Consumers' beef purchasing behavior across countries.

In 2022, the value of United States (US) beef and beef product exports was $11.7 billion, and the US was the world's largest beef producer and second-largest beef exporter by volume. Therefore, we conducted surveys to evaluate beef purchasing behavior among consumers in important and emerging US beef export markets, including Japan, the United Kingdom (UK), Germany, and Mexico. Results reveal differences in consumers' beef purchasing behavior across countries. Most Mexican consumers purchase beef two-to-three times a week, while consumers in other countries typically purchase it once a week. Using ordered probit models, we examined the factors associated with beef purchase frequency in each country. Japanese consumers who consider price to be an important factor when purchasing beef are less likely to purchase it frequently. German consumers, for whom brands are important when buying beef, are more likely to buy it frequently. British consumers, who consider hormone-free production to be important when purchasing beef, are less likely to buy it frequently. Mexican consumers, who consider grass-fed production to be an important factor when purchasing beef, are less likely to buy it frequently. Across all countries, individuals who purchase beef at supermarkets and from butchers are more likely to purchase it more often. Results also indicate that various consumer demographics are associated with beef purchase frequency across countries. The findings provide valuable insights for stakeholders regarding international consumer beef purchasing behavior.

The role of institutional quality in the international trade of a Latin American country: evidence from Colombian export performance.

This paper analyses the relevance of Colombian institutional quality in recent years in terms of the performance of its exports within a framework of trade openness. Based on the trade gravity model, we examine the effect of governance on the evolution of Colombian exports through an econometric approach that identifies, on the one hand, the influence of institutional quality, and on the other hand, the influence of the institutional distance between Colombia and its trading partners. We use a panel data set for 2005-2018, through which the export flows from Colombia to 136 of its trading partners are considered. The findings indicate that Colombian institutional quality and the institutional distance between the country and its partners are statistically significant and affect its foreign sales. Similarly, there is a prominent influence of regulatory quality and the rule of law variables in the performance of Colombian exports in relation to other variables included in the model. We conclude that the Colombian government must improve its institutional quality considerably as a fundamental step towards boosting its overseas sales, not least because the country's institutional distance from the world average is notable, which also affects its exports.

Assessment of the role of trade and renewable energy consumption on consumption-based carbon emissions: evidence from the MINT economies.

This research formulates a theoretical framework to investigate the impacts of trade on consumption-based carbon emissions (CCO2) and also takes into account the influence of financial development and renewable energy use utilizing panel data for Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey (MINT) nations between 1990 and 2017. The study utilizes a series of second-generation techniques such as Westerlund cointegration, cross-sectional augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL), and augmented mean group (AMG) tests to capture the linkage between CCO2 emissions and the independent variables. The study aims to answer the following questions: (a) can exports and imports determine CCO2 emissions in the MINT nations? (b) Is there a long-run association among the variables under investigation? The results of the Westerlund cointegration reveal a long-run association among the variables. The CS-ARDL outcomes indicate that imports and economic growth increase CCO2 emissions, while renewable energy use and exports decrease CCO2 emissions. Moreover, the outcomes of the AMG test also give credence to the CS-ARDL results. Our key policy recommendations are that initiatives, rules, and regulatory mechanisms should be implemented that promote the transformation toward renewable energy.

Transport cost to port though Brazilian federal roads network: Dataset for years 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2017.

Transport costs can play a significant role in agricultural exports and businesses profitability. It can also influence farmers' decisions regarding cropland expansion, intensification or land abandonment. Thus, transport is useful to take into account when modeling and evaluating land use and cover change related to agriculture production. The dataset described in this article represents the Infrastructure Capital in the work presented by Millington et al. (2021) [1], in which the CRAFTY-Brazil model is used to evaluate the impacts of changing global demand for agricultural products on land use and cover change. This modeling required a transport cost dataset that spanned the model calibration period, was consistent through time and covered the entire study area. The most recent federal road network (for year 2017) obtained in vector format (shapefile) was joined to road section surface status tables for past years (2000, 2005 and 2010) in order to reconstruct the historic road network. Export ports handling agricultural commodities, and their years of operation, were identified. Both datasets were used to derive the relative transport cost to the nearest port for Brazil, for years 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2017.

Salmonella Schwarzengrund, Akuafo, and O:16 isolated from vacuum-packaged beef produced in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Salmonella spp. is a pathogen associated with foodborne infections, mainly in foods of animal origin. In this context, the present study investigated the occurrence of Salmonella serotypes, genotypes and the antimicrobial resistance profiles of strains in fresh beef produced in Mato Grosso, Brazil. METHODOLOGY: A total of 107 samples from 13 different slaughterhouses in the Mato Grosso were analyzed. Suggestive Salmonella spp. colonies detected during the biochemical screening were submitted to DNA extraction, and hilA gene amplification was used for the PCR reaction. Antimicrobial resistance analyses were performed using 17 antimicrobial agents from eight different classes by the disk diffusion method. Strains exhibiting multiple drug resistances were submitted to PCR genotyping based on repetitive sequences (rep-PCR), using a commercial semiautomatic DiversiLab® system. RESULTS: A total of 5.6% (6/107) of the samples tested positive by the conventional method and were confirmed by PCR, namely two S. Akuafo, two non-typable Salmonella enterica strains, one Salmonella O:16 serovar, and one S. Schwarzengrund. The antimicrobial resistance profiles indicated resistance to gentamicin (30%), tetracycline, nitrofurantoin, and trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole (16%). Genotyping indicated a 70% difference between S. Schwarzengrund and the non-typable Salmonella strains. No genetic similarities were observed between the six Salmonella isolates based on rep-PCR, including two S. Akuafo. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained herein corroborate that Salmonella serovar Schwarzengrund is commonly isolated in animal products in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, also highlighting the presence of two unusual Salmonella serovars in beef (Akuafo and O:16).

Nigeria's cocoa exports: a gravity model approach / Exportações de cacau da Nigéria: uma abordagem do modelo gravitacional

What are the major factors affecting Nigerias cocoa export flows? In answering this question, the authors suggest a commodity-specific gravity model with three different analytical approaches, (the Heckman Sample Selection Model, the Generalised Least Square, and the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood), based on a period of 24 years of panel data for Nigeria and its 36 importing partners to estimate the models. The results showed that GDP, exchange rate policy, WTO, EU, and colonial link are positively associated with the Nigerian cocoa export flows. Further, the negative impact of the GDP per capita, landlocked, distance, AU, and ECOWAS are observed. The need for the expansion of exports to the trading partners, especially the EU members (Netherlands, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Belgium, Spain, etc.), Canada, Malaysia, and the USA is particularly highlighted. These results are important for the formulation of future trade policy that could boost up the Nigerian cocoa exports. This would eventually contribute to the diversification of the Nigerian exports and also enhance the country's foreign earnings.(AU)

Quais são os principais fatores que afetam os fluxos de exportação de cacau da Nigéria? Ao responder a esta pergunta, os autores sugerem um modelo de gravidade específica de mercadoria com três abordagens analíticas diferentes (o Modelo de Seleção de Amostras de Heckman, o Mínimo Quadrado Generalizado e a Pseudo Máxima Verossimilhança de Poisson), com base em um período de 24 anos de dados em painel para a Nigéria e seus parceiros importadores para estimar os modelos. Os resultados mostram que o PIB, a política cambial, a OMC, a UE e a ligação colonial estão positivamente associados aos fluxos de exportação de cacau da Nigéria. Além disso, é observado o impacto negativo do PIB per capita, sem litoral, distância, UA e CEDEAO. Destaca-se a necessidade de ampliação das exportações para os parceiros comerciais, especialmente os membros da UE (Holanda, Alemanha, França, Reino Unido, Bélgica, Espanha, etc.), Canadá, Malásia e Estados Unidos. Esses resultados são importantes para a formulação de uma política comercial futura que possa impulsionar as exportações de cacau nigeriano. Isso acabaria por contribuir para a diversificação das exportações nigerianas e também aumentar as receitas externas do país.(AU)

Nigeria's cocoa exports: a gravity model approach / Exportações de cacau da Nigéria: uma abordagem do modelo gravitacional

ABSTRACT: What are the major factors affecting Nigeria's cocoa export flows? In answering this question, the authors suggest a commodity-specific gravity model with three different analytical approaches, (the Heckman Sample Selection Model, the Generalised Least Square, and the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood), based on a period of 24 years of panel data for Nigeria and it's 36 importing partners to estimate the models. The results showed that GDP, exchange rate policy, WTO, EU, and colonial link are positively associated with the Nigerian cocoa export flows. Further, the negative impact of the GDP per capita, landlocked, distance, AU, and ECOWAS are observed. The need for the expansion of exports to the trading partners, especially the EU members (Netherlands, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Belgium, Spain, etc.), Canada, Malaysia, and the USA is particularly highlighted. These results are important for the formulation of future trade policy that could boost up the Nigerian cocoa exports. This would eventually contribute to the diversification of the Nigerian exports and also enhance the country's foreign earnings.

RESUMO: Quais são os principais fatores que afetam os fluxos de exportação de cacau da Nigéria? Ao responder a esta pergunta, os autores sugerem um modelo de gravidade específica de mercadoria com três abordagens analíticas diferentes (o Modelo de Seleção de Amostras de Heckman, o Mínimo Quadrado Generalizado e a Pseudo Máxima Verossimilhança de Poisson), com base em um período de 24 anos de dados em painel para a Nigéria e seus parceiros importadores para estimar os modelos. Os resultados mostram que o PIB, a política cambial, a OMC, a UE e a ligação colonial estão positivamente associados aos fluxos de exportação de cacau da Nigéria. Além disso, é observado o impacto negativo do PIB per capita, sem litoral, distância, UA e CEDEAO. Destaca-se a necessidade de ampliação das exportações para os parceiros comerciais, especialmente os membros da UE (Holanda, Alemanha, França, Reino Unido, Bélgica, Espanha, etc.), Canadá, Malásia e Estados Unidos. Esses resultados são importantes para a formulação de uma política comercial futura que possa impulsionar as exportações de cacau nigeriano. Isso acabaria por contribuir para a diversificação das exportações nigerianas e também aumentar as receitas externas do país.

Nigeria's cocoa exports: a gravity model approach / Exportações de cacau da Nigéria: uma abordagem do modelo gravitacional

What are the major factors affecting Nigeria’s cocoa export flows? In answering this question, the authors suggest a commodity-specific gravity model with three different analytical approaches, (the Heckman Sample Selection Model, the Generalised Least Square, and the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood), based on a period of 24 years of panel data for Nigeria and it’s 36 importing partners to estimate the models. The results showed that GDP, exchange rate policy, WTO, EU, and colonial link are positively associated with the Nigerian cocoa export flows. Further, the negative impact of the GDP per capita, landlocked, distance, AU, and ECOWAS are observed. The need for the expansion of exports to the trading partners, especially the EU members (Netherlands, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Belgium, Spain, etc.), Canada, Malaysia, and the USA is particularly highlighted. These results are important for the formulation of future trade policy that could boost up the Nigerian cocoa exports. This would eventually contribute to the diversification of the Nigerian exports and also enhance the country's foreign earnings.

Quais são os principais fatores que afetam os fluxos de exportação de cacau da Nigéria? Ao responder a esta pergunta, os autores sugerem um modelo de gravidade específica de mercadoria com três abordagens analíticas diferentes (o Modelo de Seleção de Amostras de Heckman, o Mínimo Quadrado Generalizado e a Pseudo Máxima Verossimilhança de Poisson), com base em um período de 24 anos de dados em painel para a Nigéria e seus parceiros importadores para estimar os modelos. Os resultados mostram que o PIB, a política cambial, a OMC, a UE e a ligação colonial estão positivamente associados aos fluxos de exportação de cacau da Nigéria. Além disso, é observado o impacto negativo do PIB per capita, sem litoral, distância, UA e CEDEAO. Destaca-se a necessidade de ampliação das exportações para os parceiros comerciais, especialmente os membros da UE (Holanda, Alemanha, França, Reino Unido, Bélgica, Espanha, etc.), Canadá, Malásia e Estados Unidos. Esses resultados são importantes para a formulação de uma política comercial futura que possa impulsionar as exportações de cacau nigeriano. Isso acabaria por contribuir para a diversificação das exportações nigerianas e também aumentar as receitas externas do país.

Nigeria's cocoa exports: a gravity model approach / Exportações de cacau da Nigéria: uma abordagem do modelo gravitacional

ABSTRACT: What are the major factors affecting Nigeria's cocoa export flows? In answering this question, the authors suggest a commodity-specific gravity model with three different analytical approaches, (the Heckman Sample Selection Model, the Generalised Least Square, and the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood), based on a period of 24 years of panel data for Nigeria and it's 36 importing partners to estimate the models. The results showed that GDP, exchange rate policy, WTO, EU, and colonial link are positively associated with the Nigerian cocoa export flows. Further, the negative impact of the GDP per capita, landlocked, distance, AU, and ECOWAS are observed. The need for the expansion of exports to the trading partners, especially the EU members (Netherlands, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Belgium, Spain, etc.), Canada, Malaysia, and the USA is particularly highlighted. These results are important for the formulation of future trade policy that could boost up the Nigerian cocoa exports. This would eventually contribute to the diversification of the Nigerian exports and also enhance the country's foreign earnings.

RESUMO: Quais são os principais fatores que afetam os fluxos de exportação de cacau da Nigéria? Ao responder a esta pergunta, os autores sugerem um modelo de gravidade específica de mercadoria com três abordagens analíticas diferentes (o Modelo de Seleção de Amostras de Heckman, o Mínimo Quadrado Generalizado e a Pseudo Máxima Verossimilhança de Poisson), com base em um período de 24 anos de dados em painel para a Nigéria e seus parceiros importadores para estimar os modelos. Os resultados mostram que o PIB, a política cambial, a OMC, a UE e a ligação colonial estão positivamente associados aos fluxos de exportação de cacau da Nigéria. Além disso, é observado o impacto negativo do PIB per capita, sem litoral, distância, UA e CEDEAO. Destaca-se a necessidade de ampliação das exportações para os parceiros comerciais, especialmente os membros da UE (Holanda, Alemanha, França, Reino Unido, Bélgica, Espanha, etc.), Canadá, Malásia e Estados Unidos. Esses resultados são importantes para a formulação de uma política comercial futura que possa impulsionar as exportações de cacau nigeriano. Isso acabaria por contribuir para a diversificação das exportações nigerianas e também aumentar as receitas externas do país.

Analysis of barriers to Brazilian chicken meat imports

Trade liberalization during the last decades has increased among nations as a result of decreased tariffs. However, during the same period, market agents have created new protection measures to replace such mechanisms in an attempt to promote the domestic economic stability of countries, while expanding and ensuring the trade between nations. Considering that Brazil is the second largest broiler producer and chicken-meat exporter worldwide, the present study proposed to analyze the main barriers imposed on Brazilian chicken meat imports by the ten major importing countries. This is a documentary research with primary and secondary data, of a descriptive-exploratory nature, under a qualitative approach. Semi-structured questionnaires including open- and close-ended questions were sent using Survey Monkey software to the Brazilian Association of Animal Protein. The study revealed that technical requirements are those most often imposed by the importing countries, indicating their concern about the safety, quality, and origin of the imported good. Commercial requirements do not constitute a problem for the growth of Brazilian chicken meat exports; however, the requirements made by some countries preclude the exports.(AU)

Analysis of barriers to Brazilian chicken meat imports

Trade liberalization during the last decades has increased among nations as a result of decreased tariffs. However, during the same period, market agents have created new protection measures to replace such mechanisms in an attempt to promote the domestic economic stability of countries, while expanding and ensuring the trade between nations. Considering that Brazil is the second largest broiler producer and chicken-meat exporter worldwide, the present study proposed to analyze the main barriers imposed on Brazilian chicken meat imports by the ten major importing countries. This is a documentary research with primary and secondary data, of a descriptive-exploratory nature, under a qualitative approach. Semi-structured questionnaires including open- and close-ended questions were sent using Survey Monkey software to the Brazilian Association of Animal Protein. The study revealed that technical requirements are those most often imposed by the importing countries, indicating their concern about the safety, quality, and origin of the imported good. Commercial requirements do not constitute a problem for the growth of Brazilian chicken meat exports; however, the requirements made by some countries preclude the exports.

EXTRACTIVISMO Y DEUDA ECOLÓGICA EN AMÉRICA LATINA / EXTRACTIVISM AND ECOLOGICAL DEBT IN LATIN AMERICA

Durante los últimos treinta años, los recursos primarios han aumentado su presencia en el comercio internacional; en parte, esto se debe al cambio estructural en el modelo productivo que se adoptó en América Latina durante la década de los noventa. Asimismo, el incremento en los flujos de inversión extranjera directa (IED), dirigida hacia proyectos de explotación ambiental han tenido un impacto negativo en relación con el endeudamiento de la región. Es decir, al mismo tiempo que la IED aumentó para las actividades extractivas, también creció la deuda externa de la región. El objetivo de este trabajo es señalar que la deuda externa actual y la primarización del comercio latinoamericano coinciden con lo que ha sucedido históricamente en la región, respecto a sus relaciones comerciales con el mundo. Esta interacción ha generado un empobrecimiento constante para las naciones de América Latina debido a que priorizan la explotación y el comercio de sus recursos naturales por encima de otras actividades productivas. El método que se utilizó para esta investigación fue mediante un contraste entre las estadísticas sobre deuda económica, IED y exportaciones regionales, obteniendo como resultado una relación entre el incremento de los niveles de la IED en actividades de explotación ambiental y el aumento en los niveles de deuda externa. Por lo que se concluye que la priorización en este tipo de actividades ha fortalecido la dependencia estructural de América Latina con las naciones desarrolladas y ha derivado en un proceso de endeudamiento económico con los países desarrollados. Aunque estos últimos generan una deuda ecológica con los países subdesarrollados.

Primary resources have increased their presence in international trade during the last thirty years, partly due to a structural change in the production model adopted in Latin America in the nineties. Similarly, the increase on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) addressed to environmental exploitation projects has had a negative impact in relation to the region's indebtedness. That is, while FDI increased for extractive activities, the external debt for the region also increased. The aim of this research is to point out that the current external debt and the Latin American trade primarization coincide with what historically has happened in the region regarding its trade relations with the world. This interaction has generated a steady impoverishment of Latin American nations because they prioritize the exploitation and trade of their natural resources over other productive activities. The method used for this research was a contrast between statistics of economic debt, FDI and regional exports, having as a result a relationship between the increase in the FDI levels in environmental exploitation activities and the increase in levels of external debt. It is concluded that the prioritization of this type of activities has strengthened the structural dependence of Latin America from developed nations and has resulted in a process of economic indebtedness with developed countries. Although, the latter generate an ecological debt with the underdeveloped countries.

Virtual water and water self-sufficiency in agricultural and livestock products in Brazil.

Virtual water trade is often considered a solution for restricted water availability in many regions of the world. Brazil is the world leader in the production and export of various agricultural and livestock products. The country is either a strong net importer or a strong net exporter of these products. The objective of this study is to determine the volume of virtual water contained in agricultural and livestock products imported/exported by Brazil from 1997 to 2012, and to define the water self-sufficiency index of agricultural and livestock products in Brazil. The indexes of water scarcity (WSI), water dependency (WDI) and water self-sufficiency (WSSI) were calculated for each Brazilian state. These indexes and the virtual water balance were calculated following the methodology developed by Chapagain and Hoekstra (2008) and Hoekstra and Hung (2005). The total water exports and imports embedded in agricultural and livestock products were 5.28 × 1010 and 1.22 × 1010 Gm3 yr-1, respectively, which results in positive virtual water balance of 4.05 × 1010 Gm3 yr-1. Brazil is either a strong net importer or a strong net exporter of agricultural and livestock products among the Mercosur countries. Brazil has a positive virtual water balance of 1.85 × 1010 Gm3 yr-1. The indexes used in this study reveal that Brazil is self-sufficient in food production, except for a few products such as wheat and rice. Horticultural products (tomato, onion, potato, cassava and garlic) make up a unique product group with negative virtual water balance in Brazil.

Exportación de carne: lista marco: un análisis empírico / Export of meat: list frame: um empirical analysis

Se analizan los resultados de auditoria de un conjunto de empresas cárniças en España, con distintas actividades, que se han sometido a un proceso de evaluación previa al protocolo de lista marco. Dicho protocolo está recogido en el Real Decreto 265/2008 de España, por el que se establece la Lista Marco de empresas registradas para la exportación de carne y productos cárnicos.(AU)

In this article are analyzed the auditing results on a set of meatcompanies in Spain, with different activities. They have been submittedto a process of evaluation according to the protocol of "mark list". Theabove mentioned protocol is gathered in the Royal Decree 265/2008 ofSpain, by which the "Mark List" is established to register the firmsdealing with exports of meat and meat products. (AU)

An analysis of the performance of chilean aquacultural exports. (1995-2005) / Análisis del comportamiento de las exportaciones acuícolas chilenas (1995-2005) / Análise do comportamento das exportações aqüícolas chilenas (1995-2005)

Exchange rate and market liberalization policies put in place by recent Chilean administrations with the stated goal of promoting exports in both traditional and non-traditional sectors have resulted in a relative boom for the aquacultural activities in particular. The farming of salmon is well known, and less traditional exports in this area are beginning to play a larger role in the performance of the Chilean economy as a whole. This paper’s objective is the analysis of the performance of the Chilean aquacultural exports for the period 1995-2005, as a complement of a previous work on agricultural exports. The performance of several indicators of specialization (revealed comparative advantage and contribution to the trade balance), commerce structure (share of exports of the selected items to the total of exports) and competitiveness (indices of sector participation and market share) of each export category was analyzed. Eleven categories of the Harmonized System were reduced to six: salmon, fish fillets, seaweed, scallops, mussels and aquatic invertebrates. The performance of the world’s top exporter in each category was also included in the analysis. A relatively high level of specialization of aquacultural exports for Chile and its main competitors in almost all categories, with exceptions, is inferred. Trends in competitiveness that may help take remedial measures where needed are revealed. These results may prove useful for those responsible of implementing policies with beneficial effect for the sector and the economy as a whole.

Las políticas cambiarias y de libre mercado introducidas por los últimos gobiernos de Chile con el objetivo expreso de promover las exportaciones de productos tradicionales y no tradicionales, han tenido como consecuencia, en particular, un relativo auge de la acuicultura. El cultivo del salmón es de renombre, y exportaciones menos conocidas de este sector tienen una importancia cada vez mayor en el comportamiento global de la economía chilena. El objetivo de este artículo es el análisis del comportamiento de las exportaciones acuícolas chilenas para el periodo 1995-2005, como complemento de un trabajo anterior sobre las exportaciones agrícolas chilenas. Se analizó el comportamiento de varios indicadores de especialización (ventaja comparativa revelada y contribución a la balanza comercial), estructura de comercio (participación de la exportación de los productos seleccionados en el total de las exportaciones) y competitividad (índices de participación sectorial y de cuota de mercado) en cada categoría exportada. Once categorías del Sistema Armonizado fueron reducidas a seis: salmón, filete de pescado, algas, ostiones, mejillones e invertebrados acuáticos. Además, se analizó el comportamiento del principal país exportador y competidor de Chile en cada categoría seleccionada. Los resultados permiten concluir que, excepciones aparte, las exportaciones acuícolas tanto de Chile como de sus principales competidores gozan de un relativamente alto grado de especialización. También muestran tendencias en la competitividad que pueden ayudar a tomar medidas correctivas donde se necesite. Estos resultados pueden ser útiles a aquellos responsables de implementar políticas con beneficio para el sector y para la economía en general.

As políticas cambiárias e de livre mercado introduzidas pelos últimos governos do Chile com o objetivo expresso de promover as exportações de produtos tradicionais e não tradicionais, têm tido como conseqüência, em particular, um relativo auge da aqüicultura. O cultivo do salmão é de renome, e exportações menos conhecidas deste setor têm uma importância cada vez maior no comportamento global da economia chilena. O objetivo deste artigo é a análise do comportamento das exportações aqüícolas chilenas para o período 1995-2005, como complemento de um trabalho anterior sobre as exportações agrícolas chilenas. Analisou-se o comportamento de vários indicadores de especialização (vantagem comparativa revelada e contribuição à balança comercial), estrutura de comercio (participação da exportação dos produtos selecionados no total das exportações) e competitividade (índices de participação setorial e de quota de mercado) em cada categoria exportada. Onze categorias do Sistema Harmonizado foram reduzidas a seis: salmão, filete de peixe, algas, ostras, mexilhões e invertebrados aquáticos. Além disso, se analisou o comportamento do principal país exportador e competidor de Chile em cada categoria selecionada. Os resultados permitem concluir que, exceções aparte, as exportações aqüícolas tanto de Chile como de seus principais competidores contam com um relativamente alto grau de especialização. Também mostram tendências na competitividade que podem ajudar a tomar medidas corretivas onde necessárias. Estes resultados podem ser úteis para os responsáveis na implementação de políticas com beneficio para o sector e para a economia em geral.

Madeiras tropicais: análise econômica das principais espécies florestais exportadas

This work analyses Brazilian tropical wood exports for principal forest species, over the period of 1980-98. Tendency models were built to estimate the growth rate and to explain the export performance for each species. The results pointed out that the principal tropical species exported were, in decreasing order, mahogany, jatoba, virola, cedar, angelim, ipe, andiroba, sucupira, tatajuba, cedrorana, assacu, cerejeira, pau-marfim, freijo and jacaranda. Only six species represented 40% of volume and total exported revenue. The species said less known increased their exports from 1991. The exported volume of mahogany, virola, andiroba, sucupira and freijo decreased, on the other hand jatoba, cedar, ipe and cerejeira have increased their share in the international market. About price, all studied species showed a positive tendency along studied period and value relatively low in comparison to the mahogany price..

Este trabalho trata do comportamento das exportações brasileiras de madeiras tropicais por espécie, no período de 1980-98. O desenvolvimento de modelos de tendência foi utilizado para estimar a taxa de crescimento e explicar o comportamento das exportações. As principais espécies tropicais exportadas nesse período foram, em ordem decrescente, mogno, jatobá, virola, cedro, angelim, ipê, andiroba, sucupira, tatajuba, cedrorana, assacu, cerejeira, pau-marfim, freijó e jacarandá. Apenas seis espécies representaram 40% do volume e do valor total exportado. As espécies classificadas como outras aumentaram suas exportações na década de 90. Espécies como mogno, virola, andiroba, sucupira e freijó apresentaram taxas decrescentes, ao passo que jatobá, cedro, ipê e cerejeira expandiram sua participação no mercado internacional de madeiras tropicais. O preço de todas as espécies mostra uma tendência positiva ao longo do período estudado e valores relativamente baixos, quando comparados ao preço do mogno.

Madeiras tropicais: análise econômica das principais espécies florestais exportadas

This work analyses Brazilian tropical wood exports for principal forest species, over the period of 1980-98. Tendency models were built to estimate the growth rate and to explain the export performance for each species. The results pointed out that the principal tropical species exported were, in decreasing order, mahogany, jatoba, virola, cedar, angelim, ipe, andiroba, sucupira, tatajuba, cedrorana, assacu, cerejeira, pau-marfim, freijo and jacaranda. Only six species represented 40% of volume and total exported revenue. The species said less known increased their exports from 1991. The exported volume of mahogany, virola, andiroba, sucupira and freijo decreased, on the other hand jatoba, cedar, ipe and cerejeira have increased their share in the international market. About price, all studied species showed a positive tendency along studied period and value relatively low in comparison to the mahogany price..

Este trabalho trata do comportamento das exportações brasileiras de madeiras tropicais por espécie, no período de 1980-98. O desenvolvimento de modelos de tendência foi utilizado para estimar a taxa de crescimento e explicar o comportamento das exportações. As principais espécies tropicais exportadas nesse período foram, em ordem decrescente, mogno, jatobá, virola, cedro, angelim, ipê, andiroba, sucupira, tatajuba, cedrorana, assacu, cerejeira, pau-marfim, freijó e jacarandá. Apenas seis espécies representaram 40% do volume e do valor total exportado. As espécies classificadas como outras aumentaram suas exportações na década de 90. Espécies como mogno, virola, andiroba, sucupira e freijó apresentaram taxas decrescentes, ao passo que jatobá, cedro, ipê e cerejeira expandiram sua participação no mercado internacional de madeiras tropicais. O preço de todas as espécies mostra uma tendência positiva ao longo do período estudado e valores relativamente baixos, quando comparados ao preço do mogno.