Leaders' induced justice perceptions as mediator of the relation between participative leadership behaviors and team learning.

Introduction: In today's complex and changing business environment organizations need to learn and adapt to emerging circumstances. Teams can be a preferred vehicle to facilitate solving challenges that require diverse perspectives and expertise, collaboration, and knowledge sharing among members. To support team learning, organizations need to understand and promote an appropriate environment that facilitates learning within teams. By drawing on Fairness Theory and Social Exchange Theory, this study explores the role of leader-induced justice perceptions as a mediator in the relationship of participative leadership and team learning. Methods: Using a split-half team survey methodology with a sample of 211 teams, the study analyzes the role of team justice climate as a mediation mechanism in the relationship between participative leadership behaviors and team learning. Results: Results from structural equation modeling analyses suggest that, at a team level, participative leadership behaviors have both a direct association with team learning and are partially mediated by the team's justice climate. Discussion: This study contributes to existing literature by offering evidence that the perceptions of justice instilled by leaders play a role mediating participatory leadership and team learning. Moreover, the study supports the idea that leader induced justice perceptions can be considered as an aggregated construct at the team level. From a practical standpoint, the findings imply that team leaders can contribute to create an environment conducive to team learning by treating team members with fairness.

Policymakers' perspective on the importance of procedural fairness to implement and sustain health financing reforms.

Fair process is instrumental to implementing and sustaining health financing reforms. Ensuring a fair process during the design and adoption phases can garner political capital and secure a sense of citizens' ownership. This will prove useful when reforms are contested before benefits are yet to be fully materialized. Since many well devised health financing reforms are vulnerable to being dismantled after a few years of being launched, fair process should play a more strategic role in the implementation and evaluation phases when policies get challenged and reformulated to reflect the changing political and socioeconomic landscapes and to better manage early evidence on performance.

Organizational identification and burnout syndrome in healthcare workers: The mediating effect of organizational justice.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers typically perform their work under adverse conditions, increasing their susceptibility to developing burnout syndrome (BO). The paucity of research on the relationship between organizational identification (OI) and perceptions of organizational justice has created the need to address this topic more deeply. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the relationship between OI and BO, identifying whether perceptions of organizational justice act as mediating variables. METHODS: In total, 402 healthcare workers (physicians, professionals, and nursing assistants) completed Colquitt's (2001) Organizational Justice Scale, Mael and Ashforth's (1992) Organizational Identification Scale, and Maslach's (1986) Burnout Inventory. Two competing structural equation models were evaluated. RESULTS: Our partial mediation model showed that the direct relationship between OI and BO was not significant (ß= -0.16; p = 0.07). Therefore, a total mediation model was selected, showing that the indirect effects of OI on BO through perceptions of distributive justice (ß= -0.16; p = 0.00) and interpersonal justice (ß= -0.11; p = 0.02) were significant. CONCLUSION: Adjusting the processes of health institutions considering a vision of organizational justice and increasing the worker's sense of belonging to his or her organization and his or her work team would, in turn, result in a lower probability of experiencing burnout syndrome.

Gender-biased evaluation or actual differences? Fairness in the evaluation of faculty teaching.

How do we know if a faculty teaching evaluation is biased? Biasing factors studies are an influential source of evidence for arguing about biased teaching evaluations. These studies examine existing evaluation data and compare the results by gender, race, or ethnicity, interpreting a significant difference between subgroups as evidence of bias. However, only a difference explained by irrelevant aspects embedded in the evaluation would compromise its fairness. The study aims to amend how practitioners and researchers address gender bias concerns in faculty teaching evaluations by defining fairness, disparate impact, and statistical bias from an educational measurement standpoint. The study illustrates the use of differential item functioning (DIF) analysis, a strategy to examine whether the meaning of an item changes depending on the gender of the instructor. The study examines instructor's gender bias using responses to a course evaluation questionnaire from education graduate students from two academic departments within the same institution. In one of the departments, the analysis suggested a fair evaluation and no gender gap. In the other department, four of the eight items in the rating scale were easier for women than men with similar teaching ability, and women achieved better evaluations than men. The discussion addresses the conceptual and methodological advantages of adopting an educational measurement perspective on fairness in faculty teaching evaluation. Findings encourage practitioners and administrators to use the best available tools to strengthen the credibility of faculty teaching evaluations and prevent unfair personnel decisions affecting underrepresented subgroups in academia by gender, race, or ethnicity.

On the relationship between research parasites and fairness in machine learning: challenges and opportunities.

Machine learning systems influence our daily lives in many different ways. Hence, it is crucial to ensure that the decisions and recommendations made by these systems are fair, equitable, and free of unintended biases. Over the past few years, the field of fairness in machine learning has grown rapidly, investigating how, when, and why these models capture, and even potentiate, biases that are deeply rooted not only in the training data but also in our society. In this Commentary, we discuss challenges and opportunities for rigorous posterior analyses of publicly available data to build fair and equitable machine learning systems, focusing on the importance of training data, model construction, and diversity in the team of developers. The thoughts presented here have grown out of the work we did, which resulted in our winning the annual Research Parasite Award that GigaSciencesponsors.

Gender minoritized students and academic engagement in Brazilian adolescents: Risk and protective factors.

Gender minoritized students experience unique challenges in their school environments that may have consequences for their educational outcomes, including academic engagement. The goal of the current study was to understand the association between gender identity and academic engagement among adolescents attending public high schools in Paraná, Brazil (N = 10,828). In particular, student perceptions of student-teacher relationships, school rule fairness and clarity, school-wide academic engagement, and peer victimization were examined as four facilitator/barrier factors that may account for lower levels of academic engagement for gender minoritized students as compared to their cisgender peers, and these processes were tested for differences across race/ethnicity. Public high school students (ages 12-18 years) completed an in-class survey assessing their gender identities, perceptions of the school environment, and academic engagement. Gender minoritized students reported significantly lower levels of academic engagement as compared to their cisgender peers. They also reported less clear and fair school rules, lower levels of school-wide academic engagement, and higher levels of victimization. These facilitator/barrier variables partially accounted for the lower levels of academic engagement reported by gender minoritized students. No significant differences were observed for gender identity according to race/ethnicity. These findings suggest that facilitators/barriers that account for academic engagement for students in general partially explain gender identity-related disparities, and the implications for school psychologists are discussed.

Inventarios e índices de diversidad agrícola en fincas campesinas de dos municipios del Valle del Cauca, Colombia / Inventories and indices of agricultural diversity in peasant farms in two municipalities of Valle del Cauca, Colombia / Inventários e índices de diversidade agrícola em fazendas camponesas em dois municípios de Valle del Cauca, Colombia

Resumen Con el objetivo de conocer la diversidad de especies y variedades manejadas a nivel de finca por los agricultores de 2 municipios del Valle del Cauca, Colombia y el uso que las familias le dan a estas, se realizaron inventarios de agrobiodiversidad y se estimaron índices de riqueza y abundancia de dichas especies. Se evaluaron siete fincas de las veredas El Diamante, Alto del Oso y San Pablo en el Municipio de Restrepo y dos fincas en los corregimientos Fenicia y Puerto Fenicia, en el Municipio de Riofrío. Los inventarios e índices evaluados en los dos municipios muestran que existe gran riqueza y abundancia específica, y que no hay especies dominantes. Los inventarios de agrobiodiversidad y la aplicación de índices se deben constituir como herramientas indispensables para el diseño de la estructura de los sistemas sostenibles como clara estrategias para la mitigación al cambio climático basados en el uso y manejo de la agrobiodiversidad local y la generación de medios de vida para los agricultores, y como aporte para la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria.

Abstract With the objective of knowing the diversity of species and varieties managed at the farm level by the farmers of 2 municipalities of Valle del Cauca, Colombia and the use that families give them, agrobiodiversity inventories were carried out and wealth indices were estimated and abundance of these species. Seven farms of the El Diamante, Alto del Oso and San Pablo villages in the Municipality of Restrepo and two farms in the Fenicia and Puerto Fenicia districts, in the Municipality of Riofrío were evaluated. The inventories and indices evaluated in the two municipalities show that there is great wealth and specific abundance, and that there are no dominant species. Agrobiodiversity inventories and the application of indexes should be constituted as indispensable tools for the design of the structure of sustainable systems as clear strategies for climate change mitigation based on the use and management of local agrobiodiversity and the generation of means of life for farmers, and as a contribution to food security and sovereignty

Resumo Com o objetivo de conhecer a diversidade de espécies e variedades manejadas no nível da fazenda pelos agricultores de 2 municípios de Valle del Cauca, Colômbia e o uso que as familias lhes dão, foram realizados inventários de agrobiodiversidade e estimados índices de riqueza e abundância dessas espécies. Foram avaliadas sete fazendas das aldeias El Diamante, Alto del Oso e San Pablo no município de Restrepo e duas fazendas nos distritos de Fenicia e Puerto Fenicia, no município de Riofrío. Os inventários e índices avaliados nos dois municípios mostram que há grande riqueza e abundância específica e que não existem espécies dominantes. Os inventários de agrobiodiversidade e a aplicação de índices devem ser constituídos como ferramentas indispensáveis para o desenho da estrutura de sistemas sustentáveis, como estratégias claras para a mitigação das mudanças climáticas, baseadas no uso e gestão da agrobiodi-versidade local e na geração de meios de vida para os agricultores e como uma contribuição para a segurança e soberania alimentar.

The construction of feelings of justice in environmental management: An empirical study of multiple biodiversity conflicts in Calakmul, Mexico.

A failure to address social concerns in biodiversity conservation can lead to feelings of injustice among some actors, and hence jeopardize conservation goals. The complex socio-cultural and political context of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, Mexico, has historically led to multiple biodiversity conflicts. Our goal, in this case study, was to explore perceptions of justice held by local actors in relation to biodiversity conflicts. We then aimed to determine the following: 1) people's definitions of their feelings of justice; 2) the criteria used in this assessment; 3) variability in the criteria influencing them; and 4) implications for environmental management in the region and beyond. We worked with five focus groups, exploring three examples of biodiversity conflict around forest, water and jaguar management with a total of 41 ranchers, farmers and representatives of local producers. Our results demonstrated that people constructed their feelings of justice around four dimensions of justice: recognition (acknowledging individuals' rights, values, cultures and knowledge systems); ecological (fair and respectful treatment of the natural environment), procedural (fairness in processes of environmental management), distributive (fairness in the distribution of costs and benefits). We identified a list of criteria the participants used in their appraisal of justice and sources of variation such as the social scale of focus and participant role, and whom they perceived to be responsible for resource management. We propose a new framework that conceptualizes justice-as-recognition and ecological justice as forms of conditional justices, and procedural and distributive justices as forms of practical justice. Conditional justice allows us to define who is a legitimate source of justice norms and if nature should be integrated in the scope of justice; hence, conditional justice underpins other dimensions of justice. On the other hand, procedural and distributive address the daily practices of fair processes and distribution. We propose that the perception of justice is a neglected but important aspect to include in integrative approaches to managing biodiversity conflicts. Addressing demands of justice in environmental management will require us to consider more than the distribution of costs and benefits among actors. We also need to respect the plurality of fairness perspectives and to recognize the benefits of dialogical approaches to achieve more successful environmental management.

Direct reciprocity in animals: The roles of bonding and affective processes.

The presence of direct reciprocity in animals is a debated topic, because, despite its evolutionary plausibility, it is believed to be uncommon. Some authors claim that stable reciprocal exchanges require sophisticated cognition which has acted as a constraint on its evolution across species. In contrast, a more recent trend of research has focused on the possibility that direct reciprocity occurs within long-term bonds and relies on simple as well as more complex affective mechanisms such as emotional book-keeping, rudimentary and higher forms of empathy, and inequity aversion, among others. First, we present evidence supporting the occurrence of long-term reciprocity in the context of existing bonds in social birds and mammals. Second, we discuss the evidence for affective responses which, modulated by bonding, may underlie altruistic behaviours in different species. We conclude that the mechanisms that may underlie reciprocal exchanges are diverse, and that some act in interaction with bonding processes. From simple associative learning in social contexts, through emotional contagion and behavioural mimicry, to empathy and a sense of fairness, widespread and diverse social affective mechanisms may explain why direct reciprocity may not be a rare phenomenon among social vertebrates.

A ideia da estrutura básica como objeto primário da justiça em uma teoria da justiça de John Rawls / The idea of the basic structure as the primary object of justice in a theory of justice of John Rawls

O objetivo deste artigo é estabelecer uma reflexão sobre a estrutura básica da sociedade (basic structure of society) proposta por John Rawls em sua teoria da justiça como equidade, baseando-se principalmente nas obras Political Liberalism (Lecture VII) e A theory of justice (Part Two. Institutions). Nossa intenção é demonstrar ao longo do texto, que uma sociedade sustentada em princípios e com espírito de cooperação, tem maior possibilidade de atingir estabilidade e legitimidade politica ao longo do tempo.

The main purpose of this article is to provide a reflection on the basic structure of society proposed by John Rawls in his theory of justice as fairness, mainly based on the following books, Political Liberalism (Lecture VII) and A theory of justice (Part Two. Institutions). The intention is to demonstrate throughout the text, that a society which is based on principles and spirit of cooperation, is more likely to achieve political legitimacy and stability over time.

A ideia da estrutura básica como objeto primário da justiça em uma teoria da justiça de John Rawls

O objetivo deste artigo é estabelecer uma reflexão sobre a estrutura básica da sociedade (basic structure of society) proposta por John Rawls em sua teoria da justiça como equidade, baseando-se principalmente nas obras Political Liberalism (Lecture VII) e A theory of justice (Part Two. Institutions). Nossa intenção é demonstrar ao longo do texto, que uma sociedade sustentada em princípios e com espírito de cooperação, tem maior possibilidade de atingir estabilidade e legitimidade politica ao longo do tempo.(AU)

The main purpose of this article is to provide a reflection on the basic structure of society proposed by John Rawls in his theory of justice as fairness, mainly based on the following books, Political Liberalism (Lecture VII) and A theory of justice (Part Two. Institutions). The intention is to demonstrate throughout the text, that a society which is based on principles and spirit of cooperation, is more likely to achieve political legitimacy and stability over time.(AU)

Valores na educação em saúde e a formação profissional / Values in health education and vocational training

O presente estudo traçou, como objetivo geral, analisar o efeito da formação na aquisição de valores em educação em saúde dos estudantes do Curso de Enfermagem de Vila Real, Região Norte, Trásos-Montes e Alto Douro, município de Vila Real, Lordelo, em Portugal, comparando com outros cursos. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, comparativo e transversal. Participaram na pesquisa 709 estudantes de sete cursos superiores, tendo-se procurado incluir atores que intervêm no processo de educação em saúde, aos quais foi aplicado um questionário de autopreenchimento, no período de outubro a dezembro de 2004. A maioria dos participantes (86,5%) considera que a educação em saúde tem valores a promover, sendo a 'responsabilidade' o valor mais indicado, por 19,2% dos estudantes. O estudo demonstrou que é nos cursos de enfermagem que ocorre a maior evolução nos valores, existindo diferenças altamente significativas (p< 0,001), sendo a média do 4º ano superior à do 1º. Esses resultados evidenciam a necessidade de, em tais cursos, se trabalhar os valores subjacentes ao processo, tão necessários no desempenho dessas profissões.

The general purpose of this study was to examine the effect of training on the acquisition of values in health education among Vila Real Nursing School students, Northern Region, in Trásos-Montes and in Alto Douro, in the municipality of Vila Real, Lordelo, Portugal, compared to those taking other courses. This is a descriptive, comparative, and transverse study. In total, 709 students from seven colleges took place in this research project, and an attempt was made to include authors intervening in the health education process, who replied to a self-completion questionnaire in the period ranging from October to December 2004. Most participants (86.5 percent) believe health education has values to promote, and 'responsibility' is the best value to 19.2 percent of the students. The study showed that it is in the nursing courses that most progress is made in terms of values, with highly significant differences (p < 0.001). Additionally, it also revealed that the 4th year students' average was higher than the 1st year's. These results are evidence of the need there is, in such courses, to work on the values underlying the process, which are so necessary for the performance of these professions.

Una conjetura metodológica acerca de la comprensión y la ejecución para un plan de Salud Pública / A methodologic conjecture about the understanding and the execution for a public health plan

Se plantea aquí una posición en la cual la Salud Pública es tomada como objeto de estudio, se recorre el problema natural de la gnoseología, cómo sufre con la ponderación de la corrupción como un elemento deletéreo, necesita de un marco jurídico efectivo que la sostenga, y tenga un objetivo inmerso en la teoría de Rawls y comprendido por el niño de 0 a 5 años con su madre.

Its considers here a position in which, the Public Health, as study object, crosses the natual problem of the gnoseology, it suffers with the ponderation of the corruption like a harmful element, it needs an effective legal frame that maintains it, as well as an objective immersed in Rawls’ theory, and understood by any child of 0 to 5 years with his mother.

Relational Uncertainty, Perceived Fairness, and the Division of Household Labor in Cohabiting and Married Couples.

This study examined the relationship between relational uncertainty and perceptions of division of household labor (DHL) in cohabiting and married couples. Specifically, research questions explored perceived fairness in DHL and relational uncertainty, perceptual convergence of contributions, convergence of perceptions and relational uncertainty, and convergence of perceptions and relationship satisfaction. A behavioral methodology called the Household Portrait Technique was employed to examine how couples discuss how they decide who does what in the household. A total of 33 couples independently completed a self-report instrument and jointly participated in the Household Portrait activity. Results showed that husbands and wives were agreed in their perceptions of fairness. Couples agreed that husbands do more of the outdoor work and automobile maintenance whereas wives do more of the childcare. Convergent perceptions regarding DHL was positively associated with relational certainty and marginally associated with relationship satisfaction.

Priority setting in an acute care hospital in Argentina: a qualitative case study / Distribución prioritaria en un hospital de cuidados intensivos en Argentina: estudio cualitativo de un caso / Distribuição prioritária em um hospital de cuidados intensivos na Argentina: estudo qualitativo de um caso

Purpose: To describe and evaluate priority setting in an Acute Care hospital in Argentina, using Accountability for Reasonableness, an ethical framework for fair priority setting. Methods: Case Study involving key informant interviews and document review. Thirty respondents were identified using a snowball sampling strategy. A modified thematic approach was used in analyzing the data. Results: Priorities are primarily determined at the Department of Health. The committee which is supposed to set priorities within the hospital was thought not to have much influence. Decisions were based on government policies and objectives, personal relationships, economic, political, historical and arbitrary reasons. Decisions at the DOH were publicized through internet; however, apart from the tenders and a general budget, details of hospital decisions were not publicized. CATA provided an accessible but ineffective forum for appeals. There were no clear mechanisms for appeals and leadership to ensure adherence to a fair process. Conclusions: In spite of their efforts to ensure fairness, Priority setting in the study hospital did not meet all the four conditions of a fair process. Policy discussions on improving legitimacy and fairness provided an opportunity for improving fairness in the hospital and Accountability for Reasonableness might be a useful framework for analysis and for identifying and improving strategies.

Propósito: Describir y evaluar el establecimiento de prioridades en un hospital de cuidados intensivos en Argentina, empleando la Administración Razonable como marco ético para una justa asignación. Métodos: Estudio de un Caso que incluía entrevistas a un informante y revisión de documentos. Se identificó a treinta participantes empleando la estrategia de muestras tipo "bola de nieve". Al analizar los datos, se empleó un enfoque temático modificado. Resultados: Las prioridades se determinan principalmente en el Departamento de Salud. El comité que, se supone, debe establecer las prioridades dentro del hospital no tiene mayor influencia. Las decisiones se basan en políticas y objetivos gubernamentales, relaciones personales, razones económicas, políticas, históricas e, incluso, arbitrarias. Las decisiones del Departamento de Salud se publicitan a través de Internet; sin embargo, fuera de las propuestas y del presupuesto general, no se publicitan las decisiones del hospital. CATA proporciona un foro accesible pero ineficaz para apelar. No existen mecanismos claros para apelar ni para un liderazgo que asegure un proceso justo. Conclusiones: A pesar de los esfuerzos por asegurar la equidad, el establecimiento de prioridades del hospital no cumple las cuatro condiciones de un proceso justo. Las discusiones acerca de políticas de mejoramiento, legitimidad y equidad dan oportunidad para mejorar la equidad en el hospital, y el marco ético "Administración Razonable" podría constituir un marco útil para el análisis así como para identificar y mejorar las estrategias.

Propósito: Descrever e avaliar o estabelecimento de prioridades em um hospital de cuidados intensivos na Argentina, empregando a Administração Razoável como marco ético para uma justa destinação de recursos. Métodos: Estudo de um caso que incluía entrevistas a um informante e revisão de documentos. Foram identificados trinta participantes empregando a estratégia de amostras tipo bola de neve. Ao analisar os dados, se empregou um enfoque temático modificado. Resultados: As prioridades são determinadas principalmente no Departamento de Saúde. O comitê que, se supõe, deve estabelecer as prioridades dentro do hospital não tem maior influência. As decisões se baseiam em políticas e objetivos governamentais, relações pessoais, razões econômicas, políticas, históricas e, inclusive, arbitrárias. As decisões do Departamento de Saúde são divulgadas por meio da Internet; no entanto, além das propostas e do orçamento geral, não se divulgam as decisões do hospital. CATA proporciona uma instância acessível, porém ineficaz para apelar. Não existem mecanismos claros para apelar nem para uma liderança que assegure um processo justo. Conclusões: Apesar dos esforços para assegurar a equidade, o estabelecimento de prioridades do hospital não cumpre as quatro condições de um processo justo. As discussões sobre políticas de melhoria, legitimidade e equidade dão oportunidade para melhorar a equidade no hospital e no marco ético "Administração Razoável" poderia constituir um marco útil para a análise assim como para identificar e melhorar as estratégias.

Principios estratégicos de la educación en Ciencias de la salud en Cuba (I): la equidad / Strategic principles of Health Sciences education in Cuba (I): the equality

La formación de profesionales de la salud tiene actualmente en el mundo un marcado enfoque elitista, con diversos grados de inequidad que no favorecen la solución de los crecientes problemas de salud, principalmente en los países con menor desarrollo o francamente pobres. En Cuba se ha desarrollado a partir del triunfo de la Revolución, un proceso de formación de profesionales de la salud con amplias posibilidades de ingreso y con currículos que priorizan los estudios desde la atención primaria y el desarrollo de competencias profesionales, mediante la educación en el trabajo desde el inicio de cada carrera. Más recientemente, se ha incorporado el concepto de la Universalización que constituye la expresión más elevada de equidad con el que la Revolución aborda los problemas de la educación en salud y de la educación universitaria en general. Se presentan ejemplos y cifras que muestran lo anterior en forma concreta(AU)

The training of health professionals nowadays has worldwide a marked elitist approach with different grades of inequality that are disadvantageous for solution of increasing problems of health, mainly in those countries with less development or frankly poor. In Cuba, from the triumph of Revolution, has been developed a training process of health professionals with great possibilities of incorporation and with curricula priorizing studies from the primary care and the development of professional competences, through work education from the onset of each career. More recently, the concept of universality has been incorporated, which means the higher expression of fairness used by Revolution to approach the problems of health education and university education in general. There are examples and figures showing the above mentioned in a specific way(AU)

Principios estratégicos de la educación en Ciencias de la salud en Cuba (II): la pertinencia / Strategic principles of Health Sciences Education in Cuba (II): the appropriateness

El objetivo de este trabajo es expresar nuestros puntos de vista sobre la pertinencia de la formación universitaria y la forma en que nuestro país ha tratado de concretarla en el campo de la educación médica y de las Ciencias de la salud. La pertinencia de la educación médica debe considerarse tomando en cuenta su correspondencia con las necesidades de salud de las personas, las familias y las comunidades en su ambiente social y natural, pero además ha de considerar lo que se derive del nivel de desarrollo actual y perspectivo del contexto y sus exigencias a la educación superior. Por tanto, es un concepto relativo cuyo contenido depende del paradigma de calidad que se asuma. No es posible separar los conceptos de pertinencia, calidad y equidad, lo cual ha sido ratificado en la recién celebrada Conferencia Regional de Educación Superior (CRES 2008). Las carreras universitarias del área de las Ciencias de la salud tienen un elevado impacto en el desarrollo humano y en ellas se aprecia con nitidez la necesidad de que se logre la coherencia de los principios de pertinencia, equidad, calidad y compromiso social, que solamente puede ser fruto de la voluntad política de construir sociedades más justas y plenas con la participación del Estado, la sociedad en su conjunto, así como sus instituciones asistenciales y docentes(AU)

The objective of present paper is to express our points of view on relevance of university training, and the way in which our country has attempt to state exactly in the field of the medical education and the health Sciences. Relevance of medical education must to be considered taking into account its correspondence with needs of health of the persons, the families, and other communities in its social and natural environment, but also must to consider that derived from the present and perspective development of the context and its demands to higher education. Thus, it is a relative concept whose content depends from the relevance, the quality, and the fairness, which has been ratified in the newly Regional Conference of Higher Education (CRES 2008). The university careers of health sciences area have a great impact on human development and in above careers are clearly showed the need to achieve coherence of relevance, fairness, quality and social commitment principles that only could be the result of the political will to construct societies more jousts and completes with the State participation, the society as whole, and assisting and teaching institutions(AU)

Principios estratégicos de la educación en Ciencias de la salud en Cuba (I): la equidad / Strategic principles of Health Sciences education in Cuba (I): the equality

La formación de profesionales de la salud tiene actualmente en el mundo un marcado enfoque elitista, con diversos grados de inequidad que no favorecen la solución de los crecientes problemas de salud, principalmente en los países con menor desarrollo o francamente pobres. En Cuba se ha desarrollado a partir del triunfo de la Revolución, un proceso de formación de profesionales de la salud con amplias posibilidades de ingreso y con currículos que priorizan los estudios desde la atención primaria y el desarrollo de competencias profesionales, mediante la educación en el trabajo desde el inicio de cada carrera. Más recientemente, se ha incorporado el concepto de la Universalización que constituye la expresión más elevada de equidad con el que la Revolución aborda los problemas de la educación en salud y de la educación universitaria en general. Se presentan ejemplos y cifras que muestran lo anterior en forma concreta

The training of health professionals nowadays has worldwide a marked elitist approach with different grades of inequality that are disadvantageous for solution of increasing problems of health, mainly in those countries with less development or frankly poor. In Cuba, from the triumph of Revolution, has been developed a training process of health professionals with great possibilities of incorporation and with curricula priorizing studies from the primary care and the development of professional competences, through work education from the onset of each career. More recently, the concept of universality has been incorporated, which means the higher expression of fairness used by Revolution to approach the problems of health education and university education in general. There are examples and figures showing the above mentioned in a specific way

Estudo baseado na teoria piagetiana sobre a fidelidade emdois contos de As Mil e uma Noites na versão de Galland / Study based on Piaget’s theory about fidelity in two stories extractedfrom “The Thousand Nights and One Night” on Galland’s version

Caracteriza-se por um estudo teórico numa visão piagetiana sobre dois contosda coletânea As Mil e uma Noites na versão de Galland. O objetivo é analisar, nas narrativas,a virtude e a fidelidade, verificando se as relações entre os personagens são mantidaspelo amor, pelo respeito mútuo e relações de eqüidade ou pelo medo e obediênciaapresentado entre os casais (Xariar e Xerazade) do conto ou pelos contratos estabelecidosentre os personagens Mercador e Gênio, uma relação coercitiva e de respeito unilateralcom o objetivo da manutenção do poder e dos costumes. É desenvolvido um breve estudoda transmigração dos contos As Mil e uma Noites até nossos dias e a escolha dasnarrativas Contos Árabes e o Mercador e o Gênio para uma análise psicológica e moralsegundo os estudos de Jean Piaget e Sponville(AU)

This work is a theoretical study based on Piaget’s theories about The ThousandNights and One Night on Galland’s version. The purpose was to analyse the virtue andfidelity between partners Xariar and Xerazade or to analyse the same through contractsestablished between the “merchant and the genius” verifying if these relationships weresustained by love, mutual respect and by fairness relationships or by fear and obedienceestablished by a coercive relationship, and unilateral respect to maintain power and customs.A brief analysis of the transmigration of “The Thousand Nights and One Night” till our dayshas been developed, and we have chosen “The Arabian Tales” and “The Merchant and theGenius” to submit them to a psychological and moral analysis based on Jean Piaget andSponville’s studies(AU)