ABSTRACT
Here we assess the impact of geographically dependent (latitude, longitude, and altitude) changes in bioclimatic (temperature, precipitation, and primary productivity) variability on fungal fruiting phenology across Europe. Two main nutritional guilds of fungi, saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal, were further separated into spring and autumn fruiters. We used a path analysis to investigate how biogeographic patterns in fungal fruiting phenology coincided with seasonal changes in climate and primary production. Across central to northern Europe, mean fruiting varied by approximately 25 d, primarily with latitude. Altitude affected fruiting by up to 30 d, with spring delays and autumnal accelerations. Fruiting was as much explained by the effects of bioclimatic variability as by their large-scale spatial patterns. Temperature drove fruiting of autumnal ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic groups as well as spring saprotrophic groups, while primary production and precipitation were major drivers for spring-fruiting ectomycorrhizal fungi. Species-specific phenology predictors were not stable, instead deviating from the overall mean. There is significant likelihood that further climatic change, especially in temperature, will impact fungal phenology patterns at large spatial scales. The ecological implications are diverse, potentially affecting food webs (asynchrony), nutrient cycling and the timing of nutrient availability in ecosystems.
Subject(s)
Climate , Ecosystem , Climate Change , Europe , SeasonsABSTRACT
AIM To study the chemical constituents from the fruit bodies of Daedalea dickinsii (Berk.) Yasuda.METHODS The methanol extract from the fruit bodies of D.dickinsii was isolated and purified by silica,Sephadex LH-20 and HPLC,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.RESULTS Six compounds were isolated and identified as (22E,24R)-ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3β-ol (1),(22E,24R)-5α,8α-epoxyergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol (2),stellasterol (3),6-methoxycer-evisterol (4),16-acetylpolyporenic acid C (5),and 3 α-carboxyacetoxy-24-methylene-23-oxolanost-8,24 (31)-dien-26-oic acid (6).CONCLUSION Compounds 1-4,6 are isolated from this fungus for the first time.
ABSTRACT
The culinary and medicinal mushroom Hericium erinaceus is widely consumed in Asian countries, but apparently not in the United States, for its nutritional and health benefits. To stimulate broader interest in the reported beneficial properties, this overview surveys and consolidates the widely scattered literature on the chemistry (isolation and structural characterization) of polysaccharides and secondary metabolites such as erinacines, hericerins, hericenones, resorcinols, steroids, mono- and diterpenes, and volatile aroma compounds, nutritional composition, food and industrial uses, and exceptional nutritional and health-promoting aspects of H. erinaceus. The reported health-promoting properties of the mushroom fruit bodies, mycelia, and bioactive pure compounds include antibiotic, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, antifatigue, antihypertensive, antihyperlipodemic, antisenescence, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and neuroprotective properties and improvement of anxiety, cognitive function, and depression. The described anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and immunostimulating properties in cells, animals, and humans seem to be responsible for the multiple health-promoting properties. A wide range of research advances and techniques are described and evaluated. The collated information and suggestion for further research might facilitate and guide further studies to optimize the use of the whole mushrooms and about 70 characterized actual and potential bioactive secondary metabolites to help prevent or treat human chronic, cognitive, and neurological diseases.
Subject(s)
Agaricales/chemistry , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/chemistry , Functional Food/analysis , Mycelium/chemistry , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Vegetables/chemistry , Agaricales/metabolism , Animals , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal/metabolism , Humans , Mycelium/metabolism , Nutritive Value , Plant Extracts/metabolism , Vegetables/metabolismABSTRACT
In order to study the survival mechanisms to drought stress for fruit body of Auricularia auricula, soluble carbohydrates and respiratory enzymes were investigated. Fruit bodies were exposed to sunlight and were naturally dehydrated. Samples were taken at different levels of water loss (0%, 10%, 30%, 50% and 70%) to measure the content of soluble sugars and polysaccharides. The activities of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), combined glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH), were also determined. The results showed that with the increase in water loss, soluble sugars and MDH activity declined, whereas the activities of G-6-PDH and 6-PGDH increased. Soluble polysaccharides content and PGI activity decreased with water loss up to 30% and increased afterwards. These results suggested that the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), as demonstrated by activities of G-6-PDH and 6-PGDH, could be one of the mechanisms for survival during drought stress in the fruit body of A. auricula. Moreover, soluble polysaccharides may play a part in protecting the fruit body in further drought stress.
ABSTRACT
Se llevó a cabo la evaluación del cultivo de Pleurotus ostreatus, para determinar el residuo sobre el cual este hongo genera mejor crecimiento y producción. Los sustratos evaluados fueron residuos agroindustriales del departamento de Cundinamarca (capacho de uchuva, cáscara de arveja y tusa de maíz); teniendo como sustrato control el aserrín de roble. Las mezclas a evaluar fueron empacadas en bolsas de 1Kg de volumen de mezcla de sustrato, del cual el 78 por ciento fue el residuo agroindustrial. Se esterilizaron e inocularon con 30g de semillas de Pleurotus ostreatus, adquiridas comercialmente. Se evaluó el tiempo de corrida del micelio, el diámetro de los carpóforos, el número de hongos producidos por bolsa, el peso fresco, la eficiencia biológica y el rendimiento de cada uno de los sustratos trabajados. Finalmente, el mejor sustrato para el crecimiento y producción de Pleurotus ostreatus fue el capacho de uchuva ya que alcanzó una eficiencia biológica de 76.1 por ciento en un período total de producción de 41 días y una rentabilidad de 39.03 Kg/m2 con excelentes características organolépticas, considerándose así un sustrato adecuado y eficiente para el cultivo de este hongo.
The culture of Pleurotus ostreatus was evaluated to determine the best waste on which this mushroom can show the highest growth and production rates.. The substrates evaluated were agroindustrial wastes of theDepartment of Cundinamarca (dry skin of goldenberries (Physalis), skin of pea pods and maize cobs). The control substrate was sawdust of oak. The mixtures evaluated were packed in bags of 1 kg containing 78 % ofagroindustrial waste of the volume of substrate mixture . Mixtures were sterilized and inoculated with 30 g ofseeds of Pleurotus ostreatus obtained commercially. Running time of the mycelium, diameter of fruit bodies,number of fruit bodies produced per bag, fresh weight, biological efficiency, and yield were evaluated on eachof the substrates. Finally, the best substrate for the growth and production of Pleurotus ostreatus was the dryskin of goldenberries (Physalis) with a biological efficiency of 76.1% after a total production period of 41 days and a yield of 39.03 Kg/m2 with excellent organoleptic characteristics, therefore being an adequate and efficient substrate for cultivating this mushroom.
Subject(s)
Pleurotus/growth & development , Waste Products/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Pure culture of Phlebopus portentosus was inoculated in the roots of coffee tree. The results indi-cated that the young fruit bodies would come out around the rhizomes of host tree after inoculation in 30 to 90 days, single or cluster, 3 to 4 days for mature, weight 20.0 g to 62.0 g. Brown rhizomorph and hyphae can be seen on the seedlings`rhizome, main root and side root while nothing is on the tip of the root.It was found that rhizomorph on the surface of roots would die after inoculation in 90 days in pot.
