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Introducción: La duración de la lactancia materna es crucial para la salud infantil, sin embargo, la prevalencia ha disminuido en los últimos años, situando a los niños en una población de riesgo. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a la duración de la lactancia materna en niños menores de 2 años en el Perú 2021-2022. Metodología: Estudio analítico transversal, a través del análisis secundario de datos de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) del año 2021 y 2022. El tamaño muestral fue de 4951 niños/niñas con sus respectivas madres. Se evaluaron factores infantiles y maternos utilizando el Estadístico F corregida para el análisis bivariado con una significancia estadística p<0,05 y un intervalo de confianza al 95%. Finalmente, para medir la asociación se calculó la razón de prevalencia cruda (RPc) y la razón de prevalencia ajustada (RPa) mediante la Regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta. Resultados: El 85,3% tuvo una duración de 0-6 meses y solo el 14,7% tiene una duración hasta los 23 meses. El no contacto piel a piel precoz bebe-madre (p <0,01) (RPa 1,19) y el consumo de bebidas diferentes a la leche materna los primeros 3 días de nacido (p <0,01) (RPa 0,66) se asociaron con una duración hasta los 6 meses de lactancia materna. Las madres adolescentes tuvieron un 30,7% de duración de lactancia materna de 6 meses (p<0,01) (RPa 2,49), por el contrario, el lugar de residencia rural, el grado no superior y un menor ingreso económico permiten una lactancia materna por más de 6 meses. Discusión: Los resultados asocian no recibir contacto piel a piel precoz bebe-madre, edad materna igual o menor de 18 años, grado superior, lugar de residencia urbano y mayor ingreso económico con una menor duración de lactancia materna en niños menores de 2 años.
Introduction: The duration of breastfeeding is crucial for child health; however, the prevalence has decreased in recent years, placing children in a population at risk. Objective: To determine the factors associated with the duration of breastfeeding in children under 2 years of age in Peru 2021-2022. Methodology: Cross-sectional analytical study, through the secondary analysis of data from the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) of 2021 and 2022. The sample size was 4951 children with their respective mothers. Infant and maternal factors were evaluated using the F-statistic corrected for bivariate analysis with a statistical significance of p<0.05 and a 95% confidence interval. Finally, to measure the association, the crude prevalence ratio (cPR) and the adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) were calculated using Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: 85.3% had a duration of 0-6 months and only 14.7% had a duration of up to 23 months. Early baby-mother skin-to-skin non-contact (p <0.01) (aPR 1.19) and consumption of beverages other than breast milk in the first 3 days of birth (p <0.01) (aPR 0.66) were associated with a duration of breastfeeding up to 6 months. Adolescent mothers had a 30.7% duration of breastfeeding of 6 months (p<0.01) (aPR 2.49), on the contrary, the place of rural residence, the non-higher grade and a lower economic income allow breastfeeding for more than 6 months. Discussion: The results were associated with not receiving early skin-to-skin contact between the baby and the mother, maternal age equal to or less than 18 years, higher grade, urban place of residence and higher economic income with a shorter duration of breastfeeding in children under 2 years of age.
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Resumo Introdução A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) recomenda o aleitamento materno exclusivo até o 6º mês de vida da criança e a sua manutenção com alimentação complementar até pelo menos os 2 anos de idade. Apesar da sua importância, a ingestão de substitutos do leite materno é altamente prevalente, sendo uma preocupação em saúde pública. Objetivo Avaliar a associação entre os tipos de leite ingeridos e o estado nutricional no primeiro ano de vida. Método Estudo longitudinal observacional com crianças brasileiras pertencentes a um estudo multicêntrico. Aos 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses de idade foram investigados os tipos de leite consumidos por meio de questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA) e foi realizada antropometria. As associações brutas e ajustadas foram avaliadas por intermédio de regressão linear. Resultados Das 2.965 duplas de mães-bebês rastreadas, 362 atenderam aos critérios e aceitaram participar do estudo (50% meninos). Aos 12 meses de idade, os maiores escores-z de peso para idade e de peso para comprimento foram observados nos meninos que consumiam apenas fórmula ou apenas leite de vaca. Os maiores escores-z de comprimento para idade foram encontrados entre as meninas que ingeriam apenas fórmula ou apenas leite de vaca aos 9 e 12 meses. Ambos foram comparados àqueles que ingeriam apenas leite materno nas mesmas idades. Conclusão Os tipos de leite consumidos associaram-se ao estado nutricional no primeiro ano de vida, sendo observadas diferenças entre os sexos. Os maiores índices antropométricos nas crianças que não recebiam leite materno chamam a atenção para a persistência futura desses desvios, em direção ao excesso de peso.
Abstract Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding up to the 6th month of life of the child and its maintenance with complementary feeding until at least 2 years of age. Despite its importance, the intake of breast milk substitutes is highly prevalent and a public health concern. Objective To evaluate the association between the types of milk ingested and nutritional status in the first year of life. Method Observational longitudinal study with Brazilian children from a multicentric study. At 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age, the types of milk consumed were investigated using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and anthropometric measurements were performed. Crude and adjusted associations were assessed by linear regression. Results Of the 2,965 pairs of mothers-babies screened, 362 met the criteria and accepted to participate in the study (50% of boys). At 12 months of age, higher weight-for-age and weight-for-length z-scores were observed in boys who consumed only formula or only cow's milk, compared to boys who consumed only breast milk. Higher length-for-age z-scores were found among girls who consumed only formula or only cow's milk at 9 and 12 months, compared to girls who consumed only breast milk at the same ages. Conclusion The types of milk consumed were associated with nutritional status during the first year of life, with differences between boys and girls. The higher anthropometric indexes in children who did not receive breastmilk call our attention to the persistence of such deviations toward excessive weight status in the future.
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INTRODUCTION: Several studies have shown the presence of fluorosis (DF) in primary dentition, suggesting an exposure to fluorides (F-) in early childhood. Breast milk is recommended as an exclusive food until 6 months of age. Although it is mentioned that only a small amount of F- can be eliminated by breast milk, studies have shown the presence of this element in milk of women living in contaminated areas, as well as in infant formulas. The objective of this project was to evaluate the exposure level to F- through milk in children living in an area with endemic hydrofluorosis. METHODOLOGY: The study included 110 children between 6 and 36 months of age from the municipality of Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco. Water samples were collected from the homes, as well as samples of milk (maternal, formula, whole or raw), and urine. Measurments were made with a selective ion electrode. The exposure level of F- for milk intake was calculated using the Oracle Crystal Ball package. RESULTS: Levels greater than the reference level for DF were observed in infant formula reconstituted with public supply water, pasteurised cow's milk (whole) and untreated cow's milk treatment (raw) in the 90th, 70th, and 50th percentile, respectively, with a correlation being found between the levels of F- in milk and F- in urine (r=0.41, P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: The identification of sources of F- in the early stages of child development could reduce the risk of developing DF.
Subject(s)
Environmental Exposure/analysis , Fluorides/analysis , Infant Formula/chemistry , Milk, Human/chemistry , Milk/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Animals , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , MexicoABSTRACT
O Codex Alimentarius stan-72 (2011) preconiza valores adequados para lipídios e ácidos graxos em fórmula infantil. O total de lipídios e ácidos graxos poli-insaturados foi quantificado em 14 amostras de fórmulas infantis e seus resultados comparados com os valores recomendados. A extração e quantificação dos lipídios foi realizado segundo metodologia de Roese Gottielb. Para análise de ácidos graxos, utilizou-se metodologia de metilação segundo Hartman e Lago, injeção em cromatógrafo gasoso e quantificação com padrão interno de 23:0. Todas as amostras analisadas, em pelo menos um parâmetro estava em desacordo com o preconizado pelo Codex Alimentarius.
Codex Alimentarius stan-72 (2011) discriminate the adequate values of fatty acids and lipids for infant formula. Total lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were quantified in fourteen infant formulas samples and compared the results with the recommended values. Extraction and quantification of lipids followed Roese Gottielb method. Analysis of fatty acid, methylated by Hartman and Lago procedure, was carried out through gas chromatography was performed with the use of internal standard 23:0. In the analyzed samples, at least one parameter was in disagreement with Codex Alimentarius.
Subject(s)
Fatty Acids, Unsaturated , Food , LipidsABSTRACT
Cronobacter spp. é uma bactéria oportunista associada a surtos de infecção em neonatos e criançasem virtude de consumo de fórmulas infantis desidratadas (FID). Neste contexto, o setor reguladortem criado normas específicas para o controle destes agentes patogênicos nas fórmulas infantis. Nesteestudo foi pesquisada a ocorrência de Cronobacter spp. em 60 amostras de FID comercializadas no Riode Janeiro, Brasil. Foram analisadas 30 amostras de fórmulas infantis para lactantes (0-6 meses) e 30 defórmulas infantis de seguimento para lactantes (> 6 meses) seguindo-se a metodologia de cultivo descritano Bacteriological Analytical Manual OnlineFDA (2012). A identificação das colônias característicasfoi realizada com uso de kits ID32E, API20E e do sistema Vitek 2.0; e pela reação da polimerase emcadeia (PCR) com alvo no gene gluA. Nenhuma amostra apresentou contaminação por Cronobacterspp. Concluiu-se que a ocorrência de Cronobacter spp. em FID parece ser baixa, o que indica que osprodutores estão cumprindo o disposto nas normas brasileiras vigentes de forma a evitar a contaminaçãodos produtos por este micro-organismo...
Subject(s)
Food Preservation , Cronobacter , Infant Formula , Food Microbiology , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Cronobacter spp. is an opportunistic bacterium that is associated with infection outbreaks in neonates and infants due to the consumption of powdered infant formulas (PIF). In this context, the official regulator sector has created the specific standards for the industries to control these pathogens in the PIF. The present study aimed at evaluating the occurrence of Cronobacter spp. in 60 samples of PIF commercialized in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Thirty samples of infant formulas (0-6 months) and 30 samples of follow-up infant formulas (> 6 months) were analyzed according to the conventional methodologies described in the Bacteriological Analytical Manual Online-FDA (2012). The identification of characteristic colonies was performed using kits ID32E, API20E andVitek 2.0 system and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the gluA gene. No sample showed contamination by Cronobacter spp. The occurrence of Cronobacter spp. in PIF seems to be low, indicating that the producers are complying with the provisions of the Brazilian standards in force to avoid the product contamination by this microorganism.(AU)
Cronobacter spp. é uma bactéria oportunista associada a surtos de infecção em neonatos e crianças em virtude de consumo de fórmulas infantis desidratadas (FID). Neste contexto, o setor regulador tem criado normas específicas para o controle destes agentes patogênicos nas fórmulas infantis. Neste estudo foi pesquisada a ocorrência de Cronobacter spp. em 60 amostras de FID comercializadas no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Foram analisadas 30 amostras de fórmulas infantis para lactantes (0-6 meses) e 30 de fórmulas infantis de seguimento para lactantes (> 6 meses) seguindo-se a metodologia de cultivo descrita no Bacteriological Analytical Manual OnlineFDA (2012). A identificação das colônias características foi realizada com uso de kits ID32E, API20E e do sistema Vitek 2.0; e pela reação da polimerase em cadeia (PCR) com alvo no gene gluA. Nenhuma amostra apresentou contaminação por Cronobacter spp. Concluiu-se que a ocorrência de Cronobacter spp. em FID parece ser baixa, o que indica que os produtores estão cumprindo o disposto nas normas brasileiras vigentes de forma a evitar a contaminação dos produtos por este micro-organismo.(AU)
Subject(s)
Cronobacter , /microbiology , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
El ácido fítico es un ácido orgánico presente en granos de cereales. El fósforo contenido en su molécula (PFi) no es absorbible por una baja solubilidad, aunque su biodisponibilidad puede incrementarse por la actividad de enzimas fitasas (AFi). Con el objetivo de cuantificar el contenido de PFi y AFi en suplementos elaborados a partir de cereales y destinados a infantes lactantes, se seleccionaron cinco fórmulas de amplia distribución en mercados locales,identificadas de acuerdo a los cereales base de su composición como: A (arroz), T (trigo), ATS (arroz, trigo y aislado de soya), ATM (arroz, trigo y maíz) y ATMS (arroz, trigo, maíz y aislado de soya). Se tomaron cinco muestras por fórmula, cada una correspondiente a un envase (400 a 500 g) elaborado en lotes diferentes y con fecha de vencimiento posterior al muestreo. La proteína cruda varió de 16,8 a 7,2%, con el mayor valor para ATS, y los menores para T y ATM (P< 0,01). El extracto etéreo mostró un rango de 0,31 a 0,75%, mientras la relación calcio:fósforo entre 1,6 en ATM y 1,1 para el resto. El PFi representó el 61,5% del fósforo total en T, con diferencias (P< 0,01) respecto al resto (39,9 ± 6,8%). Sólo se detectó AFi en ATM, T y ATS (570, 300 y 152 U/kg, respectivamente). Se concluye que la composición química se ajustó a lo reportado por los fabricantes, con un elevado contenido de PFi y una AFi fundamentalmente asociados a la presencia de trigo en las fórmulas.
Phytic phosphorus and phytase activity in cerealbased infant formulas. Phytic acid is an organic acid present in cereal grains. The phosphorus inside its molecule (PPhy) is not available because of its low solubility, though the bioavailability could be increased by the activity of phytase enzymes (PhyA). With the purpose of quantifying the PPhy and PhyA in supplements manufactured from cereals and intended for lactating infants, five formulas of wide distribution in local markets were selected and identified depending on the main vegetable ingredients as A (rice), T (wheat), ATS (rice, wheat and soy isolate), ATM (rice, wheat and maize) and ATMS (rice, wheat, maize and soy isolate). Five samples were taken from each formula, each one corresponded to a commercial brand (400 to 500 g), coming from different batches and before their expiration date. The crude protein ranged from 7.2 to 16.8%, with de highest value for ATS and the lowest for T and ATM (P< 0.01). Ether extract varied from 0.31 to 0.75%, while the calcium: phosphorus ratio from 1.6 for ATM, to 1.1 for the rest. The PPhy was 61.5% of the total phosphorus in T, with differences (P<0.01) compared to the other formulas (39.9 ± 6.8%).PhyA was only detected in ATS, T and ATM (152,300 and 570 U/kg, respectively). The chemical composition complied with the manufacturer report, with a high content of PPhy and PhyA associated to the wheat presence in the formula.
Subject(s)
/metabolism , Edible Grain/enzymology , Infant Formula/chemistry , Phosphorus/analysis , Phytic Acid/chemistry , /chemistry , Biological Availability , Dietary Supplements/analysis , Food Technology , Phosphorus/metabolism , VenezuelaABSTRACT
La alimentación a base de soya, se ha relacionado con alteración de la función tiroidea, debido a la presencia de fitoestrógenos en su composición. Es por ello, que el presente estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la función tiroidea en lactantes menores de 6 meses alimentados con fórmula infantil a base de soya. Es un estudio descriptivo, transversal. Se evaluaron 28 lactantes que recibieron fórmula infantil de soya, como única alimentación. Variables utilizadas: edad, sexo, Graffar-Méndez Castellano, motivo de indicación de la fórmula, dilución, onzas diarias ingeridas, determinación de T3-libre y T4-libre y TSH sérico. Para el análisis estadístico se aplicó t de Student para un nivel de significación estadística de p<0,05. Los valores séricos de T3 y T4 libres se mantuvieron dentro de rangos normales. 7% de la muestra mostró valores elevados de TSH, no siendo estadísticamente significativo. No existió relación estadística entre el consumo de fórmula de soya y función tiroidea. Sin embargo, en la muestra estudiadados de los pacientes presentaron aumento de los niveles de TSH, por lo que no se puede descartar la posibilidad de una asociación dado lo limitado de la muestra.
Feeding with soy has been related to alteration of thyroid function. The objective of this study was to determine thyroid functionalism in babies under 6 months of age fed with infantile soy based formula. Descriptive, cross-sectional, non experimental study. Twenty eight babies who received exclusively infantile soy based formula were evaluated. Variables studied were: age, gender, socio-economical level, reason for the prescription of soy formula, dilution, daily ounces, determination of free T3, T4 and TSH. For the statistic analysis, Students t test was applied for a statistical significance level of p<0.05. Serum free T3 and T4 were within normal ranges. 7% of the sample showed elevated levels of TSH, with no statistic significance. there was no statistical relationship between consumption of soy formula and thyroid function. However, two patients had increased levels of TSH and therefore, the possibility of an association cannot be ruled out given the small size of the sample.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Phytoestrogens/administration & dosage , Lactose Intolerance/etiology , Plant Proteins, Dietary/administration & dosage , Thyrotropin/metabolism , Food, Formulated , Soy FoodsABSTRACT
Premature babies hospitalized at the Neonatal Intensive Care Units,particularly those with low weight and that are not allowed to be normallyfed, often need nutritional support of Infant Formulas (IF). These formulas,when contaminated, can be the source of nosocomial infections, the mostprobable way of contamination being the inadequate handling andstorage of these formulas. Evaluate the Hygienic-Sanitary quality and thesusceptibility profi le of the bacteria isolated from Ifs prepared in the lactary in the city of Rio Grande-RS to antimicrobial agents. IF samples were collected during 6 months by hospital employees working in the morning (Group A) and afternoon (group B) shifts, totalizing 72 analyzed samples. The Most Probable Number method (MPN/ml) was utilized to measure the amount of thermo-resistant and total coliforms. For mesophilic microorganisms the number of Colony-forming Units (CFU/ml) was counted. Also, samples were cultured in Blood and MacConkey Agar media and the isolates were identifi ed by 16S rRNA sequencing and submitted to antibiogram by the Kirby-Bauer method. The samples from groups A and B presented, respectively, 88.9% and 55.5% of contamination by total coliforms and 61.1% e 38.8% by thermo-resistant coliforms. Concerning the count of mesophilic microorganisms, groups A and B presented, respectively, 69.4% and 52.7% of the samples with results above the allowed limit. The identified microorganisms were Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacter spp. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that all isolates presented resistance to at least three tested antimicrobials and that all of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline and one of them was also resistant to a carbapenem (imipinem).
Los recién nacidos prematuros hospitalizados en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos, principalmente aquellos con bajo peso y poca habilidad para alimentarse naturalmente, necesitan el soporte nutricional de preparadospara lactantes (PL). Los PL, cuando contaminados, son fuente de infecciones hospitalaria, siendo la manipulación y el almacenamiento inadecuados las causas más frecuentes de los brotes de infección. Evaluar la calidad higiénico-sanitaria y el perfi l de susceptibilidad a los antimicrobianos de bacterias aisladas en PL. Las muestras se recogieron durante el período de 6 meses con dos grupos de trabajo: matutino (Grupo A) y vespertino (grupo B) del lactario del hospital, totalizando 72 muestras analizadas. Se realizó el recuento de número más probable (NMP / ml)de termotolerantes y coliformes totales y el recuento de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC / ml) de los microorganismos mesófi los. Lasmuestras fueron cultivadas en Agar Sangre y MacConkey Agar y los aislados fueron identifi cados por la secuenciación del 16S rRNAy sometidos al antibiograma por el método Kirby-Bauer. Las muestras de los grupos A y B, presentaron, 88,9 y 55,5% y 61,1 y 38,8% decontaminación por coliformes totales y coliformes termotolerantes respectivamente. En cuanto a los mesófi los el recuento de microorganismos de los grupos A y B, presento, respectivamente,69,4 y 52,7% de las muestras con valores arriba del límite permitido. Los microorganismos identificados fueron Escher ichia coli , Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp. y Enterobacter spp. El antibiograma mostró quelos aislados presentaban resistencia por lo menos a tres de los antimicrobianos, todos fueron resistentes a tetraciclina y uno de ellos también fue resistente a un carbapenem (imipinem).
Prematuros que se encontram em Unidades de Tratamento Intensivo Neonatal, particularmente aqueles com baixo peso e com difi culdades parareceber a alimentação natural, necessitam frequentemente de suporte nutricional por meio de fórmulas infantis (FI). As FI, quando contaminadas, podem ser fontes de infecção hospitalar, sendo a manipulação e oarmazenamento inadequados os prováveis meios de contaminação. O estudo objetivou avaliar a qualidade higiênico-sanitária e o perfilde suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos das bactérias isoladas em FI preparadas no lactário de um hospital da cidade de Rio Grande-RS.Amostras de FI reconstituídas por lactaristas do turno da manhã (grupo A) e da tarde (grupo B) foram coletadas durante 6 meses, totalizando72 amostras analisadas. Foi realizada a contagem do Número Mais Provável (NMP/ml) de coliformes totais e termotolerantes e a contagem das Unidades Formadoras de Colônias (UFC/ml) de microrganismos mesófi los. Além disso, amostras foram semeadas em Ágar Sangue e MacConkey e os isolados foram identificados por meio de sequenciamento do 16S rRNA e submetidos ao antibiograma através de método de Kirby-Bauer. As amostras dos grupos A e B apresentaram, respectivamente, 88,9 e 55,5% de contaminação por coliformes totais e 61,1 e 38,8% por coliformes termotolerantes. Na contagem de microrganismos mesófilos, os grupos A e B apresentaram, respectivamente, 69,4 e 52,7% das amostras com contagem acima do limite permitido. Os microrganismos identificadosforam Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp. e Enterobacter spp. O teste de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana mostrou quetodos os isolados apresentavam resistência a pelo menos três antimicrobianos testados e que todos foram resistentes à tetraciclina e um também foi resistente a um carbapenem (imipinem).
Subject(s)
Food Hygiene , Infant Formula , Anti-Infective Agents , Food Contamination , Microbiological TechniquesABSTRACT
Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are involved in several physiological and metabolic processes of human organism. Considering the fatty acids as crucial compound in the infantile nutrition, they have been supplemented in infant formula to substitute maternal milk. For quantifying the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids requires a fat extraction process in mild conditions, due to the occurrence of reactive sites in their molecules. In the present work the analytical methods for determining the polyunsaturated fatty acid and lipids in infantile formula were compared. For these purposes, a sample of infantile formula from the National Institute of Standards and Technology was analyzed, following methodologies described in the Normas Analíticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz and the Association of Official Analytical Chemistry (AOAC).The polyunsaturated fatty acid contents were assessed by using distinct internal standards and correction factors for flame ionization detector. Significant differences (p 0.05) were found among the total lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids results, in infantile formula analyzed on different lipid extraction methods. The lowest dispersions results (rsd %), of polyunsaturated fatty acid were observed by the AOAC methodology. According to these data, the use of fatty acid methyl ester 23:0 internal standard and of theoretical correction factor
Os ácidos graxos polinsaturados de cadeia de longa participam em diversos processos fisiológicos e metabólicos no organismo humano, além de serem importantes na nutrição infantil. Os ácidos graxos são suplementados em fórmulas infantis utilizadas como substituto de leite materno. A quantificação dos ácidos graxos polinsaturados, em virtude da presença de vários sítios reativos na molécula, requer processos de extração da gordura em condições brandas. No presente trabalho foram comparadas as metodologias analíticas para determinação de lipídios totais e ácidos graxos polinsaturados em fórmula infantil. Nessa análise foi utilizada uma amostra de fórmula infantil (NIST) e foram empregadas as metodologias descritas nas Normas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz e pela AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemistry). A quantificação dos ácidos graxos foi realizada utilizando-se diferentes padrões interno e fatores de correção do detector de ionização em chama. Foram observadas diferenças significativas (p 0,05) entre os resultados de lipídios totais e ácidos graxos polinsaturados obtidos por meio de diferentes métodos de extração de gordura. As menores taxas de dispersão (%CV) de ácidos graxos polinsaturados foram obtidas pela metodologia oficial AOAC, que indica a preservação desses componentes, porém com menor recuperação dos lipídios. O uso de padrão interno do éster metílico de ácid
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Introducción. Enterobacter sakazakii es un patógeno oportunista emergente de alto riesgo, responsable de meningitis grave y enterocolitis necrosante. El principal vehículo de transmisión de esta bacteria son los productos infantiles deshidratados, debido a su contaminación después del tratamiento térmico. Objetivo. Identificar cepas de E. sakazakii en muestras de lactarios recolectadas en la ciudad de Bogotá, D.C. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron 222 muestras de 9 lactarios, de superficies estériles y no estériles, utensilios empleados para la preparación de biberones y operarios. Se realizó recuento de coliformes totales y detección de E. sakazakii utilizando el protocolo propuesto por la Food and Drug Administration y por el Sistema Automático Bax® Dupont Qualicon. Resultados. De las 222 muestras recolectadas en las clínicas de Bogotá, se reportó que 27,4% (61) de las muestras analizadas presentaban coliformes totales; se detectó la presencia de E. sakazakii en 3,6% por el método automatizado de PCR BAX Dupont a partir de muestras de biberones y superficies. Conclusiones. Se demostró la presencia de E. sakazakii en lactarios en Colombia. Debido a que este microorganismo es un patógeno oportunista de alto riesgo para neonatos y que está asociado a las prácticas higiénicas en los lactarios, la información de este estudio puede ser útil para la toma de medidas profilácticas que reduzcan el riesgo de contaminación con este patógeno para la población infantil y, también, aporta información importante para la salud pública.
Introduction: Enterobacter sakazakii is an emergent opportunistic pathogen of high risk responsible of severe meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and infants with underlying medical conditions. One of the principal transmission vehicles for the transmission of these bacteria, is the infant dehydrated formula after exposing them to the heating treatment. Objective: To identify strains of E. sakazakii in milk feeders samples from Bogotá. Materials and methods: 222 samples from 9 milk feeders including sterile and non sterile surfaces, utensils used for the formula preparation and food handlers were analyzed. Total coliforms counts and identification of E. sakazakii was done using the FDA protocol and the automatic system Bax ® Dupont Qualicon. Results: From de 222 samples collected from hospitals in Bogotá, it was reported that 27.4% (61) had total coliforms, and the presence of E. sakazakii was detected in 3.6% (8) from one feeding bottle and surfaces. Conclusion: The presence of E. sakazakii strains was reported in Colombian milk feeders. Because this microorganism is a high risk opportunistic pathogen for newborn infants, usually associated with hygiene practices in milk feeders, the information of this research could be useful to develop preventive measurements to reduce the risk of contamination in the infant population and provides important public health information.
Subject(s)
Infant Food/microbiology , Cronobacter sakazakii/isolation & purification , ColombiaABSTRACT
Las leguminosas mundialmente representan una fuente proteica importante. En Venezuela generalmente se preparan en el hogar y son consumidas por los adultos como sopa o guiso, mientras que los niños las consumen muy poco. A los fines de incorporar leguminosas en la alimentación de niños se realizó el presente trabajo utilizando fríjol (Vigna sinensis), como complemento del pollo en una fórmula nutricionalmente adaptada a los requerimientos de niños. Se desarrollaron varias formulas y en base a su aceptabilidad se seleccionaron tres. La primera constituida principalmente por pollo como fuente proteica, en la segunda se sustituyó parcialmente el pollo por frijol, y en la tercera solo se usó frijol. Otros ingredientes fueron: arroz, auyama (Cucurbita máxima), zanahoria, y algunos condimentos. Se realizó el análisis proximal, calidad proteica (relación de eficiencia proteica y digestibilidad) y evaluación sensorial (escala hedónica de 7 puntos). La composición proximal fue similar en las tres fórmulas: proteína (3,5 por ciento), grasa (1,3 por ciento) y carbohidratos (19,7 por ciento), con una buena distribución del aporte energético (98,9 kal o 413,8 kJ por 100g). La calidad de la proteína en la fórmula pollo-frijol fue superior a la de frijol, al igual que la digestibilidad. La aceptabilidad con las madres fue mayor en la fórmula pollo-frijol que en la de frijol. La aceptabilidad de la formula pollo-frijol con los niños fue de 77 por ciento (escala hedónica facial) y 92 por ciento (midiendo consumo). La fórmula pollo-frijol por su alta aceptabilidad y buena calidad proteica; podría ser incluida en los almuerzos de los hogares de cuidado de niños institucionalizados.
Legumes represent an important protein source worldwide. In Venezuela, they are generally prepared at home and are consumed by adults, as soup or stew, while children eat them in very small quantities. In order to include legumes in the childrens diet, the following work was done using cowpea (Vigna sinensis) as an complement of chicken in the preparation of a nutritionally balanced formula, adapted to the requirements of children. Several formulas were developed and three of them were selected based on their acceptability. In the first formula, the protein source was only of chicken. In the second formula, the chicken was partially substituted by cowpea, and in the third formula, the protein source was only made of cowpea. Other formula ingredients included rice, pumpkin (Curcubita maxima), carrot and some seasonings. Proximal analysis, protein quality (as protein efficiency ratio and protein digestibility) and sensory evaluation (7-point hedonic scale) were performed on the formulas. The proximal composition was similar in the three formulas: protein (3.5 percent), fat (1.3 percent) and carbohydrates (19.7 percent), with a good distribution of the energy contribution (98,9 kcal/100g or 413,8 kJ/100g). The protein quality and protein digestibility were higher for the chicken-cowpea formula than for the cowpea one. The acceptability with the mothers was higher for the chicken-cowpea formula than for the cowpea one. The acceptability of the chicken-cowpea formula with children was 77 percent (7-point hedonic facial scale) and 92 percent (measuring consumption). Due to the high acceptability and good protein quality, the chicken-cowpea formula could be included in the lunch meal of the children in daycare homes.