Re-domestication of feral pigs in Martinique: first results of growing-finishing trials to test meat consumption and consumers' perceptions.

In Martinique, pig production satisfies less than 20% of demand for pork, with traditional pig farming and wild pig hunting covering only a small proportion. This study has three parts: (i) for the first time, it analyses the performance of domesticated descendants of Creole feral pigs of Martinique based on a 29-day finishing test on two farms (A vs. B) with the same fibre-rich diet on a total of 40 pigs; (ii) it evaluates consumers' tastes based on a sensorial test by an untrained panel of 61 consumers who tasted pork prepared as a fricassee from either farm A or farm B; and (iii) evaluates willingness to pay (WTP) for Creole pork products and of the design of a future niche market. The average daily gain (ADG) of the finishing pigs was higher on farm A than on farm B (256 vs. 100 g/d, P < 0.001) resulting in a higher hot carcass weight on farm A than farm B (41.3 vs. 33.5 kg, P < 0.01), and better hot carcass yield on farm B than farm A (74.0 vs 68.8 %, P < 0.01). In the sensorial test, the consumers gave a higher score to the meat originating from the youngest pigs (Farm B), especially scores for tenderness and juiciness (+0.94 and +0.55 points, P < 0.05 and P=0.10, respectively). The 61 respondents were willing to pay more for processed products (sausage, pâté, ham) than for fresh meat. They considered that Creole pork has a better taste and is of better quality than industrial meats originating from mainstream genotypes. According to the majority of respondents, Creole pork should be rich in intra-muscular fat (100% of respondents) and low in inter-muscular fat (60% of respondents). Based on the survey, the main desirable future for Martinique's Creole pig production correspond to a low-carbon system with feed based on local resources, with on-farm slaughtering and short-distance sales (direct-to-consumer farm gate sale, sale at the butcher's or at the pig cooperative).

Surface roughness of three different glass ionomers with our without finishing/polishing: an in vitro study

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the surface roughness among 3 types of glass ionomers (GI) before (no polishing) and after polishing with three different materials. Methods: 20 discs for each GI group were obtained (A-Ionolux; B-IonoStar Plus; C-Ketac). Those groups were subdivided according to finishing and polishing: subgroups 1 (control) - no polishing, 2 - polishing with prophylactic brush and pumice paste, 3 - Enhance tips with water, and 4 - Sof-Lex system with Easy Glaze and polymerization. For each disc face, the total distance analyzed was 2.88cm (6x48mm). Then, the roughness was compared using the Kruskal-Wallis with Bonferroni test, with significant data if p<0.05. Results: The mean of roughness within Group A was lower for subgroup 4 (1.07±0.54 µm) and higher for subgroup 2 (2.33±1.17 µm). Within group B, B4 had the lowest mean of roughness (0.93±0.38 µm) and B2 (1.24 ± 0.78 µm) the highest roughness. Within group C, Group C4 had the lowest mean roughness value (0.84±0.54 µm), and C3 had the highest mean (2.48±1.05 µm). After polishing, subgroup 4 had the general lowest values for surface roughness (mean Ra 0.95), followed by subgroup 1 (Ra=1.27), subgroup 2 (Ra=1.89), and higher values for subgroup 3. All intragroup analysis for A, B, and C were statistically significant. Group A presented the highest roughness (p<0.05), and no statistically significant evidence existed between groups B and C (p>0.05). Conclusion: The reduction of the roughness of the materials is dependent on their composition and the polishing and finishing techniques applied.

Productive performance of lambs born in different seasons of the year.

Background: The seasonality in lamb supply challenges the development of sheep production. Increasing the duration of the breeding season, aimed at distributing births throughout the year, enables a constant supply of lambs. However, the birth season can influence their productive performance. Aim: The objective was to evaluate the effect of birth season on birth live weight (BW), daily live weight gain from birth to weaning (DWGBW), weaning live weight (WW), and daily live weight gain from weaning to 150 days (DWGW-150) slaughter age, as well as the influence of ewe age and body condition score (BCS), sex of the lamb, and type of pregnancy (single or twin) on these productive indices. Methods: The study analyzed production data comprising ten breeding seasons (from 2015 to 2019), 643 matings, and 531 lambs, using binary logistic regression, ANOVA, Tukey's, and t tests. Results: Lambs born in summer exhibited lower productive performance, as evidenced by lower DWGBW (0.22 ± 0.08 kg), WW (18.88 ± 7.82 kg), and DWGW-150 (0.13 ± 0.07 kg). Ewes with prepartum BCS between 3 and 4 gave birth to heavier lambs. After birth, lambs from ewes with BCS between 3 and 4 had a higher DWGBW, while lambs from ewes with postpartum BCS of 1.5 and 2 had a lower WW. Ewes aged 2 to 8 years gave birth to heavier lambs, and ewes aged ≥8 years weaned lambs at a lower weight. After weaning, the weight gain was similar among all age groups. Male lambs had higher DWGBW and WW than female lambs. Lambs from twin pregnancies had lower BW (3.95 ± 1.27 kg), lower DWGBW (0.21 ± 0.08 kg), and lower WW (17.59 ± 8.18 kg). The average lamb mortality rate between lambing and weaning was 12.5%, ranging from 9.8% to 13.9%, with no significant variations between birth seasons. Lambs born in spring and summer needed more anthelmintic treatments than those born in autumn and winter. Conclusion: The production of lambs outside the traditional season is possible; however, the productive performance of lambs born in the summer is lower than that in the other seasons of the year.

Estabilidade de cor de diferentes sistemas cerâmicos fresados no CAD/CAM e polidos com diferentes métodos / Color stability of different ceramic systems milled in CAD/CAM and polished with different methods

A descoloração ou perda de translucidez dos materiais cerâmicos usados em odontologia ainda hoje é um problema, especialmente pelo comprometimento estético. Com o objetivo de comparar a estabilidade de cor, blocos de dissilicato de lítio (IPS e.max CAD HT) e de silicato de lítio reforçado com zircônia (Vita Suprinity HT) fresados no desenho de um disco com dimensões de 1,5 × 7 × 12 mm3 (n = 120) foram preparados usando 3 procedimentos de acabamento de superfície: glaze, polimento mecânico e coloração externa e glaze. Em seguida, cada grupo foi dividido em 2 subgrupos de armazenamento, chá preto e café (n = 10/grupo). As mensurações de cor foram medidas com espectrofotômetro (VITA Easyshade) no estágio inicial e após 1 semana, 2 semanas, 1 mês, 2 meses de armazenamento. As alterações de cor (ΔE) foram calculadas e analisadas estatisticamente usando ANOVA (α < 0,05). Observamos que, para ambos os materiais cerâmicos, o procedimento de glaze apresentou valores de mudança de cor estatisticamente menores do que os outros grupos (p < 0,05) após o armazenamento em ambas as bebidas. Os grupos de dissilicato de lítio apresentaram valores de alteração de cor estatisticamente menores em relação aos grupos de silicato de lítio reforçados com zircônia. Conclui-se que, o glaze sozinho levou a uma maior estabilidade de cor em relação ao polimento mecânico e coloração externa o dissilicato de lítio apresentou maior estabilidade de cor em comparação com o silicato de lítio reforçada com zircônia.

The discoloration or loss of translucency of ceramic materials used in dentistry is still a problem today, especially due to aesthetic compromise. In order to compare color stability, lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD HT) and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (Vita Suprinity HT) blocks were milled into a disc design with dimensions of 1.5 × 7 × 12 mm3 (n = 120). The specimens were prepared using 3 surface finishing procedures: glaze, mechanical polishing and external staining and glaze. Then, each group was divided into 2 storage subgroups, black tea and coffee (n = 10/group). Color measurements were measured with a spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade) at the initial stage and after 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months of storage. Color changes (ΔE) were calculated and statistically analyzed using ANOVA (α < 0.05). We observed that, for both ceramic materials, the glaze procedure presented statistically lower color change values ​​than the other groups (p < 0.05) after storage in both beverages. The lithium disilicate groups showed statistically lower color change values ​​than the zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate groups. It is concluded that, glaze alone led to greater color stability compared to mechanical polishing and external staining, lithium disilicate showed greater color stability compared to zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate.

DGAT and LEP gene polymorphisms and their association with carcass characteristics and the lipid profile of meat from Nellore cattle / Polimorfismo dos genes DGAT e LEP e sua associação com características de carcaça e perfil lipídico da carne de bovinos nelore

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of polymorphisms in the diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and leptin (LEP) genes with the performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and lipid profile of Nellore cattle. A total of 100 intact male Nelore cattle were used to analyze the performance, carcass, physicochemical and centesimal composition, and fatty acid profile of beef. To identify the polymorphisms, the PCR­single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique was applied to genomic DNA extracted from muscle tissue. The SSCP technique revealed the presence of four band patterns for the DGAT gene (AC, AD, AE and BB) with five alleles (A, B, C, D and E). For the LEP gene, five band patterns (AA, AB, AC, BB and BC) with three alleles (A, B and C) were observed. For the LEP gene, the AB genotype was associated with higher backfat thickness and ribs weight, while the BB genotype was associated with lower ribs yield; higher hindquarter yield was associated with AC and BB genotypes. Higher contents of C17:0, C18:0 and lower contents of C18:2ω6C, total polyunsaturated fatty acids, total ω6 and ratio of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) were verified for the AC genotype of the LEP gene. The AC and AA genotypes of the LEP gene were associated with higher means of C15:0 and C18:1ω9t. For the DGAT gene, the highest C24:0 content was associated with the AE genotype and the lowest with the AD and BB genotypes. Polymorphisms in the DGAT and LEP genes influence carcass parameters and the lipid profile of the meat of Nellore cattle.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a associação do polimorfismo dos genes da Diacilglicerol Aciltransferase (DGAT) e Leptina ­ (LEP) em relação ao desempenho, características de carcaça, qualidade de carne e perfil lipídico de bovinos Nelore. Para o estudo, foram utilizados um total de 100 bovinos nelores machos inteiros e avaliado os parâmetros de desempenho, composição da carcaça, composição físico-química, centesimal e perfil lipídico da carne. Para identificação dos polimorfismos foi utilizada a técnica de PCR-SSCP a partir da extração do DNA genômico do tecido muscular. A técnica de SSCP revelou a presença de quatro padrões de banda para o gene DGAT (AC, AD, AE e BB) com cinco alelos (A, B, C, D e E) e, para o gene LEP foram verificados cinco padrões de bandas (AA, AB, AC, BB e BC) com três alelos (A, B e C). Para o gene LEP, o genótipo AB foi associado a maior espessura de gordura subcutânea e peso do corte ponta de agulha, enquanto o genótipo BB foi associado a menor rendimento do corte ponta de agulha; maior rendimento do corte traseiro foi associado aos genótipos AC e BB. Maiores teores de C17:0, C18:0 e menores de C18: 2ω6C, total de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados, total de ω6 e a relação de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados e saturados (POL/SAT) foram verificados para o genótipo AC do gene LEP. Os genótipos AC e AA do gene LEP foram associados a maiores médias de C15:0 e C18:1ω9t. Para o gene DGAT, os maiores teores de C24:0 foram associados o genótipo AE e o menores aos genótipos AD e BB. A ocorrência de polimorfismo nos genes DGAT e LEP revelaram influência destes sobre parâmetros de carcaça e perfil lipídico da carne de bovinos Nelore.

Evaluation of EDM inclusion into the conventional polishing of printed Co-Cr alloy by selective laser melting / Avaliação da inclusão de EDM no polimento convencional da liga de Co-Cr impressa por fusão seletiva a laser

Objective: The selective laser melting (SLM) technique used in manufacturing results in a rougher surface that requires more satisfying processing than conventional hand-finishing operations. The electro discharge machine (EDM) has various possibilities in the adjustment of surfaces. The present study assesses whether the participation of the EDM technique with the conventional finishing and polishing methods enables surface improvement for the Cobalt-Chromium alloy fabricated by SLM. Material and Methods: Twenty discs of cobalt chromium alloy were fabricated by SLM, divided equally into two groups: (TF) control group for finishing and polishing in the conventional method in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations; and (EF) group for conducting polishing incorporating the EDM method. Results: The EF group recorded the lowest mean value of surface roughness and the highest mean value of micro hardness compared to the TF group. Furthermore, statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) were found for surface roughness as well as micro hardness. Conclusion: Reliance of the electric discharge machine proactively within finishing and polishing procedures promotes competence in the conventional polishing method and improves the surface properties of cobalt chromium alloy printed by SLM technology (AU)

Objetivo: A técnica de fusão a laser seletiva (SLM) usada na fabricação resulta em uma superfície mais rugosa a qual requer um processamento mais satisfatório do que o acabamento manual. A máquina de eletro descarga (EDM) possui várias possibilidades no ajuste de superfícies. O presente estudo avalia se a participação da técnica EDM associada aos métodos convencionais de acabamento e polimento possibilita a melhora da superfície da liga Cobalto-Cromo fabricada através da SLM. Material e Métodos: Vinte discos de liga de cromo-cobalto foram confeccionados por SLM, e divididos igualmente em dois grupos: (TF) grupo controle, realizado acabamento e polimento pelo método convencional de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante; e (EF) grupo do polimento associado ao método EDM. Resultados: O grupo EF registrou o menor valor médio de rugosidade superficial e o maior valor médio de microdureza em relação ao grupo TF. Além disso, diferenças estatisticamente significativas (P < 0,05) foram encontradas para rugosidade superficial, assim como para a microdureza. Conclusão: A confiança na máquina de descarga elétrica proativamente nos procedimentos de acabamento e polimento promove a competência no método de polimento convencional e melhora as propriedades de superfície da liga de cromo-cobalto impressa pela tecnologia SLM(AU)

Inclusion of palm kernel cake in the supplement reduces nutrient digestibility but does not interfere with the performance of steers finished on tropical pasture.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing inclusion levels of palm kernel cake (PKC) in the supplement of steers finished on a Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pasture on intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, weight gain, and carcass traits. Forty 1/2 Holstein × 1/2 Zebu crossbred steers with an average body weight of 352.80 ± 3.32 kg, at 36 months of age, were supplemented with concentrate at 0.4% of their body weight. Four treatments were formulated (supplement containing 0, 15, 30, or 45% PKC, dry matter [DM] basis) and the animals were monitored for 240 days, weighed, and slaughtered. The inclusion of PKC in the supplement did not influence the intakes of total DM, crude protein, or neutral detergent fiber, but increased (P < 0.05) ether extract intake and reduced (P < 0.05) non-fibrous carbohydrate intake. The apparent digestibility of DM, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber decreased (P < 0.05), whereas intake and rumination efficiencies by the dietary treatments. Average daily gain, carcass weight, and backfat thickness did not change in response to the inclusion of PKC in the supplement. We recommend the inclusion of 45% palm kernel cake in the concentrate of steers supplemented at 0.4% of their body weight and finished on Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pasture.

Economic impact of poisoning by Brachiaria grass in lambs from birth to finishing receiving to different levels of supplementation.

This study aims to evaluate the economic impact of poisoning by Brachiaria grass in lambs from birth to weaning (suckling) and from weaning to slaughter (finishing) different levels of energy protein supplementation (EPS). In addition, we estimated the economic efficiency of removing lambs from the pasture as a control measure to minimize the losses caused by Brachiaria grass poisoning. Seventy lambs were used in the suckling phase, distributed in two nutritional treatments (control and creep feeding). Hospitalization expenses were US$ 1580.80 for the control treatment and US$ 256.16 for the creep feeding treatment. In the finishing phase, 48 lambs were distributed in four nutritional treatments, which consisted of increasing levels of EPS (mineral salt, 0.8, 1.6 and 2.4% of LW). The largest difference in total revenue (US$) was observed between 2.4% of BW EPS and mineral salt (- 2300.28) treatments. Hospitalization expenses were similar between nutritional treatments, being higher in the treatment 1.6% of BW EPS (US$ 578.15). The biggest difference in gross income (US$) observed was between 2.4% of BW EPS and mineral salt (- 1439.43) treatments. The Brachiaria grass poisoning caused economic losses to the sheep farming system, due to the death of lambs, reduced weight gain and lower weights at weaning and in the finishing phase. Brachiaria grass poisoning caused economic damage to the production system. There were direct losses, with the death of the lambs without supplementation, in the suckling and finishing phases. The supplementation increases the performance and reduces the mortality. The supplementation in high levels is efficient in reducing the economic impact of poisoning by Brachiaria grass in both periods of suckling and finishing.

Estimation of Drag Finishing Abrasive Effect for Cutting Edge Preparation in Broaching Tool.

In recent years, cutting edge preparation became a topic of high interest in the manufacturing industry because of the important role it plays in the performance of the cutting tool. This paper describes the use of the drag finishing DF cutting edge preparation process on the cutting tool for the broaching process. The main process parameters were manipulated and analyzed, as well as their influence on the cutting edge rounding, material remove rate MRR, and surface quality/roughness (Ra, Rz). In parallel, a repeatability and reproducibility R&R analysis and cutting edge radius re prediction were performed using machine learning by an artificial neural network ANN. The results achieved indicate that the influencing factors on re, MRR, and roughness, in order of importance, are drag depth, drag time, mixing percentage, and grain size, respectively. The reproducibility accuracy of re is reliable compared to traditional processes, such as brushing and blasting. The prediction accuracy of the re of preparation with ANN is observed in the low training and prediction errors 1.22% and 0.77%, respectively, evidencing the effectiveness of the algorithm. Finally, it is demonstrated that the DF has reliable feasibility in the application of edge preparation on broaching tools under controlled conditions.

The Effects of Single or Combined Supplementation of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Growth Performance, Dietary Energetics, Carcass Traits, and Visceral Mass in Lambs Finished under Subtropical Climate Conditions.

The aim of this trial was to test the effects of the use of eubiotics (pro- and prebiotics) alone or in combination in the diet of lambs finished under subtropical climate conditions. For this purpose, 40 Pelibuey × Katahdin lambs (29.5 ± 4.8 kg initial live weight) were used in a 93 day growth-performance experiment. Dietary treatments consisted of a cracked corn-based finishing diet supplemented with (1) no eubiotics (control), (2) 3 g of probiotics (live Saccharomyces cerevisiae, SC), (3) 3 g of prebiotics (mannan oligosaccharide plus b-glucans, MOS), and (4) a combination of 1.5 g of SC and 1.5 g of MOS (SC+MOS). Throughout the study, the average temperature humidity index (THI) was 78.60. Compared to controls, supplementation with SC or MOS, alone did not affect average daily gain (ADG), but enhanced feed efficiency by 5.6% and 6.9% (gain-to-feed ratio, G:F) and dietary net energy by 4.6% and 5.9%, respectively. Compared to controls, SC+MOS enhanced ADG (10%), G:F (9.5%), and dietary net energy (7.2%). Lambs fed SC+MOS had also greater ADG, G:F, and dietary net energy compared to lambs fed SC alone. When compared to MOS, the combination enhanced ADG (10.4%, p = 0.04). This effect could be attributed to the increased dry matter intake (7.6%, p = 0.06), as neither G:F nor dietary energy was significantly affected. Compared with controls and SC, supplementation with MOS alone and SC+MOS increased kidney-pelvic-heart fat, while SC supplementation tended (p = 0.08) to reduce 4.1% the relative intestinal mass (as a proportion of empty body weight) when compared to controls. Treatment effects on the other carcass measures were not significant. In the present study, supplemental probiotics and/or prebiotics improved dietary energetic efficiency in lambs finished under subtropical climatic conditions. The combination of probiotics with prebiotics reinforced this positive effect.

Effect of Polishing Systems on the Surface Roughness of Nano-Hybrid and Nano-Filling Composite Resins: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: The polishing of surface roughness is an important characteristic of composite resins and is directly related to the longevity of the restoration and patient comfort. Different polishing systems utilize different protocols, as reported in the literature. This systematic review (SR) aimed to synthesize and analyze the available scientific evidence about the effect of polishing systems on the surface roughness of nano-hybrid and nano-filling composite resins. METHODS: The study protocol of this SR was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews -PROSPERO- (CRD4201705653). A search was conducted in PubMed-Medline, Scopus, LILACS, EMBASE, for the period 2007-2020. Quality appraisal and a descriptive analysis of the papers that met the inclusion criteria were conducted. RESULTS: 18 records were included. Seven polishing systems (PS) of one step were found, seven PS of two steps, eight PS of three steps, three PS of four steps, and four PS of five steps. Polishing protocols (PP) varied, with application times ranging from 10 s to 60 s with speeds between 10,000 and 30,000 RPM. Regarding composition, the aluminum oxide was one of the most important components used to achieve a smooth surface. CONCLUSIONS: Multistep polishing systems were the most effective (i.e., Astropol and Sof-Lex Discs).

Impact of different levels of low-fat dried distillers grains on performance of young Nellore bulls during the finishing phase.

This study evaluated the effect of including low-fat dried distillers grains (DDG) on young Nellore bulls performance, nutritional parameters, and nitrogen metabolism. Thirty-five Nellore cattle were randomly divided into four diets: without dried distillers grains (D0) or with the inclusion of DDG at 150 g/kg (D150), 300 g/kg (D300), or 450 g/kg (D450). The evaluation period lasted 126 days, and three periods of collection of feces and urine were carried out. Final body weight (P = 0.099) and average daily gain (P = 0.097) tended to decrease linearly; the digestibility of dry matter (P < 0.001), organic matter (P < 0.001), ether extract (P < 0.001) and nonfiber carbohydrates (P < 0.001), and intakes of total digestible nutrients (TDN, P < 0.001) decreased linearly. The increase in crude protein intake (P < 0.001) did not result in an increase in the amount of nitrogen retained (P = 0.540). We concluded that the inclusion of low-fat DDG in finishing diets up to the level of 450 g/kg tends to reduce animal performance and the intake of TDN.

Effects of dietary chromium propionate and space allowance on performance and carcass responses of growing-finishing pigs.

In a 72-d trial, 256 pigs (Line 600 × 241, DNA Columbus, NE) were used to determine the effect of dietary Cr (Cr propionate; Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA) and physical space restriction on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. Pens were blocked by initial weight and randomly assigned to treatments with eight pigs per pen and eight pens per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of Cr (control and Cr propionate, 200 µg/kg added Cr) and space allowances (0.91 m2/animal: normal and 0.63 m2/animal: restricted). Pigs were fed in three dietary phases and pigs were weighed approximately every 14 d throughout the study. Feed efficiency was calculated as both a standard gain to feed ratio and as an adjusted G:F ratio at a common final bodyweight. There were no evidence of space allocation × Cr interactions for any measured responses (P > 0.05). Space restriction decreased (P < 0.001) daily weight gain, final body weight, hot carcass weight, and daily feed intake, but increased carcass yield (P = 0.009) and decreased backfat depth (P = 0.003). Feed efficiency was greater for pigs provided a normal space allowance when adjusted for a common final bodyweight (P = 0.021), although no evidence of a difference was observed for unadjusted G:F (P = 0.687). Adding Cr to the diet reduced G:F on both an adjusted and unadjusted basis (P ≤ 0.021). There was marginally significant evidence that pigs provided Cr had lower average daily gain (P = 0.079) and final bodyweight (P = 0.056) compared to pigs not provided added Cr. There was marginally significant evidence that Cr resulted in greater backfat depth (P = 0.069), although no evidence of a difference in other carcass parameters were observed (P > 0.10). These results demonstrated that there were no interactions between Cr propionate and space allocation, illustrating that under the conditions of this study Cr propionate did not provide an advantage in growth performance or carcass characteristics in either adequate or restricted space allocation.

Oxygen inhibition of surface composites and its correlation with degree of conversion and color stability

Abstract This study investigated the effects of oxygen inhibition and finishing/polishing procedures on the composite resin properties. One bulk-fill and two conventional composite resins (nanoparticle and microhybrid) were evaluated. Specimens were prepared using 4 surface treatments: control, no treatment; Gly, oxygen inhibition with glycerin; FP, finishing and polishing; Gly + FP, glycerin followed by finishing and polishing. The degree of conversion (DC) was measured using Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) immediately and after 15 days (n=5). Color stability (ΔEab, and ΔE00) and opacity were evaluated using a spectrophotometer after 15 days of immersion in coffee, using the CIELAB system (n=5). Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (α=0.05) and opacity by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Glycerin usage increased significantly the DC however had no influence on the ΔEab, ΔE00 and, opacity values. Finishing and polishing reduced ΔEab and ΔE00 values, regardless of composite resins. Microhybrid showed higher opacity, followed by the nanoparticle and bulk fill, regardless of surface treatment. Post-polymerization polishing procedures resulted in lower conversion than using an oxygen inhibitor agent (Gly condition), but similar staining caused by coffee.

Resumo Este estudo investigou os efeitos da inibição de oxigênio e dos procedimentos de acabamento/polimento nas propriedades das resinas compostas. Foram avaliadas uma resina composta bulk fill e duas resinas convencionais (nanoparticulada e microhíbrida). Os espécimes foram confeccionados, variando o tratamento de superfície: controle, sem tratamento; glicerina (inibidor de oxigênio); acabamento e polimento; glicerina + acabamento e polimento. O grau de conversão (GC) foi medido pela Espectroscopia de Infravermelho Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) imediatamente e após 15 dias da confecção dos espécimes (n=5). Os índices de alteração de cor ΔEab, ΔE00 e opacidade foram avaliados por meio de espectrofotômetro, após 15 dias de imersão no café, utilizando o sistema CIELAB (n=5). Os dados da alteração da cor foram analisados pelos testes ANOVA de dois fatores e Tukey (α=0,05) e a opacidade por ANOVA de medidas repetidas. O uso de glicerina aumentou significativamente o GC, no entanto, não teve influência sobre os valores ΔEab e ΔE00. O acabamento e o polimento reduziram os valores de ΔEab e ΔE00, independentemente da resina composta. A resina microhíbrida apresentou maior opacidade, seguida pela nanoparticula e bulk-fill, independentemente do tratamento de superfície. O acabamento e polimento resultou em menor grau de conversão das resinas compostas se comparado ao uso de um agente inibidor de oxigênio (glicerina), porém apresenta resultados similares para a pigmentação pelo café.

Does the Effect of Replacing Cottonseed Meal with Dried Distiller's Grains on Nellore Bulls Finishing Phase Vary between Pasture and Feedlot?

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing cottonseed meal by dried distiller's grains (DDG) in terms of efficiency in the productive aspects of beef cattle finishing in pasture versus feedlot. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, with two production systems (pasture versus feedlot) and three supplements: CM, conventional supplement with cottonseed meal (CM) as a protein source; 50DDG: supplement with 50% replacement of CM by DDG; and 100DDG: 100% replacement. The effect of replacing CM by DDG on dry matter and nutrients intake and nutrients digestibility depends on the finishing system (p < 0.05). While in the pasture system animal consumed more nutrients in the CM, a greater intake was observed in the 100DDG in feedlot. The nutrients digestibility was lower in the pasture (p < 0.05). Animal performance and final body weight were higher in the feedlot (p < 0.0001), with averages of 1.57 kg/d and 566 kg of final body weight (FBW) for feedlot, and 0.99 kg/d and 504 kg FBW for pasture. The use of DDG does not change the animal performance finished in pasture or feedlot, and it is a viable alternative to replace conventional supplements in finishing phase in both systems in tropical environment.

Soybean molasses to replace corn for feedlot lambs on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality.

Soybean molasses (SBM) is a byproduct of the manufacture of soy protein concentrate and has high energy value. This byproduct has a high potential for use in the nutrition of ruminant animals, mainly in the replacement of other energy feeds such as corn grain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of SBM to replace corn grain up to 30% dry matter (DM) in the total diet on growth performance, feeding behavior, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of feedlot lambs (½ Santa Inês × ½ Dorper). Forty intact male lambs with an initial average body weight of 20.6 ± 2.5 kg and approximate age of 120 d were used. The animals were distributed in four treatments (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% SBM), divided into five randomized blocks according to the initial weight and adapted for 16 d, with diets containing increasing concentrations of concentrate and SBM. Feeding behavior was analyzed at the beginning, middle, and final of the finishing period, and when animals reached 42 d on the finishing diet they were slaughtered. Data were evaluated using SAS software (version 9.4), by polynomial orthogonal contrasts, where the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality values were analyzed as randomized blocks, and the feeding behavior data as randomized blocks with a repeated measure over time. Significant differences were detected for the contrast 0 vs. SBM treatments, which the inclusion of SBM caused an increase (P ≤ 0.05) in ash intake but decreased the ether extract intake. The intake of DM in % body weight was higher for SBM treatments than 0% treatment (P ≤ 0.05). Feeding behavior, ruminating while lying down and drinking water presented a decreasing linear effect (P ≤ 0.05), and for feeding, efficiency increased with the addition of SBM (P ≤ 0.05). Fatty acids C14:0, C17:0, C17:1, C18:2n6c, C20:2, and C20:3n6 showed lower values ​​with the inclusion of SBM (P ≤ 0.05), while fatty acids C22:0 and C22:6n3 increased. The values ​​of n6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and n-6/n-3 ratio were lower (P ≤ 0.05) for SBM treatments. The values ​​of total polyunsaturated fatty acids showed a decreasing linear effect (P ≤ 0.05) with the inclusion of SBM. The use of up to 30% SBM in DM did not impair animal growth performance and feeding behavior did not cause damages to carcass parameters and still made the meat healthier, improving the n-6/n-3 ratio, therefore can be used to feed finishing lambs.

Evaluation of polyherbal with vitamin C activity on lamb performance and meat characteristics

We conducted an experiment to evaluate the effect of a polyherbal additive with metabolites such as antioxidants, vitamins, and small hydrolysable tannoids oils on productive parameters and blood metabolites in finishing lambs. Forty male Hampshire × Suffolk lambs (23.79±2.24 kg) were used in a completely randomized experimental design. Treatments consisted of dietary inclusion of a polyherbal additive based on Emblica officinalis and Ocimum sanctum at 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/kg dry matter for 60 d. There were no effects on daily gain, dry matter intake, feed conversion, back fat thickness, and Longissimus dorsi area; however, hot carcass dressing improved linearly as the level of herbal additive supplementation was increased. The antioxidants of the polyherbal additive linearly inhibited lipid oxidation of the meat (24 h; day 10) and improved its water-holding capacity (24 h). Meat lightness after 1 d was reduced linearly, but no changes were detected in other color parameters. Metabolites (glucose, urea, cholesterol) related to energy or protein metabolism were not affected by the herbal additive. Lymphocytes and basophiles were reduced linearly whereas monocytes and segmented neutrophils increased linearly for polyherbal additive. The inclusion of the polyherbal additive does not improve daily gain or feed efficiency in finishing lambs but improves the carcass dressing and antioxidant capacity of the meat.

Effects of including autolyzed yeast in the finishing of feedlot steers / Efeitos da inclusão de leveduras autolisadas na terminação de novilhos confinados

Functional additives, such as autolyzed yeasts, have been used to achieve greater production efficiency and animal health. These compounds are also alternatives to the use of performance-enhancing antimicrobials. The objective was to evaluate the productive performance, ingestive behavior, apparent digestibility of feed DM and the carcass characteristics of beef steers finished in feedlot receiving autolyzed yeasts in the diet. The experimental design was randomized blocks, consisting of three treatments and six repetitions, where each repetition was represented by a stall with two animals. 36 bulls, ½ Angus × ½ Nelore blood, from the same herd, with an average age of 11 months and an average body weight of ± 330 kg were used. The treatments were as follows: CON - yeast-free diet; Y4 - yeast diet (4 g animal day-1) and Y7 - yeast diet (7 g animal day-1). The product used is a functional ingredient containing the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The inclusion of autolyzed yeasts resulted in greater daily body weight gain and better feed conversion in the initial feedlot phase. The apparent digestibility of DM of diets containing autolyzed yeast was superior to the control diet, and its use did not interfere with the animal ingestive behavior. Supplementation with autolyzed yeasts at the inclusion level of 4 g day-1 promoted better results in the finishing of feedlot steers, and that the supplemented groups (4 g animal day-1 and 7 g animal day-1) achieved the same degree of carcass finishing, higher than the control group.(AU)

Os aditivos funcionais como as leveduras autolisadas têm sido usados com objetivo de proporcionar maior eficiência produtiva e saúde animal. Tais compostos são também alternativas ao uso de antimicrobianos melhoradores do desempenho. Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo, o comportamento ingestivo, a digestibilidade aparente da MS da ração e as características de carcaça de novilhos de corte terminados em confinamento sob efeito da inclusão de levedura autolisada na dieta. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, constituído de três tratamentos e seis repetições, onde cada repetição foi representada por uma baia com dois animais. Utilizou-se 36 novilhos inteiros, ½ Angus × ½ Nelore, provenientes de mesmo rebanho, com idade média de 11 meses e peso corporal médio inicial de 330 ± 9,8 kg. Os tratamentos foram assim designados: CON - dieta sem leveduras; Y4­ dieta com leveduras (4 g animal dia-1) e Y7 ­ dieta com leveduras (7 g animal dia-1). O produto utilizado é um ingrediente funcional obtido a partir da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae. O uso de leveduras autolisadas promoveu maior ganho de peso corporal diário e melhor conversão alimentar na fase inicial do confinamento. A digestibilidade aparente da MS das dietas que continham levedura autolisada foi superior a dieta controle, e seu uso não interferiu no comportamento ingestivo dos animais. Pode-se concluir que a suplementação com leveduras autolisadas ao nível de inclusão de 4 g dia-1 determinou melhores resultados na terminação dos novilhos confinados, e que os grupos suplementados com 4 g animal dia-1 e 7 g animal dia-1 alcançaram o mesmo grau de acabamento de carcaça, superiores ao grupo controle.(AU)

Carcass and beef quality of crossbred cattle fed increasing linseed oil levels / Qualidade da carcaça e da carne de bovinos mestiços alimentados com níveis crescentes de óleo de linhaça

Strategies to improve beef nutritional value, mainly fatty acid composition, have been a major goal for the scientific community. The use of different oil contents, mostly those rich in unsaturated fatty acids, can be interesting for cost reduction, as well as cattle performance and meat quality improvements. This study assessed the influence of diets containing increasing linseed oil levels (1.0, 3.8, and 5.2% DM) on performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of feedlot-finished Nellore x Canchim steers and heifers. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design and arranged in a mixed 3 x 2 factorial scheme. Increasing oil levels linearly decreased dry matter intake (DMI) (P < 0.05) and hence improved feed efficiency (P < 0.05), regardless of sexual condition. A beneficial effect of increasing the inclusion of linseed oil was the reduction DMI. Steers had a higher weight at slaughter (P < 0.05) and heifers had greater backfat thickness (P < 0.05). The concentrations of most fatty acids were changed by the linseed oil levels studied (P < 0.05). Dietary inclusion of linseed oil improved beef quality by reducing (P < 0.05) the n-6:n-3 ratio by 1.3 points per percentage point increase in linseed oil level in the finishing diet of both sexes.(AU)

Estratégias para melhorar os aspectos nutricionais da carne bovina, principalmente sua composição em ácidos graxos, têm se tornado uma meta importante para a comunidade científica. O uso de diferentes níveis de óleo, rico em ácidos graxos insaturados, pode ser uma estratégia interessante para redução de custos com melhoria no desempenho e na qualidade da carne. Este estudo avaliou a influência de dietas contendo níveis crescentes de óleo de linhaça (1,0; 3,8 e 5,2% MS) no desempenho, características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de novilhos e novilhas Nelore x Canchim terminados em confinamento. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 em modelo misto. Um aumento nos níveis de óleo diminuiu linearmente o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) (P < 0,05) e, consequentemente, melhorou a eficiência alimentar (P < 0,05), independentemente da condição sexual. Um efeito benéfico do aumento da inclusão do óleo de linhaça foi a redução no CMS. Os novilhos apresentaram maior peso ao abate (P < 0,05) e as novilhas apresentaram maior espessura de toucinho (P < 0,05). A concentração da maioria dos ácidos graxos foi alterada pelos níveis de óleo de linhaça (P < 0,05). A inclusão de óleo de linhaça melhora a qualidade da carne ao reduzir (P < 0,05) a razão n-6: n-3 em 1,3 pontos para cada aumento de ponto percentual de óleo de linhaça na dieta de terminação de ambos os sexos.(AU)

Causes of death in growing-finishing pigs in two technified farms in southern Brazil / Causas de morte em suínos de crescimento e terminação em duas granjas tecnificadas no Sul do Brasil

The aim of this study was to investigate the main causes of death in growing-finishing pigs in southern Brazil. During a one-year period (from 2018 to 2019), two industrial pig herds (18 and 20 thousand pigs each farm) in southern Brazil were monitored along the four seasons of the year (12 days per season on each farm), in order to perform necropsies of all pigs that died in that period. The two farms had an average monthly mortality rate ranging from 0.94 to 3.93% in the evaluated months. At necropsy, tissues were collected, fixed in 10% formalin solution and processed routinely for histopathological examination. When necessary, samples were sent for bacterial culture and PCR to identify etiologic agents. A total of 601 necropsies were performed, with 94.9% of conclusive diagnoses. Infectious diseases corresponded to 64.4% of conclusive diagnosis and non-infectious diseases to 35.6%. The most prevalent causes of death were: pneumonia (33%), gastric ulcers (15.4%), circovirosis (9.9%), systemic bacterial embolism (5.4%), polyserositis (4.4%), dilated cardiomyopathy and torsion of abdominal organs (4.3% each), and bacterial pericarditis (3.4%). Regarding pneumonias (199/601), the main agents identified in these cases were Pasteurella multocida, Influenza A virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, mainly in associations.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar as principais causas de morte de suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação no Sul do Brasil. Durante o período de um ano (entre 2018 e 2019), duas granjas tecnificadas de suínos no Sul do Brasil foram acompanhadas nas quatro estações (12 dias por estação em cada granja), para realização de necropsias dos suínos que morreram nesse período. As duas propriedades apresentavam mortalidade mensal média entre 0,94 e 3,93% nos meses avaliados. Na necropsia, amostras de órgãos foram colhidas, fixadas em formol 10% e processadas rotineiramente para o exame histopatológico. Quando necessário, amostras foram enviadas para o cultivo bacteriano e PCR para identificação de agentes etiológicos. Foram realizadas um total de 601 necropsias, com 94,9% de diagnósticos conclusivos. As doenças infecciosas corresponderam a 64,4% dos diagnósticos conclusivos e as não infecciosas a 35,6%. As principais causas de morte foram: pneumonias (33%), úlcera gástrica (15,4%), circovirose (9,9%), embolia bacteriana sistêmica (5,4%), polisserosite (4,4%), cardiomiopatia dilatada e torção de órgãos abdominais (4,3% cada) e pericardite bacteriana (3,4%). Com relação às pneumonias (199/601), os principais agentes associadas as lesões foram Pasteurella multocida, vírus da Influenza A e Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, principalmente associados entre si.(AU)