Bionomics, reproductive traits and assessment of forensic relevance of Peckia (Peckia) chrysostoma (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae).

Peckia (Peckia) chrysostoma (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is a colonizer of cadavers in the Neotropical Region. Nevertheless, data on development for the P. (P.) chrysostoma (e.g., instar duration) and behavioral strategies used by the species for locating and colonizing a corpse are scant. We aimed to explore bionomic and reproductive aspects of the flesh fly P. (P.) chrysostoma, and in this article we: (a) provide quantitative data on the life cycle of P. (P.) chrysostoma; (b) present bionomic measurements (length and weight) of larvae and pupae; (c) describe intrauterine egg and larvae development; and (d) analyze the ovo/larviposition behavior by gravid females. Females showed ovaries with discernible eggs and larvae between 8 and 10 days (x̅ = 23.3 eggs/female). This study reports the first observation of egg deposition, an atypical behavior for the species. The average development time for immature stages was 22.24 h and 21.36 h for 1st and 2nd respectively, and 3rd showed an average development time of 80.47 h. Pupa had the longest duration (x̅ = 295.69 h). A direct increase was observed in weight (P < 0.05) and length (P < 0.05) throughout time. The average survival time of males and females is approximately 30 days. This study expands the knowledge on P. (P.) chrysostoma, such as facultative ovoviviparity under laboratory conditions and the life cycle, which may benefit future studies for accuracy in entomology-based estimation of minimum post-mortem interval (min PMI).

In vitro antibacterial activity and synergetic effect of crude extract of the Wohlfahrtia nuba (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) flesh fly larvae.

Multidrug-resistant pathogens have become ubiquitous, and effective treatment alternatives are urgently required. Maggot therapy is a promising agent that is being studied to overcome antibiotic-resistant pathogens. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of the larvae extract of the Wohlfahrtia nuba (wiedmann) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) flesh fly on the growth of five pathogenic bacterial species (methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus [ATCC 29213], methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [ATCC BAA-1680], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [ATCC 27853], Escherichia coli [ATCC 25922], and Salmonella typhi [ATCC 19430]) in vitro by using different techniques. Resazurin-based turbidimetric assay demonstrated that the W. nuba maggot exosecretion (ES) was potent against all the bacterial species tested, and according to the determined minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each bacterium, gram-negative bacteria were more sensitive than gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, colony-forming unit assay showed that maggot ES was able to inhibit bacterial growth rate for all bacterial species tested, where the highest bacterial reduction was observed with methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) followed by S. typhi. Moreover, maggot ES was shown to be concentration-dependent, where 100 µL of ES at 200 mg/mL was bactericidal towards methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and P. aeruginosa compared with 100 µL at the MIC of the ES. Moreover, based on the result of agar disc diffusion assay, maggot extract was more efficient against P. aeruginosa and E. coli than the remaining reference strains tested. Furthermore, the combination between regular antibiotics with maggot ES at different concentrations indicated that ES acts synergistically with the tested antibiotics against the five bacterial models.

Flesh Flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) From the Brazilian Amazonian Savannas, a Poorly Sampled and Threatened Environment.

The Amazonian region is composed by many kinds of environments, including the Amazonian savannas, which comprise about 5% of the Amazon biome in Brazil. The biota of Amazonian savannas is poorly known, especially for insects. In this study, we performed a faunistic inventory of flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) of four Brazilian Amazon savannas, where we recorded two subfamilies, 16 genera, and 40 species, two of which are described as new to science: Lepidodexia (Notochaeta) helenae sp. nov. and Lipoptilocnema augustoi sp. nov. Oxysarcodexia graminifoliaSouza, Pape & Thyssen, 2020 is recorded for the first time for Brazil. Dexosarcophaga paulistanaLopes (1982), Helicobia biplagiataDodge, 1966, Helicobia cearensisTibana, 1976, Oxysarcodexia simplicoides (Lopes, 1933), and Oxyvinia excisa (Lopes, 1950) are newly recorded for the Brazilian Amazon. Oxysarcodexia nitidaSoares & Mello-Patiu, 2010 is a new record for the state of Pará. The species D. paulistana is redescribed, and photographs and detailed illustrations of male terminalia are provided.

Forensically Relevant Flesh Flies (Diptera, Sarcophagidae, Sarcophaginae) of Southern Brazil.

Flesh flies comprise a large fly family distributed worldwide that has great importance for forensic entomology. A robust and updated checklist of Sarcophaginae flies recorded in Southern Brazil is presented, based on material collected in the Rio Grande do Sul state and on a literature review. The forensic importance (high, moderate, or none) of the recorded flesh flies for estimating the postmortem interval (PMI) or inferring cases of neglect was determined based on their ecological habits. A total of 2,831 specimens representing 38 taxa were collected from three studies. Oxysarcodexia was the most abundant and species-rich genus in all three studies. Dexosarcophaga carvalhoi (Lopes) was registered for the first time in Southern Brazil. The checklist for Southern Brazil comprises 91 species distributed in 19 genera, with Oxysarcodexia, Peckia, and Lepidodexia representing the richest genera. Considering the importance of species for PMI estimation, 10, 42, and 39 species were classified as having high, moderate, or no forensic relevance, respectively. Moreover, five myiasis-causing sarcophagine flies recorded in Southern Brazil were considered to have the potential to reveal cases of neglect or mistreatment. This study revealed that Microcerella halli (Engel) and Peckia (Euboettcheria) australis (Townsend) are the most important species for PMI estimation in Southern Brazil, as they are often found breeding in corpses in this region.

Effect of Vegetation Types on Sarcophagidae (Diptera) in Ciervo de los Pantanos National Park, a Natural Remnant in a Highly Endangered Landscape.

Species diversity can be affected by the structure of vegetation, which may vary in height, density, and distribution of trees, shrubs, and other plant types, configuring different types of habitats. In this study, we evaluated the diversity of sarcosaprophagous Sarcophagidae communities inhabiting the remnant representative habitats protected in Ciervo de los Pantanos National Park: grasslands, forests, and wetlands. We hypothesized that the abundance and diversity of flesh flies would be higher in the grasslands and wetlands than in the forest patches. Samplings were carried out in each habitat type using baited traps during the four seasons in 2015, 2016, and 2019. We collected 585 sarcophagid flies of 17 species. Fifteen species were recorded in grasslands, twelve in the wetlands, and seven in the forests, Tricharaea (Sarcophagula) occidua (Fabricius) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) being the most abundant (58.3% of the total sample). As expected, the highest abundance was recorded in grasslands whereas the lowest was found in forests. In addition, flesh fly abundance was affected by season. Sarcophagid assemblages differed between habitats and the overall dissimilarity was mainly explained by nestedness. This study provides important information about sarcosaprophagous sarcophagid flies in a little-studied protected natural area in Argentina, which is fundamental for their conservation and useful in forensic investigations.

On the identity of Lepidodexia (Orosarcophaga) ornata(Townsend, 1927) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and a new generic synonym

The revision of the sarcophagid species Lepidodexia (Orosarcophaga) ornata (Townsend, 1927) reveals its identity and a generic synonym. The male terminalia of this species was studied in detail for the first time and revealed its congeneric affinities with Oxyvinia Dodge, 1966. Consequently, the generic status of Orosarcophaga Townsend, 1927 was revalidated, including Oxyvinia Dodge, 1966 as its junior synonym, and O. ornata was corroborated as a valid species and name. Moreover, we provide an updated generic diagnosis of Orosarcophaga, a list of the eleven species of the genus with their distribution, and a detailed diagnosis of O. ornata.(AU)

Description of Two New Species of Dexosarcophaga (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) From the Coastal Environments of the Brazilian Amazon.

Two new species of Dexosarcophaga Townsend (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) are described, both from the coastal zone of the Brazilian Amazon: Dexosarcophaga salgada sp. nov. and Dexosarcophaga klycyae sp. nov.

Synanthropy of Sarcophaginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) From Southern Brazil and Its Sanitary Implications.

Although different feeding habits have been reported for Sarcophaginae (Diptera, Sarcophagidae), most species are associated with decomposing organic matter such as feces and decaying corpses. This study provides the synanthropy index for males of species of Sarcophaginae collected during a 12-mo period in three different environments (urban, rural, and wild) of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in Southern Brazil, linking this parameter with the sanitary issue. This article also investigated the presence of pathogenic bacteria on the external surface of Oxysarcodexia paulistanensis (Mattos), the most abundant species collected using a sanitized entomological net. Almost all the species collected most abundantly, including O. paulistanensis (n = 241), Ravinia advena (Walker) (n = 87), and O. thornax (Walker) (n = 58), were classified as synanthropic; O. thornax was the species with the highest synanthropy index (+80.3). Escherichia coli (Escherich), Shigella spp. (Enterobacteriaceae), and Staphylococcus aureus (Rosenbach) (Staphylococcaceae) were isolated and identified from the external surface of O. paulistanensis. The isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria, and their synanthropic behavior, adds weight to potential role of some flesh flies, as O. paulistanensis, in a sanitary context.

On the identity of Lepidodexia (Orosarcophaga) ornata (Townsend, 1927) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and a new generic synonym

Abstract The revision of the sarcophagid species Lepidodexia (Orosarcophaga) ornata (Townsend, 1927) reveals its identity and a generic synonym. The male terminalia of this species was studied in detail for the first time and revealed its congeneric affinities with OxyviniaDodge, 1966. Consequently, the generic status of OrosarcophagaTownsend, 1927 was revalidated, including OxyviniaDodge, 1966 as its junior synonym, and O. ornata was corroborated as a valid species and name. Moreover, we provide an updated generic diagnosis of Orosarcophaga, a list of the eleven species of the genus with their distribution, and a detailed diagnosis of O. ornata.

On the identity of Lepidodexia (Orosarcophaga) ornata (Townsend, 1927) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and a new generic synonym

Abstract The revision of the sarcophagid species Lepidodexia (Orosarcophaga) ornata (Townsend, 1927) reveals its identity and a generic synonym. The male terminalia of this species was studied in detail for the first time and revealed its congeneric affinities with OxyviniaDodge, 1966. Consequently, the generic status of OrosarcophagaTownsend, 1927 was revalidated, including OxyviniaDodge, 1966 as its junior synonym, and O. ornata was corroborated as a valid species and name. Moreover, we provide an updated generic diagnosis of Orosarcophaga, a list of the eleven species of the genus with their distribution, and a detailed diagnosis of O. ornata.

Flesh Flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) Attracted to a Snake Carcass (Boa constrictor) in Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.

A study was carried out to determine Sarcophagidae diversity attracted to the different stages of decomposition of a Boa constrictor cadaver during late winter in the Yucatan Peninsula. As a result of this study, seven species of Sarcophagidae were documented, Oxysarcodexia conclausa (Walker, 1861) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Peckia (Euboettcheria) volucris (Wulp, 1895) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Blaesoxipha (Gigantotheca) plinthopyga (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Oxysarcodexia amorosa (Schiner, 1868) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Ravinia derelicta (Walker, 1853) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Ravinia effrenata (Walker, 1861) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), and Titanogrypa (Cucullomyia) placida (Aldrich, 1925) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), The last five species listed are the first documentation of their presence in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. Sarcophagids were present throughout the decomposition process; however, the greatest abundance and diversity of this family were present during the advanced decay stage. This is the first work on flesh flies in the region and the first in the country that has focused on wildlife.

The Effect of Anthropization on Sarcophagidae (Diptera: Calyptratae) Community Structure: An Assessment on Different Types of Habitats in the Humid Chaco Ecoregion of Argentina.

Sarcophagidae (Diptera) are of great interest from a veterinary, medical, and forensic viewpoint, and are potential bioindicators for environmental impact assessments. In this study, we evaluated changes in abundance, species richness, and diversity of flesh flies in different habitat types in the Humid Chaco ecoregion of South America: 1) anthropized habitats: urban, cattle farm, and alfalfa crop, and 2) natural habitats: savanna and forest. We hypothesized that sarcophagid fly community parameters are affected by the anthropization and that spatial turnover will contribute more to the overall beta diversity than nestedness between habitats. In each habitat, samplings were conducted monthly from March 2015 to February 2016 in 25 sites, 5 per habitat, totaling 300 independent samples at the end of the study. We collected 5,790 Sarcophagidae (55 species). Community parameters of Sarcophagidae were evaluated and compared. The ecological effects of anthropization and habitat type were observed in the present study. As expected, our results showed the highest abundance, species richness, and diversity in the savanna and forest habitats (natural), whereas the lowest values were registered in the urban and alfalfa crop habitats, supporting the hypotheses of anthropization as the main driver of diversity loss. In addition, sarcophagid assemblages differed between all habitats and the overall dissimilarity was structured by spatial turnover. The main conclusion of this research is that flesh fly community structure is greatly affected by anthropization and habitat type, and this would be related to canopy cover and microclimate conditions of each environment.

A new species of Sarcofahrtiopsis (Insecta, Diptera, Sarcophagidae) from mangrove forests in the Brazilian Amazon, with a key to species identification / Uma nova espécie de Sarcofahrtiopsis (Insecta, Diptera, Sarcophagidae) de florestas de mangue na Amazônia brasileira, com uma chave de identificação

ABSTRACT A new species of Sarcofahrtiopsis Hall, 1933, S. terezinhae sp. nov., is described based on male specimens collected in traps baited with rotting crabs in a mangrove forest in the state of Pará, eastern Brazilian Amazon. This species differs from congeneric species in having vesica with a row of toe-like projections. We provide a key to the species of the genus.(AU)

RESUMO Uma nova espécie de Sarcofahrtiopsis Hall, 1933, S. terezinhae sp. nov., é descrita com base em espécimes machos coletados com armadilhas contendo caranguejo em decomposição como isca em áreas de mangue no Pará, na Amazônia brasileira. Esta espécie difere das demais espécies do gênero por apresentar vesica com uma fileira de projeções parecidas com dedos. Uma chave para as espécies do gênero é apresentada.(AU)

A new species and new records of Oxysarcodexia Townsend (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from Brazil

Abstract Oxysarcodexia cocais sp. nov. from Brazil is described and illustrated based on male specimens collected in a babassu palm forest in the state of Maranhão. The remarkable elongated surstylus (as long as cercus) and U-shaped male sternite 5 distinguishes the new species from other species in the genus. In addition, Oxysarcodexia nitidaSoares & Mello-Patiu, 2010 is recorded for the first time from Brazil, and Oxysarcodexia adunca Lopes, 1975 is a new record from the Brazilian Amazon.

A new species of Sarcofahrtiopsis (Insecta, Diptera, Sarcophagidae) from mangrove forests in the Brazilian Amazon, with a key to species identification / Uma nova espécie de Sarcofahrtiopsis (Insecta, Diptera, Sarcophagidae) de florestas de mangue na Amazônia brasileira, com uma chave de identificação

ABSTRACT A new species of Sarcofahrtiopsis Hall, 1933, S. terezinhae sp. nov., is described based on male specimens collected in traps baited with rotting crabs in a mangrove forest in the state of Pará, eastern Brazilian Amazon. This species differs from congeneric species in having vesica with a row of toe-like projections. We provide a key to the species of the genus.

RESUMO Uma nova espécie de Sarcofahrtiopsis Hall, 1933, S. terezinhae sp. nov., é descrita com base em espécimes machos coletados com armadilhas contendo caranguejo em decomposição como isca em áreas de mangue no Pará, na Amazônia brasileira. Esta espécie difere das demais espécies do gênero por apresentar vesica com uma fileira de projeções parecidas com dedos. Uma chave para as espécies do gênero é apresentada.

Two New Species of Oxysarcodexia Townsend (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) From the Chaco Forest Ecoregion of South America.

Two new Neotropical species of the genus Oxysarcodexia Townsend (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) from Chaco ecoregion of Argentina are described, O. berthet, sp. nov. and O. ibera, sp. nov. Both species were recovered from localities in the eastern part of the Chaco forest (Humid Chaco). The descriptions are based on the male external morphology and terminalia. Photographs and SEM images are provided to aid in the identification of the species.

Diversity of Sarcosaprophagous Calyptratae (Diptera) on Sandy Beaches Exposed to Increasing Levels of Urbanization in Brazil.

Sandy beaches are among the most impacted ecosystems worldwide, and the effects of urbanization on the biodiversity of these habitats are largely unknown, particularly in Brazil. We investigated the composition and structure of assemblages of sarcosaprophagous insects (Diptera: Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, and Muscidae) on six sandy beaches exposed to differential levels of human impact in Pernambuco State, Brazil. In total, 20,672 adults of 40 species were collected, of which 70% were Calliphoridae. Sarcophagidae had the highest diversity with 26 species of nine genera. A strong overlap in the composition of the assemblages across the six beaches was observed, with only a few species being restricted to one type of beach. The flesh flies Dexosarcophaga carvalhoi (Lopes), Peckia intermutans (Walker), and Titanogrypa larvicida (Lopes) occurred exclusively in beaches under low anthropogenic impact. Species with strong medical and veterinary importance such as Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Wulp) occurred even in beaches under low human presence. The invasive species Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) and Chrysomya megacephala (F.) (Calliphoridae) were dominant in all beaches, which exposes the vulnerability of sandy beaches to exotic species. Our data imply that sarcosaprophagous flies can be used as early biological indicators to suggest urbanization in coastal environments.

Taxonomic Revision of Lipoptilocnema (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), With Notes on Natural History and Forensic Importance of Its Species.

Lipoptilocnema Townsend is a small genus of Neotropical Sarcophaginae with a distinctive genitalic morphology. This genus is revised based on the examination of the type series and large numbers of specimens of the seven previously known species, plus three new ones herein described, one from Argentina (L. delfinado Mulieri and Mello-Patiu, sp. nov.), and two from Brazil (L. savana Mulieri and Mello-Patiu, sp. nov. and L. tibanae Mulieri and Mello-Patiu, sp. nov.). All species are described or redescribed and illustrated. Distribution maps and a key for male identification are provided. The taxonomic position of this genus is reviewed and the interpretation of phallic structures is discussed. Notes on the natural history of Lipoptilocnema species are provided, and their potential importance as PMI indicators is highlighted, including the first record of Lipoptilocnema reared from a dead human body.

Checklist dos Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera) do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil / Checklist of Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera) from Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil

Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera) is the second largest family of calyptrate flies of the superfamily Oestroidea in species richness. Their females are larviparous and larvae have diverse habits, especially saprophagous/necrophagous. An updated list with 26 species of flesh flies recorded in the literature from the State of Mato Grosso do Sul is provided. Distribution recorded by municipality and their references are also given.(AU)

Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera) é a segunda maior família de dípteros caliptrados da superfamília Oestroidea em riqueza de espécies. Suas fêmeas são larvíparas e as larvas possuem hábitos diversos, principalmente saprófago/necrófago. Uma lista atualizada com 26 espécies de sarcofagídeos com ocorrência registrada na literatura para o Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul é fornecida. A distribuição registrada por município e as respectivas referências são também dadas.(AU)

Checklist dos Sarcophagidae (Insecta,Diptera) do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

ABSTRACT Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera) is the second largest family of calyptrate flies of the superfamily Oestroidea in species richness. Their females are larviparous and larvae have diverse habits, especially saprophagous/necrophagous. An updated list with 26 species of flesh flies recorded in the literature from the State of Mato Grosso do Sul is provided. Distribution recorded by municipality and their references are also given.

RESUMO Sarcophagidae (Insecta, Diptera) é a segunda maior família de dípteros caliptrados da superfamília Oestroidea em riqueza de espécies. Suas fêmeas são larvíparas e as larvas possuem hábitos diversos, principalmente saprófago/necrófago. Uma lista atualizada com 26 espécies de sarcofagídeos com ocorrência registrada na literatura para o Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul é fornecida. A distribuição registrada por município e as respectivas referências são também dadas.