Assessing the role of global food commodity prices in achieving the 2030 agenda for SDGs.

Food plays a vital role in human sustenance and well-being, and the fluctuations in its price exert a significant impact on the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from social, economic, and environmental perspectives. This paper conducts an analysis utilizing data from 163 countries, revealing that an upsurge in global food commodity prices entails trade-offs with 13 SDGs, while exhibiting synergies with a few others. By considering specific food products, various types of countries, and the supply and demand shocks, further analysis confirms predominantly negative associations between spikes in food prices and the SDGs. Our findings highlight the urgent imperative to mitigate abrupt increases in food prices, such as those witnessed during the 2022 food crisis, to ensure the comprehensive fulfillment of the 2030 agenda for SDGs.

The cost of healthier and more sustainable food choices: Do plant-based consumers spend more on food?

Plant-based diets are often promoted as healthier and more sustainable and thus as a mechanism to achieve the targets proposed to mitigate climate change and noncommunicable diseases. However, plant-based diets can be perceived as more expensive than the common omnivorous diets, when considering the expensive novel meat substitutes and also the higher costs of fruits and vegetables, whose consumption is perceived to increase. Therefore, the present study assesses the question: Do plant-based consumers spend more on food compared to omnivorous consumers? Based on primary data (n = 1040) collected through an online survey, representative of the Portuguese population, through logistic regressions, it was possible to conclude that plant-based consumers, particularly vegan, are associated with lower food expenditures compared to omnivorous consumers. In fact, plant-based consumers are shown to spend less than all other consumers assessed. Food policies aligning healthiness and sustainability with affordability can deliver a major boost for the promotion of plant-based diets and help achieve the mitigation targets proposed.

Three decades of household food availability according to NOVA - Brazil, 1987-2018 / Três décadas da disponibilidade domiciliar de alimentos segundo a NOVA - Brasil, 1987-2018

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the trend of household food acquisition according to the NOVA classification in Brazil between 1987-1988 and 2017-2018. METHODS We used household food acquisition data from five editions of the Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares (Household Budget Surveys), conducted by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), in the years 1987-1988, 1995-1996, 2002-2003, 2008-2009, and 2017-2018. All reported foods were categorized according to the NOVA classification. The household availability of food groups and subgroups was expressed through their share (%) in total calories, for all Brazilian families, by household situation (urban or rural), for each of the five geographic regions of the country, by fifths of the household income per capita distribution (2002-2003, 2008-2009 and 2017-2018 surveys), and for the 11 main urban regions of the country (1987-1988, 1995-1996, 2002-2003, 2008-2009 and 2017-2018 surveys). Linear regression models were used to assess the trend of increasing or decreasing food purchases. RESULTS The diet of the Brazilian population is still composed predominantly of foods in natura or minimally processed and processed culinary ingredients. However, our findings point to trends of increasing share of ultra-processed foods in the diet. This increase of 0.4 percentage points per year between 2002 and 2009 slowed down to 0.2 percentage points between 2008 and 2018. The consumption of ultra-processed food was higher among households with higher income, in the South and Southeast regions, in urban areas, and in metropolitan regions. CONCLUSION Our results indicate an increase in the share of ultra-processed foods in the diet of Brazilians. This is a worrisome scenario, since the consumption of such foods is associated with the development of diseases and the loss of nutritional quality of the diet.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a tendência da aquisição domiciliar de alimentos de acordo com a classificação NOVA no Brasil entre 1987-1988 e 2017-2018. MÉTODOS Foram utilizados dados de aquisição domiciliar de alimentos provenientes de cinco edições da Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares, realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, nos anos 1987-1988, 1995-1996, 2002-2003, 2008-2009 e 2017-2018. Todos os alimentos reportados foram categorizados segundo a classificação NOVA. A disponibilidade domiciliar dos grupos e subgrupos de alimentos foi expressa por meio de sua participação (%) nas calorias totais, para o conjunto das famílias brasileiras, por situação do domicílio (urbana ou rural), para cada uma das cinco regiões geográficas do país, por quintos da distribuição de renda domiciliar per capita (inquéritos de 2002-2003, 2008-2009 e 2017-2018); e para as 11 principais regiões urbanas do país (inquéritos de 1987-1988, 1995-1996, 2002-2003, 2008-2009 e 2017-2018). Modelos de regressão linear foram utilizados para avaliar a tendência de aumento ou diminuição na aquisição dos alimentos. RESULTADOS A dieta da população brasileira ainda é composta predominantemente por alimentos in natura e minimamente processados e ingredientes culinários processados. No entanto, nossos achados apontam tendências de aumento da participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na dieta. Esse aumento que foi de 0,4 pontos percentuais ao ano na primeira porção do período estudado, entre 2002 e 2009, e desacelerou para 0,2 pontos percentuais entre 2008 e 2018. O consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados foi maior entres os domicílios de maior renda, nas regiões Sul e Sudeste, na área urbana, e nas regiões metropolitanas. CONCLUSÃO Os resultados do presente estudo apontam um aumento na participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na dieta dos brasileiros. Cenário preocupante, uma vez que o consumo de tais alimentos está associado ao desenvolvimento de doenças e à perda da qualidade nutricional da dieta.

Managing colombian farmers price risk exposure with electrical derivatives market.

Food security is among the most pressing global concerns. It is principally threatened by the combination of rural migration and the pressure of climate change. In order to mitigate these effects, the need to promote stable conditions for small producers -who generate 80% of the world's food- has arose. In search to improve market conditions, this study aims to evaluate the feasibility of cross-hedging between electrical derivatives market and spot agricultural products in Colombia. This hypothesis is proposed, as Colombia depends upon hydro-electricity, an electricity source which is heavily influenced by climatic conditions, particularly the "El Niño" southern oscillation (ENSO). The prices of agricultural products are thus volatile, and subject to this phenomenon. ENSO is presumed to be an important link between these two markets. To contrast the hypothesis, the most commonly- methods in cross-hedging literature were employed to estimate hedge ratios: OLS, Error Correction Models, and GARCH estimations. This last estimation was found to be the one with the best performance for hedge ratio estimation. Despite this, of 93 products analyzed, statistically significant relationships were found for only nine. Besides, it was found that cross-hedging contributes to a risk reduction of not more than 32%.

Islamic finance and food commodity trading: is there a chance to hedge against price volatility and enhance food security?

This paper evaluates current food commodity trading from the Shariah point of view, which is particularly relevant for the MENA region. It focuses on futures contracts as the main instrument for grain trading and analyzes the traders' activities. Through a qualitative and multifaceted approach, the paper accumulates and evaluates the suggestions for 15 Shariah-based alternatives to futures by contemporary researchers. Sukuk, commodity funds and takaful programs are among potential structures that could be developed and broadly implemented. The research compares the current criticism of futures markets with the opinions of Islamic scholars and researchers, as well as Shariah standards. The paper also evaluates several recent suggestions by researchers to raise the efficiency of the international commodity trading market for the sake of food security. The results show that there is space for cooperation taking into account Islamic financial principles and conventional commodity exchange regulations, in combining existing best practices of the latter and the rulings of the former in engineering a sounder system of grain trading for the benefit of market players and the end consumers. This would require a joint effort and support from exchanges, standard-setting bodies, and regulators. Among the areas of cooperation are the approach towards corners (ihtikar), squeezes, speculation (gharar, maysir, and najash), and defining the border between reasonable and excess speculation; financial architecture using new technologies in developing a commodity trading contract conforming to the Shariah regulations and the exchange requirements. There is a need to develop the ideas for global food contracts and grain reserve systems, and to test the contracts based on existing exchanges.

Farm households' flood adaptation practices, resilience and food security in the Upper East region, Ghana.

This study employs the multinomial endogenous treatment effect model to examine the effect of flood adaptation strategies on farm households' food security in the Upper East region, Ghana. In addition, an ordered probit model was used to analyse the determinants of household's recovery from flood shocks. Farmers adopt on-farm and non-farm activities as adaptation strategies. Estimation results indicate that farmers that employ on-farm and non-farm strategies had their food security situation improved and recovered faster from flood shocks. Age, education, access to extension, credit, farm size and information on flood occurrence drive the farmer's decision to adopt on-farm practices. Marital status, education, farm size and information on flood occurrence significantly influenced adaptation decisions related to non-farm activities. Other factors that influence household's recovery period from flood events were age, education, FBO and perceived severity of flood. Programs and policies that promote extension contacts, increase awareness on flood occurrences and provide non-farm work opportunities can be beneficial to reduce the adverse effects of floods.

The importance of tolerating interstices: Babushka markets in Ukraine and Eastern Europe and their role in maintaining local food knowledge and diversity.

Babushka informal markets selling several homemade gastronomic plant and animal-based products and culinary preparations, as well as wild and cultivated plants, and sometimes family butchered barnyard animals are extremely popular in Ukraine. In this field study that we conducted over a few years we inventoried the most relevant food plant products sold in these markets and we analysed how these markets represent remarkable food refugia for several local niche foods. In addition, we researched the historical and socio-economic reasons for the start, survival, and revival of this phenomenon, which had its origin during the Communist period. We furthermore evaluated similar recent trends in other Eastern European countries and especially those which had a very different post-Communist trajectory with the aim of addressing the possible factors affecting their survival and what could be done to preserve their existence. In particular, in a few of these countries (i.e. Azerbaijan) we observed how informal food markets represent experimental fields where gastronomic knowledge is not only "preserved", but also reinvented, possibly in response to the preferences and requests of a city's customers.

Perspectivas de adultos mayores sobre aspectos sociales que condicionan su alimentación / Perspectives of the elderly people on social aspects that determine their feeding

Objetivo: interpretar, desde la vivencia de personas mayores, las implicancias que aspectos sociales como la familia, participación social y la situación económica, presentan en su alimentación. Método: se desarrolló una investigación utilizando un abordaje cualitativo, mediante el paradigma fenomenológico. La muestra cualitativa se consigue a través de la saturación teórica, completándose con 21 ancianos del distrito de Hualpén, Chile, que cumplieron los criterios de selección del estudio. Para la recolección de información se usó una entrevista semiestructurada. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante análisis de contenido, utilizando técnica de triangulación de investigadores. Resultados: la influencia de la familia es percibida positivamente en la alimentación de estas personas, al igual que su participación en grupos sociales establecidos, aunque esto último interpretado por la educación alimentaria que reciben al formar parte de estos grupos de adultos mayores y que permiten mejorar su calidad de vida a través de la alimentación. Por otra parte, la situación económica es interpretada como limitante en la selección de alimentos, lo que es comprendido como un obstáculo para una alimentación saludable. Conclusiones: aspectos sociales condicionan la alimentación en personas mayores. La situación económica es percibida como limitante en su alimentación, en cambio, la familia y su participación en grupos de apoyo, les anima a presentar una vida y alimentación saludables.

Objective: interpret, from the experience from elder people, the implications that social aspects such as family, social participation and economic situation present in their diet. Methods: it has been developed a qualitative research with a phenomenological focus. The qualitative sample is obtained through the theoretical saturation, completing with 21 elders from the district of Hualpen, Chile, who have achieved the criterions to be chosen for the study. To gather the required information, it has been used a semi-structured interview. The analysis of the data has been done through content analysis, utilizing the triangulation research technique. Results: the influence of the family is perceived positively in the feeding process of the elders, as well as their participation into established social groups, although this is understood through the feeding process education they receive when they are participating in these groups, which allows them to improve their quality of life through the feeding process. On the other hand, the financial situation is understood as a limitation in the food choices, which is also seen as an obstacle for a healthy feeding process. Conclusion: social aspects affect the diet of older people. The economic situation is perceived as limiting in their diet; instead, the family and its participation in support groups, encourages them to present a healthy life and food.

Investigation on the role of consumer health orientation in the use of food labels.

OBJECTIVE: This study explored the relationship between health orientation (i.e. individual motivation to engage in healthy attitudes, beliefs and behaviours) and consumers' use of nutritional information on food labels. Specifically, this study analysed the relationship between a number of direct investments in health (namely those behaviours that can contribute directly to maintain a good health status) and use of nutritional information on food labels. STUDY DESIGN: Data for the analysis were collected through face-to-face interviews with a sample of 540 Italian consumers in charge of their grocery shopping. Forty grocery stores, including supermarkets and hypermarkets, were selected using a systematic sampling technique. METHODS: Data were analysed using three equations and accounting for endogeneity issues. RESULTS: This study found that those consumer groups with low health orientation (specifically smokers, those who do not exercise regularly, and those with an unhealthy body weight) show little interest in nutritional labels. CONCLUSION: Nutritional labels as a tool to promote healthier food choices have a limited effect on those consumers in greatest need of pursuing healthier lifestyle habits. Alternative policy intervention should be undertaken to reach these consumer groups.

Eat Right-Live Well! Supermarket Intervention Impact on Sales of Healthy Foods in a Low-Income Neighborhood.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a multifaceted supermarket intervention promoting healthier alternatives to commonly purchased foods. DESIGN: Sales of 385 foods promoted between July and October, 2012 in the Eat Right-Live Well! intervention supermarket were compared with sales in a control supermarket. SETTING: Two supermarkets in geographically separate, low-income, urban neighborhoods. PARTICIPANTS: One control and 1 intervention supermarket. INTERVENTION: Product labeling, employee training, community outreach, and in-store promotions, including taste tests. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of items sold; absolute and percent differences in sales. ANALYSIS: Difference-in-difference analyses compared absolute and percent changes between stores and over time within stores. Sub-analyses examined taste-tested items and specific food categories, and promoted items labeled with high fidelity. RESULTS: Comparing pre- and postintervention periods, within-store difference-in-differences for promoted products in the intervention store (25,776 items; 23.1%) was more favorable than the control (9,429 items; 6.6%). The decrease in taste-tested items' sales was smaller in the intervention store (946 items; 5.5%) than the control store (14,666 items; 26.6%). Increased sales of foods labeled with high fidelity were greater in the intervention store (25,414 items; 28.0%) than the control store (7,306 items; 6.3%). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Store-based interventions, particularly high-fidelity labeling, can increase promoted food sales.

Feeding children in a favela in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: how much is spent and what would be the cost of a healthy diet? / Alimentação de crianças em uma favela no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: quanto se gasta e qual seria o custo de uma dieta saudável

To measure food expenditure for children living in a favela in Rio de Janeiro, and compare this expenditure to the cost of a healthy diet, based on local prices. Methods: panel study, with three collection dates – 2004, 2008 and 2012 – conducted in children (5 to 9 years old) in Manguinhos. Food prices were collected by way of a sample of local food stores in 2013 and deflated using indicators specific to food prices. Twenty-four hour diet recall, qualitative food frequency and the Brazilian food pyramid adequate for the age group were used to estimate the observed expenditure and the cost of a healthy diet. Results: in 2004, 49.2 percent of the families interviewed lived on less than US$1 per person/day and 9.7 percent in 2012.In the same period, the percentage of students eating free school meals dropped from 73 percent to 49 percent. Money spent on food was concentrated on sugary products (32.4 percent) and snacks (12.5 percent). The estimated monthly cost of a healthy diet (US$142) was lower than the observed expenditure (US$176). Conclusions: increased purchasing power has not led to healthier food choices. The common belief that poor people choose food based on prices was rejected by the present study. Other factors certainly play an important role in food purchasing decisions...

Mensurar os gastos com a alimentação de crianças moradoras de uma favela no Rio de Janeiro e comparar com os custos de uma dieta saudável, com base em preços praticados localmente. Métodos: estudo de painel, realizado em crianças, (5-9 anos), residentes em Manguinhos, com coletas em 2004, 2008, 2012. Os preços foram coletados em amostra de mercados locais em 2013, e deflacionados usando indicadores específicos de alimentos. Recordatório de 24 horas, frequência alimentar e pirâmide alimentar foram utilizadas na estimativa do gasto observado e custo da dieta saudável. Resultados: em 2004, 49,2 por cento das famílias entrevistadas vivia com menos de um US$1 por pessoa/dia, 9,7 por cento em 2012. A merenda escolar era consumida por 73 por cento e passou a 49 por cento. O gasto com alimentos concentrou- se em produtos açucarados (32,4 por cento) e lanches (12,5 por cento). O custo mensal estimado da dieta saudável (US$142) foi menor do que a despesa efetivamente observada (US$176). Conclusões: o aumento do poder de compra não levou a escolhas alimentares mais saudáveis. A crença comum de que as pessoas pobres escolhem alimentos com base nos preços foi rejeitada nesse estudo. Certamente outros fatores desempenham um papel importante nas decisões de compra de alimentos...

¿Cuál es el impacto de un impuesto a alimentos sólidos azucarados sobre la alimentación y salud de la población?: síntesis rápida de evidencia / What is the impact of a tax on solid sugary foods on the diet and health of the population?: rapid eviodence synthesis

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO Una de las posibles causas del aumento sostenido de la obesidad/sobrepeso es la alta disponibilidad de alimentos con bajo contenido nutricional; estudios muestran que la reducción de la ingesta de este tipo de alimentos (especialmente de alto contenido de azúcar) reduce el riesgo de sobrepeso. Para abordar esta situación, gobiernos a nivel mundial se plantean diversas intervenciones para controlar la obesidad y el sobrepeso. En este contexto se solicita esta síntesis de evidencia con el objetivo de informar la toma de decisiones respecto del efecto de una política para incorporar un impuesto a alimentos azucarados. METODOLOGÍA Se formuló una estrategia de búsqueda para ser utilizada en las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane Library, PDQ Evidence, Health System Evidence, Health Evidence, ISIWeb of Knowledge y Support Summaries con el objetivo de identificar revisiones sistemáticas del tema. Se seleccionaron preferentemente aquellas que incluían información relevante y que fueron publicadas en los últimos 5 años. Adicionalmente, se utilizaron informes y análisis publicados sobre metodologías y experiencias de impuestos sobre alimentos azucarados. RESULTADOS Se recuperaron 6 revisiones sistemáticas, del cual se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: -Un impuesto a alimentos azucarados reduciría la demanda e ingesta. Sin embargo, el tamaño del impacto es pequeño, especialmente en la prevalencia de obesidad. -En términos económicos, el consumo de alimentos azucarados se reduce al incrementar el precio, no obstante, esta reducción no es proporcional a la disminución del precio. -El impuesto a alimentos azucarados podría modificar el contenido nutricional de los alimentos disponibles en el mercado y/o incentivar la sustitución de alimentos gravados. -La experiencia de Hungría nos muestra que el límite para gravar un alimento va entre 25-40 g/100g. -Finlandia utiliza un impuesto global para todo tipo de alimento, proporcional al nivel de azúcar éste contenga. -Este impuesto podría ser regresivo, no obstante, la introducción conjunta de subsidios a alimentos saludables podría corregir estas imperfecciones.

Evolucao dos precos relativos de grupos alimentares entre 1939 e 2010, em Sao Paulo, SP / Evolucion de los precios relativos de grupos alimenticios entre 1939 y 2010, en Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil / Evolution of the relative prices of food groups between 1939 and 2010 in the city of Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Analisar a evolução dos preços relativos dos grupos de produtos alimentares e sua influência nas políticas públicas para uma alimentação saudável. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados do município de São Paulo de 1939 a 2010, a partir da aplicação de métodos de cálculo de números-índices. Foram utilizados dados do banco de preços e estruturas de ponderação da Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (1939 a 1988) e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (1989 a 2010). O banco de preços foi organizado, sua consistência foi testada e os preços foram deflacionados pelo Índice de Preços ao Consumidor. Os dados relativos a preços deflacionados foram calculados e agregados por categorias e grupos alimentares da pirâmide alimentar adaptada. Os índices de preços de cada grupo foram construídos aplicando a fórmula de Laspeyres modificada. O índice geral de preços da alimentação foi comparado com índices de cada grupo alimentar e respectiva categoria: alimentos in natura; alimentos industrializados; bebidas; carnes, leguminosas, leite e ovos; cereais e tubérculos; e refeições fora do domicílio. RESULTADOS: Os grupos alimentares de gorduras, óleos, condimentos, açúcares e alimentos processados (alimentos industrializados) apresentaram tendência de redução de preços em termos relativos. O índice dos alimentos in natura, como frutas e verduras, apresentaram tendência de elevação de preços. Outros grupos alimentares, como cereais, farinhas e massas, carnes, leite e ovos, apresentaram estabilidade de preços relativos ao longo do tempo. CONCLUSÕES: A evolução dos preços relativos dos alimentos no município de ...

OBJETIVO: Analizar la evolución de los precios relativos de los grupos de productos alimenticios y su influencia en las políticas públicas para una alimentación saludable. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron datos del municipio de Sao Paulo de 1939 a 2010, a partir de la aplicación de métodos de cálculo de números-índices. Se utilizaron datos del banco de precios y estructuras de ponderación de la Fundación Instituto de Pesquisas Económicas (1939 a 1988) y del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (1989 a 2010). El banco de precios fue organizado, su consistencia fue evaluada y los precios fueron deflacionados por el Índice de Precio al Consumidor. Los datos relativos a precios deflacionados fueron calculados y agregados por categorías y grupos alimenticios de la pirámide alimenticia adaptada. Los índices de precios de cada grupo fueron construidos aplicando la fórmula de Laspeyres modificada. El índice general de precios de la alimentación fue comparado con los índices de cada grupo alimenticio y respectiva categoría: alimentos in natura; alimentos industrializados; bebidas; carnes, leguminosas, leche y huevos; cereales y tubérculos y comidas ingeridas fuera del domicilio. RESULTADOS: Los grupos alimenticios de grasas, aceites, condimentos, azúcares y alimentos procesados (alimentos industrializados) presentaron tendencia de reducción de precios en términos relativos. El índice de los alimentos in natura, como frutas y verduras, presentaron tendencia de elevación de precios. Otros grupos alimenticios, como cereales, harinas y pastas, carnes, leche y huevos presentaron estabilidad de precios relativos a lo largo del tiempo. CONCLUSIONES: La evolución de los precios relativos de los alimentos en el municipio de Sao Paulo muestra tendencia desfavorable para el mantenimiento ...

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the evolution of relative prices of food groups and its influence on public healthy eating policies. METHODS: Data from the municipality of Sao Paulo between 1939 and 2010 were analyzed based on calculating index numbers. Data from the Economic Researches Foundation Institute price database and weight structures (1939 to 1988) and from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (1989 to 2010) were used to. The price database was organized, its consistency tested and prices were deflated using the consumer price index. Relative prices were calculated and associated to food categories and groups, according to the food pyramid guide adapted for the Brazilian population. The price indices for each group were calculated according to Laspeyres modified formula. The general food price index was compared with the indices for each food group and respective category: fresh food, processed food, beverages, meat, legumes, milk and eggs, cereals and root vegetables and eating out. RESULTS: Price indices for fat, oil, spices, sugars and sweets and processed food showed relative price reduction. Fresh food, such as fruit and vegetables, showed an increase in relative prices. Other food groups, such as cereals, flour and pasta, meat, milk and egg, showed a steadier long term trend in relative prices. CONCLUSIONS: The evolution of relative prices of food in the city of Sao Paulo demonstrates a negative trend towards healthy eating at household level in the long run. .

Biscoitos recheados: quanto mais baratos maior teor de gordura trans? / Filled cookies: the cheaper the higher trans fat content?

Objetivos: identificar a quantidade de gorduras totais, saturadas e trans descritas nos rótulos de biscoitos recheados e verificar se existe associação entre o preço e a quantidade de gorduras trans.Métodos: a amostra foi composta por 25 pacotes de biscoitos recheados de diferentes tipos e marcas, copiando-se de cada rótulo as informações necessárias. Para análise dos resultados foram efetuados cálculos de estatística descritiva, análise de variância e correlação de Spearmann.Resultados: os resultados apontam uma preocupação no consumo desses biscoitos, uma vez que a média dos biscoitos de duas marcas apresentaram valores próximos e que ultrapassam a recomendação máxima de gorduras trans (2,0 g) em uma porção média de 30 g (1,78 g e 2,05 g), com base em uma dieta de 2000 quilocalorias. Verificou-se também associação positiva entre preço e quantidade de gorduras trans (p<0,001) e associação inversa entre preço e quantidade de gordura saturada (p=0,003).Conclusões: quanto maior a quantidade de gorduras trans, menor a quantidade de gordura saturada e menor preço.Sugere-se uma revisão na legislação quanto à inserção da quantidade exata de gorduras trans no rótulo, uma vez que o consumo elevado dessas gorduras está associado a dislipidemias, um fator de risco para doença cardiovascular.

Aims: To identify the amount of total fat, saturated fat and trans fat described on the labels of filled cookies and to verify the association between price and trans fat content.Methods: The sample consisted of 25 packages of different types and brands of filled cookies, obtaining the necessary information from every label. Calculations of descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and correlation of Spearman were carried out.Results: The results call the attention for the consumption of these cookies, since the average of cookies of two brands presented values close and up to the daily recommendation of trans fat (2.0 g) in an average portion of 30 g (1.78 g and 2.05 g), based on a diet of 2000 kilocalories. We have also found a direct relation between price and trans fat value and reverse relation between price and saturated fat value.Conclusion: The more trans fat, the smaller price and quantity of saturate fat were found. We suggest a revision in the legislation regarding the inclusion of the exact amount of trans fat in the labels of every product, because high intakes of these fats are associated with dyslipidemia, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Toxoplasma gondii em suínos com ênfase na contribuição brasileira: [revisão] / Toxoplasma gondii in swine with emphasis in Brazilian contribution: [review]

Objetivos: revisar a literatura nacional referente aos principais dados de estudos de toxoplasmose sobre a epidemiologia, patologia e imunologia, frequência de anticorpos e isolamento do parasito em suínos, e as literaturas nacional e internacional sobre avaliação molecular de cepas isoladas de suínos. Fonte de dados: foram pesquisadas as bases de dados Scielo, Scopus, Science Direct e Google Scholar. Síntese dos dados: a toxoplasmose em suínos apresenta alta prevalência sorológica e de identificação do parasito, por isolamento ou detecção de DNA, em grande parte do território nacional, causando problemas neurológicos, reprodutivos e econômicos e aumentando o risco de transmissão para a população humana. As principais fontes de infecção para os suínos ainda são os gatos errantes, responsáveis pela disseminação e adaptação do parasito a novos hospedeiros e condições de sobrevivência alternativas. A biologia molecular trouxe grande contribuição, não somente para a detecção em amostras de animais mortos, mas, principalmente, na elucidação do comportamento evolutivo do parasito na espécie suína. Conclusões: a toxoplasmose em suínos é um problema real tanto na criação como produção de alimentos, o que resulta em grave problema econômico e de saúde pública. Apresenta prevalência variável em suínos no mundo e alta variabilidade genotípica, principalmente na América do Sul.

Aims: To review the national literature of toxoplasmosis about epidemiology, pathology, immunology, antibody frequency and parasite isolation in swine, and the national and international literature on molecular evaluation of strains isolated from swine. Source of data: Survey was performed in Scielo, Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases. Summary of findings: Toxoplasmosis in swine presents high serological prevalence and parasite identification by isolation or DNA detection, is widely distributed in national territory, causing neurological, reproductive, and economical problems, and increases the risk of transmission to human population. Errant cats, which are the main source of infection to swine, are responsible for the dissemination and adaptation of the parasite to new hosts and alternative survival conditions. Molecular biology contributed significantly to the parasite detection in samples from dead animals and, particularly, in the elucidation of the parasite evolutional behavior in swine species. Conclusions: Toxoplasmosis in swine is a real problem in both breeding and food production, becoming a serious problem to public health. It presents a variable prevalence in swine around the world, and presents high genotypic variability, particularly in South America.