTRACT
Nonverbal behaviors exhibited by patients with depression in their interactions with others may reflect social maladjustment and depression maintenance. Investigations of associations between unipolar depression and both patients' and interviewers' behaviors have been scarce and restricted to European samples. This study examined whether nonverbal behavior in patients and their interviewers is associated with depression severity and recovery. Cultural differences were explored. Seventy-eight depressed outpatients (28 Brazilians, 50 Dutch) were evaluated before and after 8-week pharmacological treatment. Patients were videotaped during the Hamilton Depression Scale interview before treatment, and the Brazilians were also videotaped after treatment. Nonverbal behaviors (patients' speaking effort and interviewers' encouragement) were analyzed using a two-factor ethogram. Results revealed that speaking effort was associated with encouragement and both are not influenced by baseline depression severity. However, from before to after treatment, whereas encouragement remained unchanged, speaking effort increased among unrecovered patients. Speaking effort was associated with patients' culture: Brazilians exhibited higher speaking effort than Dutch. These findings highlight that whereas the supportive nonverbal behavior of the interviewer may be stable, the set of nonverbal behaviors composed by head movements, eye contact and gestures displayed by the patients during their speaking in clinical interviews reflects depression persistence after treatment.