Comparison of estradiol benzoate doses for resynchronization of ovulation at 14 days after timed-AI in suckled beef cows.

We aimed to compare the effects of use of 1 or 2 mg estradiol benzoate (EB) associated with an intravaginal progesterone (P4) device for resynchronization of ovulation 14 days after timed-AI (TAI) in suckled beef cows. Nelore cows were submitted to a TAI (D0) and on D14, received an intravaginal P4 device and were randomly assigned to EB-1 group [n = 516] or EB-2 group [n = 510], which that received 1 or 2 mg EB, respectively. Also, cows had the ovaries scanned by ultrasound to detect an active CL on D14. On D22, devices were removed and structural luteolysis was detected by color-Doppler ultrasonography. In cows which underwent luteolysis, the resynchronization protocol was continued and they were submitted to second TAI on D24. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed 30-35 days after first or second TAI. A subgroup [n = 18-19/group] was submitted to daily ovarian ultrasound scanning from D14 to D22. Proportion of cows with an active CL on D14 did not differ (P > 0.1) between EB-1 and EB-2 groups. The proportion of cows with an active CL on D22 and pregnancy per AI (P/AI) at first TAI were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in EB-1 (55% and 51%) than in EB-2 group (48% and 42%). The P/AI at second TAI did not differ (P > 0.1) between EB-1 (47% [106/227]) and EB-2 group (42% [110/259]). Cumulative pregnancy rate was greater in EB-1 (73% [370/508]) than in EB-2 group (64% [322/502]). No difference (P > 0.1) was observed in the proportion of non-pregnant cows with a synchronized follicular wave emergence between EB-1 and EB-2 groups. In conclusion, treatment with either 1 or 2 mg EB associated with an intravaginal P4 device at D14 after TAI are efficient to synchronize a new follicular wave emergence. The decreased P/AI from first TAI observed in the group of cows receiving 2 mg indicates that this dose is not recommended for use in resynchronization programs initiated 14 days after TAI. The use of 1 mg EB associated with a P4 device provides an elevated cumulative pregnancy rate after two TAIs with an interval of 24 days.

Structural and Functional Dynamics of the Ovary and Uterus during the Estrous Cycle in Donkeys in the Eastern Caribbean.

Eight non-bred, non-pregnant, regularly cycling Caribbean jennies were examined daily via transrectal ultrasound to define the ovarian and uterine dynamics during four consecutive estrous cycles. Blood samples were collected every other day for progesterone analysis. The mean (±SD) overall inter-ovulatory interval across all donkeys and cycles was 22.93 ± 1.99 days. The maximum follicular diameter was 34.6 ± 2.9 mm. A two-wave pattern was evident in 97% (30/31) of the cycles. The emergence of the future dominant follicle and the largest subordinate follicle of the major primary wave coincided on Day 5.7 ± 3.6 post-ovulation, whereas the secondary wave emerged on Day 19.8 ± 2.9 during estrus of the previous cycle or early diestrus. The secondary wave was often minor (93%, 28/30 cycles). Follicular deviation occurred 8.2 ± 1.4 days before the subsequent ovulation. Luteal volume increased for the first four days after ovulation and reached a maximum volume of 8.5 ± 2.7 mm3 at Day 5.4 ± 0.4, before gradually regressing after Day 15. Serum progesterone concentration increased from Day 1 after ovulation, peaking at 27.0 ± 9.6 ng/mL between 7 and 10 days after ovulation. Progesterone concentration dropped precipitously around Day 15 after ovulation and was below 2 ng/mL around Day 17 ± 2. A day effect (p < 0.0001) was observed for corpus luteum's volume, progesterone concentration, and uterine tone, but not for endometrial edema (p > 0.05). This study helps to clarify and define normal estrous characteristics of jennies in the Eastern Caribbean.

Development of a GnRH-PGF2α Based Synchronization and Superstimulation Protocol for Fixed-Time Mating in Llama Embryo Donors.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the application of a GnRH-PGF2α based synchronization and superstimulation protocol for fixed-time natural mating in llama embryo donors. All females (n = 8) received 8 µg IM of GnRH analog (GnRHa; buserelin) on day 0, regardless of follicular status. After eight days, another GnRHa dose was administered followed by 250 µg IM PGF2α (cloprostenol). A dose of 1000 IU IM of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) was applied on day 12 and a new dose of PGF2α was administered on day 13. All embryo donors were mated with a male of proven fertility followed by a GnRHa dose on day 18. 24 h later, mating was repeated with a different male. Transcervical uterine flushing for embryo recovery was carried out on all females on day 26. Recipient females received one dose of GnRHa (day 0) two days after the first mating of embryo donor females. A 75% (6/8) of embryo donors responded to the superstimulation treatment with a range of 2 to 5 corpus luteums (CLs) on embryo recovery day. A total of 24 CLs were registered, with a mean of 4 ± 0.9 CLs per female. Embryo recovery rate was 66.7% (16/24), with a range of 0 to 4 embryos and a mean of 2.7 ± 1.5 embryos per female. Regarding quality of the recovered embryos, 56.2% were grade I, 6.2% were grade II and 37.5% were grade V (untransferable; arrested morulae). Grade I and II embryos (n = 10) were transcervically transferred into recipient females (n = 10) six days after inducing their ovulation. At 24 days after embryo transfer (ET), a 50% pregnancy rate was registered. In conclusion, a group of llama embryo donors can be synchronized and superstimulated using a fixed-time mating protocol based on GnRHa, PGF2α, and eCG without the necessity of using ultrasonography in the field.

Plasma IGF1 and 17ß-Estradiol Concentrations During the Follicular Wave in Llamas.

The aim of this study was to characterize the temporal association between follicular waves and circulating concentrations of 17ß-estradiol (E2) and IGF1 in llamas. Follicular waves could be clearly divided in three phases: growth, plateau and regression; with a mean duration of 18.8 ± 0.32 days. All follicular waves showed overlapping, so that as one dominant follicle was regressing, another one was growing. E2 plasma concentration showed a wavelike pattern, similar to that followed by the dominant follicle; reaching its maximum concentration at the end of the growth phase and decreasing at the end of the plateau phase. IGF1 also showed variations during the follicular wave. It tended to increase during the growth phase and decreased toward Days 14 and 16. IGF1 reached its maximum concentration before E2 did (5 ± 0.8 vs. 7.2 ± 0.5 days after wave emergence) and before the maximum follicular diameter was attained (10.2 ± 0.46 days after wave emergence). Both hormones started to rise again in coincidence with the development of a new follicular wave. The observed profiles allow to suggest that IGF1 could have a role on folliculogenesis and ovarian steroideogenesis in llamas, as reported for other species.

Follicular dynamics and in vivo embryo production in Santa Inês ewes treated with smaller doses of pFSH.

To evaluate follicular dynamics, there was assessment of superovulatory response and in vivo embryo production in ewes treated with relatively smaller doses of exogenous pFSH than typically used in combination with a dose of eCG at the beginning of the gonadotropin treatment period. Santa Inês ewes (n = 24) were randomly divided into three groups, based on mg dose of pFSH administered: G200 (n = 8), G133 (n = 8) and G100 (n = 8) in eight decreasing doses at 12 -h intervals. All ewes were treated with 300 IU of eCG concomitantly starting with first pFSH administration. Ovulatory follicular dynamics and follicular wall vascularization (FWV) were evaluated using a B-mode and color Doppler ultrasonic machine, respectively. Superovulatory response and embryo production were evaluated 6 days after estrous detection. In the G200 group, the preovulatory follicle size (PFS) were less (P <  0.05), ovulation time later (P <  0.05), and PFS rate greater (P <  0.05); while in the G100 group ovulation rate, and number and percentage of unfertilized eggs were greater (P <  0.05) than in the G133 group (P <  0.05). Number and percentage of viable embryos were greater in the G200 and G100 compared to G133 group (P <  0.05). The dose of 100 mg of FSH was as efficacious as the traditional dose of 200 mg, in combination with a dose of eCG, for superovulatory response and viable embryo production but there was a greater percentage of unfertilized eggs with this treatment.

Supplementation with long-acting progesterone in early diestrus in beef cattle: II. Relationships between follicle growth dynamics and luteolysis.

The aims were to characterize follicular dynamics in response to supplemental progesterone (P4) and to investigate the relationships between follicular growth and onset of luteolysis in P4-treated cows, submitted or not to artificial insemination (AI). Nonsuckled beef cows detected in estrus were assigned to receive AI or to remain non-AI. Three days after ovulation (ie, D3), AI cows were injected with 150 mg of long-acting P4 (AI + injectable P4 formulation [iP4]; n = 22), and the non-AI cows were assigned to receive 150 mg iP4 (n = 19) or saline (control, n = 19). Between D3 and D21, growth dynamics of the dominant follicles (DFs) was monitored by ultrasonography. Plasma P4 concentrations were measured every other day from D9 to D19. Pregnancy status (ie, P: pregnant and NP: nonpregnant) was examined by ultrasound on D28 to D32. Injectable P4 formulation supplementation decreased average maximum diameter of first-wave DF (DF1). Neither day of emergence of DF2 or DF3 nor the proportion of two- or three-wave cycles were altered by supplemental P4. Daily mean diameter of DF2 and DF3 was also similar between control and iP4 groups. Consistently, daily mean diameter of DF1 in iP4-treated cows was smaller for cows that underwent luteolysis by D15 compared to a later onset. Progesterone concentrations between D9 and D19 decreased earliest in the iP4 group, latest in the control group and was intermediate for the NP-AI + iP4 group. In addition, three-wave cycles presented a delayed decrease on plasma P4 concentrations than two-wave cycles. Further analysis revealed that on two-wave cycles, P4 concentrations on D15 were lowest in the iP4 and NP-AI + iP4 animals compared to the control and P-AI + iP4 groups. Conversely, for three-wave cycles, on D15, P-AI + iP4, NP-AI + iP4, and controls had greater P4 concentrations than the iP4 group. In summary, our data indicate that impairment of first follicular growth was associated with P4-induced shortened luteal lifespan (D14-D15) and that three-wave cycles after AI can be more supportive for pregnancy maintenance in P4-treated cows. We speculate that such conditions play a critical role in the embryonic ability to inhibit iP4-induced early luteolysis reported in part I of this series.

Evolution of knowledge on ovarian physiology and its contribution to the widespread application of reproductive biotechnologies in South American cattle.

As our understanding of ovarian function in cattle has improved, our ability to control it has also increased. Luteal function in cattle has been studied in detail, and prostaglandin F2α has been used for several years for the elective induction of luteal regression. More recently, follicle wave dynamics has been studied and protocols designed to induce follicular wave emergence and ovulation have reduced, and even eliminated, the need for estrus detection. The addition of progestin-releasing devices, estradiol, GnRH and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) have provided opportunities for fixed-time AI (FTAI) and possibilities for increased pregnancy rates. In embryo transfer programs, these same treatments have eliminated the need for estrus detection, permitting fixed-time embryo transfer and the initiation of superstimulatory treatments without regard to day of the estrous cycle. Collectively, new treatment protocols have facilitated the application of assisted reproductive technologies, and this is especially true in South America. Over the last 20 years, the use of AI in South America has increased, due largely to the use of FTAI. There has been more than a 10-fold increase in the use of FTAI in Brazil with more than 11 million treatments in 2016, representing 85% of all AI. Similar trends are occurring in Argentina and Uruguay. Production of in vivo-derived (IVD) embryos has remained relatively stable over the years, but in vitro embryo production (IVP) has increased dramatically over the past 10 to 15 years, especially in Brazil where more than 300,000 IVP embryos were produced in 2010. World-wide, more than 666,000 bovine IVP embryos were produced in 2016, of which more than 57% were produced in South America. The use of assisted reproductive technologies has facilitated the dissemination of improved genetics and increased reproductive performance; other South American countries are now following suit.

Evolution of knowledge on ovarian physiology and its contribution to the widespread application of reproductive biotechnologies in South American cattle

As our understanding of ovarian function in cattle has improved, our ability to control it has also increased. Luteal function in cattle has been studied in detail, and prostaglandin F2α has been used for several years for the elective induction of luteal regression. More recently, follicle wave dynamics has been studied and protocols designed to induce follicular wave emergence and ovulation have reduced, and even eliminated, the need for estrus detection. The addition of progestin-releasing devices, estradiol, GnRH and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) have provided opportunities for fixed-time AI (FTAI) and possibilities for increased pregnancy rates. In embryo transfer programs, these same treatments have eliminated the need for estrus detection, permitting fixed-time embryo transfer and the initiation of superstimulatory treatments without regard to day of the estrous cycle. Collectively, new treatment protocols have facilitated the application of assisted reproductive technologies, and this is especially true in South America. Over the last 20 years, the use of AI in South America has increased, due largely to the use of FTAI. There has been more than a 10-fold increase in the use of FTAI in Brazil with more than 11 million treatments in 2016, representing 85% of all AI. Similar trends are occurring in Argentina and Uruguay. Production of in vivo-derived (IVD) embryos has remained relatively stable over the years, but in vitro embryo production (IVP) has increased dramatically over the past 10 to 15 years, especially in Brazil where more than 300,000 IVP embryos were produced in 2010. World-wide, more than 666,000 bovine IVP embryos were produced in 2016, of which more than 57% were produced in South America. The use of assisted reproductive technologies has facilitated the dissemination of improved genetics and increased reproductive performance; other South American countries are now following suit.

Evolution of knowledge on ovarian physiology and its contribution to the widespread application of reproductive biotechnologies in South American cattle

As our understanding of ovarian function in cattle has improved, our ability to control it has also increased. Luteal function in cattle has been studied in detail, and prostaglandin F2α has been used for several years for the elective induction of luteal regression. More recently, follicle wave dynamics has been studied and protocols designed to induce follicular wave emergence and ovulation have reduced, and even eliminated, the need for estrus detection. The addition of progestin-releasing devices, estradiol, GnRH and equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) have provided opportunities for fixed-time AI (FTAI) and possibilities for increased pregnancy rates. In embryo transfer programs, these same treatments have eliminated the need for estrus detection, permitting fixed-time embryo transfer and the initiation of superstimulatory treatments without regard to day of the estrous cycle. Collectively, new treatment protocols have facilitated the application of assisted reproductive technologies, and this is especially true in South America. Over the last 20 years, the use of AI in South America has increased, due largely to the use of FTAI. There has been more than a 10-fold increase in the use of FTAI in Brazil with more than 11 million treatments in 2016, representing 85% of all AI. Similar trends are occurring in Argentina and Uruguay. Production of in vivo-derived (IVD) embryos has remained relatively stable over the years, but in vitro embryo production (IVP) has increased dramatically over the past 10 to 15 years, especially in Brazil where more than 300,000 IVP embryos were produced in 2010. World-wide, more than 666,000 bovine IVP embryos were produced in 2016, of which more than 57% were produced in South America. The use of assisted reproductive technologies has facilitated the dissemination of improved genetics and increased reproductive performance; other South American countries are now following suit.(AU)

Características del crecimiento folicular ovárico durante el ciclo estral en ovejas / Characteristics of ovarian follicle development during estrous cycle in sheep

En la mayoría de los animales domésticos los últimos estadios del desarrollo folicular se presentan en un patrón de ondas durante el ciclo estral. Una onda folicular es caracterizada por el crecimiento sincrónico de un grupo de folículos, uno (o un número especie-específico) de ellos continúa creciendo (folículo dominante) mientras los otros regresan por inhibición de su desarrollo (folículos subordinados). La función folicular ha sido estudiada en la oveja, aunque la descripción del patrón de desarrollo folicular ha sido controvertido en los estudios iníciales. Algunos autores describieron el crecimiento folicular como continuo e independiente de la fase del ciclo. Otros estudios apoyaron un patrón de ondas. Actualmente, hay un acuerdo general que reconcilia ambos puntos de vista; el cual es basado sobre la alta variabilidad en el número de grupos desarrollándose en cada onda (el grupo de folículos) y la alta variabilidad en el número de grupos desarrollándose en cada ciclo estral. De esta forma, folículos > 5 mm de diámetro exhibirán un patrón de onda mientras folículos menores a 4 mm crecerán al azar. Muchos estudios describen dos a cuatro ondas foliculares durante el ciclo estral, con uno describiendo hasta seis ondas por ciclo. La selección folicular es el proceso por el cual se disminuye el número de folículos en crecimiento en una onda de acuerdo al número de folículos especie-específicos que ovulan. Durante el ciclo estral, el folículo dominante y el folículo subordinado mayor alcanzan diámetros máximos de 5-7 y 3-5 mm, respectivamente. En muchos casos los folículos ovulatorios se desarrollan desde un grupo de folículos desde la última onda folicular, pero también pueden originarse desde la penúltima onda folicular. Comprender los mecanismos que involucran el desarrollo folicular es importante para diseñar estrategias que mejoren los aspectos reproductivos y productivos en pequeños rumiantes.

In most domestic animals, the later stages of follicle development appear to have a wavelike pattern during the estrous cycle. A follicle wave is characterized by the synchronous growth of a cohort of follicles, one (or a speciesspecific number) which continues growing (dominant follicle), while the others regress due to development inhibition (subordinate follicles). Follicular function has been widely studied in sheep, although the description of the follicular development pattern has been controversial in early studies. Some authors described follicular growth as continuous and independent of the cycle stage. Other studies were supportive of a wave-like pattern. Currently, there is a general agreement that reconciles both viewpoints, which is based on the high variability in the number of cohorts developing in each wave (the cohort of follicles) and the high variability in the number of cohorts developing in each estrous cycle. In this way, follicles > 5 mm in diameter would exhibit a wave-like pattern, whilst follicles smaller than 4 mm would grow randomly. Most studies describe two to four follicle waves during the estrous cycle, with one study describing up to six waves per cycle. Follicular selection is the process that results in a decrease in the number of growing follicles in a wave according to the species-specific number of follicles that ovulate. During the estrous cycle, the dominant and largest subordinate follicles reach maximum diameters of 5-7 and 3-5 mm, respectively. In many cases the ovulatory follicles develop from a cohort of follicles from the last follicular wave. However, the ovulatory follicles can also derive from the second-to-last follicular wave. Understanding the pattern of follicle development in small ruminants is increasingly important for designing improved methods to manipulate reproduction and production.

Comparação de diferentes técnicas de sincronização da emergência da onda folicular visando a superovulação em bovinos / Comparative technics of follicular wave emergence synchronization in the cattle superovulation

Foram avaliadas quatro técnicas de sincronização da onda folicular em protocolos de superovulação. Para tal, foram utilizadas 112 vacas doadoras, das raças Simental, Limousin e Red Angus, com escore corporal médio de 3,0. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos experimentais de acordo com o método de sincronização da emergência da onda folicular. Foram realizadas 30 superovulações em cada grupo, considerando os seguintes protocolos: GI - grupo controle – animais superovulados entre o 8o e o 12o dia do ciclo estral (dia zero = estro); GII – animais que sofreram punção folicular no 9o dia (dia 0 = estro) e início do tratamento superovulatório no 11o dia; GIII – animais que sofreram punção folicular em fase não conhecida do ciclo estral, associada ao uso de um dispositivo intravaginal contendo progesterona (P4) e tratamento superovulatório iniciado 48h após a punção, GIV – animais que utilizaram implante intravaginal de progesterona colocadoem fase aleatória do ciclo estral, mantido por nove dias, associado à administração de 50 mg de P4 e de 2mg de benzoato de estradiol, sendo o tratamento superovulatório iniciado cinco dias após a colocação do dispositivo e GV – animais que receberam implante intravaginal de P4 colocado em fase aleatória do ciclo estral e mantido por oito dias, associado à administração de 50mg de P4 e 2mg de 17â-estradiol, sendo o tratamento superovulatório iniciado quatro dias após a colocação do dispositivo. Nos grupos I, II, III, IV e V o total de estruturas coletadas e de embriões viáveis foram, respectivamente (13,53±9,23 vs 13,87 ± 7,85 vs 18,70 ± 10,88 vs 9,03 ± 4,97 vs 13,60 ± 8,39) e (8,43±5,68 vs 8,27 ± 7,06 vs 10,47 ± 8,19 vs 5,37 ± 2,92 vs 7,23 ± 5,30). Os resultados observados no GIII foram superiores ao GI, GII, GIV e GV (P 0,05), enquanto o desempenho de GIV foi inferior (P<0,05). Os resultados permitem concluir que é possível sincronizar a emergência da onda folicular de vacas doadoras, com início da superovulação em qualquer momento do ciclo estral, e que o tratamento progestágeno associado à punção folicular oferece os melhores resultados.

We evaluated four different techniques of follicular wave synchronization by comparing total number of structures recovery, number of viable and degenerated embryos, number of oocytes recovery and cost of uterine flushing. One hundred twelve Simental, Limousin and Red Angus donators were randomly allocated in five treatment groups according to protocol used for follicular wave emergence synchronization. Thirty superovulations were performed in each group, the programs were: G1- Control, superovulation treatment between days 8 and 12 of the estrous cycle; G2- follicle aspiration on day 9 of the estrous cycle; G3- follicle aspiration plus intravaginal progesterone implant; G4- intravaginal progesterone implant plus estradiol benzoate and G5- intravaginal progesterone implant plus estradiol-17â. Artificial insemination was performed twice, 12 and 24 hours after detection of behavioral estrus. Embryo collection was performed on day 7 after inseminations. Total number of recovered structures (18,70 ± 10,88 vs 13,53 ± 9,23) and viable embryos (10,47 ± 8,19 vs 8,43 ± 5,68) were higher (P0,05) were detected amongst groups 2, 5 and 1, while performance of G4 was the lowest (P<0,05). Results demonstrate to be possible synchronize follicular wave emergence by initiating superstimulation at any time of the estrous cycle. Additionally we verified that the program using progesterone associated to follicular ablation had the best results in synchronizing follicular wave emergence aiming superstimulation in cattle.

Comparação de diferentes técnicas de sincronização da emergência da onda folicular visando a superovulação em bovinos / Comparative technics of follicular wave emergence synchronization in the cattle superovulation

Foram avaliadas quatro técnicas de sincronização da onda folicular em protocolos de superovulação. Para tal, foram utilizadas 112 vacas doadoras, das raças Simental, Limousin e Red Angus, com escore corporal médio de 3,0. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos experimentais de acordo com o método de sincronização da emergência da onda folicular. Foram realizadas 30 superovulações em cada grupo, considerando os seguintes protocolos: GI - grupo controle animais superovulados entre o 8o e o 12o dia do ciclo estral (dia zero = estro); GII animais que sofreram punção folicular no 9o dia (dia 0 = estro) e início do tratamento superovulatório no 11o dia; GIII animais que sofreram punção folicular em fase não conhecida do ciclo estral, associada ao uso de um dispositivo intravaginal contendo progesterona (P4) e tratamento superovulatório iniciado 48h após a punção, GIV animais que utilizaram implante intravaginal de progesterona colocadoem fase aleatória do ciclo estral, mantido por nove dias, associado à administração de 50 mg de P4 e de 2mg de benzoato de estradiol, sendo o tratamento superovulatório iniciado cinco dias após a colocação do dispositivo e GV animais que receberam implante intravaginal de P4 colocado em fase aleatória do ciclo estral e mantido por oito dias, associado à administração de 50mg de P4 e 2mg de 17â-estradiol, sendo o tratamento superovulatório iniciado quatro dias após a colocação do dispositivo. Nos grupos I, II, III, IV e V o total de estruturas coletadas e de embriões viáveis foram, respectivamente (13,53±9,23 vs 13,87 ± 7,85 vs 18,70 ± 10,88 vs 9,03 ± 4,97 vs 13,60 ± 8,39) e (8,43±5,68 vs 8,27 ± 7,06 vs 10,47 ± 8,19 vs 5,37 ± 2,92 vs 7,23 ± 5,30). Os resultados observados no GIII foram superiores ao GI, GII, GIV e GV (P< 0,05), respectivamente. Os grupos I, II e IV não apresentaram diferenças entre si (P> 0,05), enquanto o desempenho de GIV foi inferior (P<0,05). Os resultados permitem concluir que é possível sincronizar a emergência da onda folicular de vacas doadoras, com início da superovulação em qualquer momento do ciclo estral, e que o tratamento progestágeno associado à punção folicular oferece os melhores resultados.(AU)

We evaluated four different techniques of follicular wave synchronization by comparing total number of structures recovery, number of viable and degenerated embryos, number of oocytes recovery and cost of uterine flushing. One hundred twelve Simental, Limousin and Red Angus donators were randomly allocated in five treatment groups according to protocol used for follicular wave emergence synchronization. Thirty superovulations were performed in each group, the programs were: G1- Control, superovulation treatment between days 8 and 12 of the estrous cycle; G2- follicle aspiration on day 9 of the estrous cycle; G3- follicle aspiration plus intravaginal progesterone implant; G4- intravaginal progesterone implant plus estradiol benzoate and G5- intravaginal progesterone implant plus estradiol-17â. Artificial insemination was performed twice, 12 and 24 hours after detection of behavioral estrus. Embryo collection was performed on day 7 after inseminations. Total number of recovered structures (18,70 ± 10,88 vs 13,53 ± 9,23) and viable embryos (10,47 ± 8,19 vs 8,43 ± 5,68) were higher (P< 0,05) in G3 than in G1, respectively. No differences (P>0,05) were detected amongst groups 2, 5 and 1, while performance of G4 was the lowest (P<0,05). Results demonstrate to be possible synchronize follicular wave emergence by initiating superstimulation at any time of the estrous cycle. Additionally we verified that the program using progesterone associated to follicular ablation had the best results in synchronizing follicular wave emergence aiming superstimulation in cattle.(AU)

Dinâmica folicular ovariana em novilhas mestiças Holandês-Zebu

Twenty-six crossbred heifers were used to study daily ovarian follicular growth by ultrasonography from the estrus, for one or two consecutive estrous cycles. The follicle diameters of the first and second large follicles were determined for each ovary. The follicular dynamic in crossbred heifer was characterized by the predominance of three follicular waves (58.3%), over the two waves (33.3%). For cycles with three waves, the waves 1, 2 and 3 could be detected on days 0.4, 8.2 and 15.9 and for cycles with two waves, the waves 1 and 2 begun, on average, on days 0.4 and 9.7. The dominant follicle maximum diameters were 12.7 and 13.3mm, and 12.2, 10.0 and 11.7mm, in the estrous cycles with two and three waves, respectively. The maximum diameter reached by the second largest follicle (subordinate) was 7.0mm, in the estrous cycle with two or three follicular waves. The growth rates (mm/day) for dominant and subordinate follicles were 1.1 and 1.0, and the atresia rates were 1.1 and 1.2, respectively. One heifer exhibited four follicular waves, while two others presented just one follicular wave.

O estudo do crescimento folicular ovariano foi realizado em 26 novilhas mestiças Holandês-Zebu, por meio de acompanhamento ultra-sonográfico diário a partir do dia do estro, por um ou dois ciclos estrais consecutivos. Foram medidos os diâmetros do maior e segundo maior folículos presentes em cada ovário, detectando-se predominância de ciclos com três ondas de crescimento folicular (58,3%) sobre ciclos com duas ondas (33,3%). O início das ondas foi detectado nos dias 0,4 e 9,7 para os ciclos com duas ondas e nos dias 0,4, 8,2 e 15,9 para os ciclos com três ondas de crescimento folicular. Os diâmetros máximos dos folículos dominantes nos ciclos de duas ondas foram de 12,7 e 13,3mm e de 12,2, 10,0 e 11,7mm para os ciclos com três ondas. Para os folículos subordinados, os diâmetros médios foram de 7,0mm, independente do número de ondas. As taxas de crescimento folicular foram de 1,1 e 1,0mm/dia, e as taxas de atresia foram de 1,1 e 1,2mm/dia para os folículos dominantes e subordinados, respectivamente. Um animal apresentou quatro ondas de crescimento folicular, enquanto dois animais apresentaram um ciclo estral com apenas uma onda folicular.