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Introducción: La histoplasmosis es una micosis causada por Histoplasma capsulatum. Este hongo se encuentra en las excretas de algunos animales (murciélagos y aves) y su reservorio es el suelo. Es una enfermedad endémica en el continente americano. La inhalación de esporas causa infección pulmonar primaria que puede diseminarse. Objetivo: Describir un caso de histoplasmosis bucal en un paciente seronegativo al virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Caso clínico: Paciente diabético, fumador y alcohólico con cuadro febril de varios meses acompañado de manifestaciones respiratorias. Además, se constataron úlceras en encías y lengua, lesiones nodulares en mucosas del carrillo, fondo del surco vestibular y reborde alveolar. Se informó anemia, leucopenia y aumento de la velocidad de sedimentación globular. El diagnóstico se confirmó mediante citología e histopatología. La terapéutica empleada fue itraconazol 200 mg tres veces al día, luego 200 mg dos veces al día por dos meses y una tableta diaria hasta seis meses después del segundo mes. El paciente se encuentra asintomático y las lesiones bucales desaparecieron. Conclusiones: La histoplasmosis se diagnostica fundamentalmente por la epidemiología, la clínica y el cultivo. Los estudios citopatológicos e histopatológicos de la úlcera confirman el diagnóstico. Este caso representa una forma no habitual de presentación de la enfermedad, que aunque no se sospecha usualmente, puede ocurrir. Este trabajo es una alerta a los estomatólogos, maxilofaciales y a todo aquel personal de la salud que asiste a pacientes con manifestaciones sistémicas(AU)
Introduction: Histoplasmosis is a mycosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum. This fungus is found in the feces of some animals (bats and birds) and its reservoir is the soil. Histoplasmosis is an endemic disease in the American continent. Inhalation of spores causes primary pulmonary infection, which may in turn be disseminated. Objective: Describe a case of oral histoplasmosis in a patient seronegative to the human immunodeficiency virus. Clinical case: A case is presented of a diabetic, smoker and alcoholic patient with fever of several months' evolution and respiratory manifestations. Examination revealed ulcers in the patient's gums and tongue, as well as nodular lesions in the mouth mucosa, the bottom of the vestibular sulcus and the alveolar ridge. Laboratory testing found anemia, leucopenia and an increased globular sedimentation rate. The diagnosis was confirmed by cytology and histopathology. The treatment indicated was 200 mg itraconazole three times a day and then 200 mg twice a day for two months, and a daily tablet for six months after the second month. The patient is now asymptomatic and the oral lesions have disappeared. Conclusions: Histoplasmosis is mainly diagnosed by epidemiological testing, clinical examination and culture. Cytopathologic and histopathological analysis of the ulcer confirm the diagnosis. The case illustrates an infrequent form of presentation of the disease, not usually suspected but possible. The study is a warning to dentists, maxillofacial specialists and all the health personnel caring for patients with systemic manifestations(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Ulcer , Itraconazole , Alcoholics , Smokers , Histoplasmosis , Leukopenia , Mouth MucosaABSTRACT
The initial high level of compliance with the Chilean comprehensive national smoke-free law in 2013 is fading, particularly in the hospitality sector. This paper draws attention to how using a simple and low-cost surveillance inquiry may help focus on the use of scarce inspection resources to improve compliance with the law in the hospitality sector. We conducted a cross-sectional assessment of second-hand smoke exposure in night entertainment venues in Santiago, Chile, by measuring particulate matter of less than 2.5µm (PM2.5). Smoking where prohibited by law was observed in 36% of the venues visited. Venues where smoking was spotted at the time of the observation had a median PM2.5 concentration 13 times higher than background concentration on the street. The study shows that a targeted approach for inspection to find pockets of venues with suboptimal compliance is feasible and affordable.
Subject(s)
Air Pollution, Indoor , Tobacco Smoke Pollution , Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis , Chile , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , RestaurantsABSTRACT
background: Smoking is the leading cause of preventable morbidity and death. It is important to know the characteristics of smoking habits among physicians and their attitude toward patients who smoke. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of smoking among physicians in Argentina, the factors associated with tobacco consumption and their attitude toward their patients who smoke. Methods: An observational cross- sectional study was performed between June and December 2013 in Argentine physicians of dif-ferent specialties. Using a structured survey, the following variables were analyzed: associated cardiovascular risk factors, charac-teristics of tobacco consumption, smoking cessation training and the attitude toward the patient who smokes. results: 3,033 physicians were surveyed, ; 57% were men, and mean age was 41.3±12 years; 19.7% were current smokers and 21.7% were former smokers. The probability of being a smoker was higher among surgeons (OR 1.29) or physicians working at the emergency room (OR 1.41). Undergraduate and postgraduate tobacco cessation training was achieved by 36.6% and 40.8% of physicians, respectively. Young physicians, clinical specialties or private practice were associated with higher level of training. Tobacco cessation counseling was more frequent in physicians with higher level of training than physicians who smoked or surgeons. Former smokers presented higher prevalence of risk factors and cardiovascular events. Family history of smoking habit was more common in former smokers and current smokers. Conclusions: The prevalence of smoking among Argentine physicians is high. Different factors are involved in the probability of smoking, tobacco cessation training or the possibility of medical counseling. Higher level of training in smoking cessation must be provided.
ABSTRACT
Molecular biological markers have been suggested to be of value in the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of precancerous lesions. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the expression of p53 protein in normal oral mucosa, oral dysplastic lesions (DL), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), comparing patients with the habit of reverse smoking and conventional smokers. The patients were subjected to incisional biopsy and the soft tissue specimens were routinely fixed in 10% formalin and processed in the laboratory. Immunohistochemical technique was performed using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase protocol. The 102 patients included 42 reverse smokers and 60 conventional smokers. There were 79 cases of mild, 15 of moderate, and 3 of severe epithelial dysplasia. Five microinvasive oral SCC included one male and four females. The clinical characteristics of microinvasive tumors included patches, plaques or erosions; 100% showed positive nuclear staining for p53. It was found a significant association of p53 expression and exposure of reverse smoking among microinvasive oral SCC and oral DL patients in the population studied.
Marcadores biológicos moleculares se han sugerido para ser de valor en el diagnóstico y evaluación pronóstica de lesiones precancerosas. El propósito del presente estudio fue investigar la expresión de la proteína p53 en mucosa oral normal, lesiones displásicas orales (LD), y en el carcinoma oral de células escamosas (COCC), comparando pacientes con el hábito de fumar convencional y fumar invertido. Los pacientes fueron sometidos a biopsia por incisión y los especímenes de tejidos blandos fueron fijados en formalina al 10% y se procesaron en el laboratorio. La técnica inmunohistoquímica se realizó utilizando el protocolo de avidina-biotina-peroxidasa. De los 102 pacientes incluidos, 42 fueron fumadores invertidos y 60 fumadores convencionales. Hubo 79 casos de displasia epitelial leve, 15 moderada, y 3 severa. Cinco casos de COCC microinvasivo incluyeron un hombre y cuatro mujeres. Las características clínicas de los tumores microinvasores incluyen parches, placas o erosiones; el 100% mostró tinción nuclear positiva para p53. Se encontró una asociación significativa de la expresión de p53 y la exposición de los fumadores invertidos entre pacientes con COCC microinvasivo y DL en la población estudiada.
ABSTRACT
El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la prevalencia de melanosis asociada a tabaquismo en un grupo de individuos venezolanos. Metodología: Fueron evaluados clínicamente 50 individuos fumadores (grupo fumadores) (GF) y 50 individuos no fumadores (grupo control) (GC) (n=100) que acudían a consulta odontológica de rutina. Después de firmado el correspondiente consentimiento informado, los datos epidemiológicos fueron recolectados así como la presencia de melanosis en la mucosa bucal. La prevalencia y el riesgo de melanosis por tabaquismo fueron determinados mediante SPSS versión 17.0 Resultados: El GF estuvo constituido por 18 mujeres (36%) y 32 hombres (64%) con una media de edad de 32.98±13.56 años. El GC fue conformado por 30 mujeres (60%) y 20 hombres (40%) con una media de edad de 34.4±13.88 años. 20 individuos del GF mostraron melanosis en la mucosa bucal (40%), principalmente localizadas en la encía y sólo 1 individuo (2%) del GC presentó pigmentaciones generalizadas. La presencia de melanosis fue estadísticamente mayor en el GF (p=0.0001), así como el riesgo a tener la entidad cuando se fuma (OR=32.67; 95%IC 26.36 a 38.97). Conclusiones: La melanosis o pigmentaciones bucales, principalmente de la encía, fueron una lesión frecuente observada en los individuos fumadores estudiados. Una persona con tabaquismo tiene un riesgo 30 veces mayor que una persona no fumadora de desarrollar melanosis de la mucosa bucal especialmente en la encía de la zona anterior
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of melanosis associated with smoking in a group of Venezuelans. Methodology: 50 smokers (smoking group) (GF) and 50 nonsmokers (control group) (GC) (n=100) were clinically evaluated during a routine dental appointment. After signing the corresponding informed consent, epidemiological data and the presence of melanosis in the oral mucosa were collected. The data were statistically analyzed by SPSS version 11.0. The prevalence and risk of melanosis by smoking were determined. Results: The GF was formed by 18 women (36%) and 32 men (64%) with a mean age of 32.98 ± 13.56 years. The GC was formed by 30 women (60%) and 20 men (40%) with a mean age of 34.4 ± 13.88 years. GF 20 individuals showed melanosis of the oral mucosa (40%), mainly located in the gums and only 1 patient had pigmentation GC (2%) of generalized type. The presence of melanosis was statistically higher in the GF (p = 0.0001), and the risk of getting that condition when smoked (OR = 32.67, 95% CI 26.36 to 38.97). Conclusions: The oral melanosis or pigmentation, especially the gum, was a common injury in smokers studied. A person who smokes has a risk 30 times greater than a nonsmoker to develop melanosis of the oral mucosa especially in the anterior gingiva
Subject(s)
Female , Melanosis , Mouth , Mouth Mucosa/pathology , Pathology, Oral , Prevalence , Nicotiana/adverse effects , DentistryABSTRACT
El consumo de cigarrillo es un factor de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares, pulmonares, de piel y mucosas. Objetivo: evaluar las alteraciones en la calidad y en la cantidad de la película lagrimal, así como en la superficie ocular, en sujetos fumadores activos y en no fumadores. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional-transversal. Se incluyeron 30 sujetos fumadores y 30 no fumadores, con edades entre los 18 y los 40 años. Se aplicó una encuesta de antecedentes. Quienes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión firmaron el consentimiento informado y se les realizó BUT, Schirmer con anestesia, tinción con fluoresceína y citología de impresión. Se usaron la prueba de Mann-Whitney, chi cuadrado y la razón de prevalencia (RP). Resultados: en el grupo de fumadores se encontró una disminución estadísticamente significativa en la calidad de la película lagrimal (p = 0,000) y aumento significativo en el grado de metaplasia escamosa (p = 0,001), con respecto al grupo de no fumadores. La prevalencia de alteraciones en la película lagrimal fue del 76,7 % en los fumadores (cantidad: 20 % y calidad: 76,7 %). El 60 % presentó algún cambio en la superficie ocular (córnea: 10 % y metaplasia escamosa: 56,7 %). Se estableció una RP de 1,5 (IC 95 %: 0,94-2,0) entre el hábito de fumar y el BUT, y una RP = 2,3 (IC 95 %: 1,8-2,9) entre el hábito de fumar y el grado de metaplasia escamosa conjuntival. Conclusiones: el consumo de cigarrillo mostró una asociación con la disminución en la calidad de la película lagrimal y el aumento en el grado de metaplasia escamosa conjuntival.
A background survey was applied, and those who met the inclusion criteria signed the informed consent, and they were submitted to BUT, Schirmer with anesthesia, fluorescein staining and impression cytology. The Mann-Whitney, Chi-squared and prevalence ratio (PR) tests were performed. Results: A statistically significant decrease in the quality of the tear film (p = 0.000) and significant increase in squamous metaplasia (p = 0.001) was found in the smokers group compared to the group of non-smokers. The prevalence of alterations in the tear film was 76.7 % in smokers (Quantity: 20 % and quality: 76.7 %). 60 % showed a change in the ocular surface (cornea: 10 % and squamous metaplasia: 56.7 %). A PR of 1.5 (95 % CI 0.94-2.0) was established between the habit of smoking and BUT, and a PR = 2.3 (95% CI 1.8-2.9) between the habit of smoking and degree of conjunctival squamous metaplasia. Conclusions: Cigarette consumption was associated with a decrease in the quality of the tear film and the increased conjunctival squamous metaplasia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Conjunctiva , Metaplasia , Tobacco Use DisorderABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: Different publications have described a close relation between tobacco consumption and major psychiatric disorders. A great number of countries have enacted smoking bans in public or working places since the early 2000s; nonetheless, concerns remain over the exemption in some psychiatric settings regarding smoking bans. Admission of smokers to smoke-free units may lead to behavior deterioration, but some recent evidence refutes this argument. METHODS: Literature review. RESULTS: One of the earliest smoking bans was a 1.575 Mexican ecclesiastical council ban aimed at smoking prevention in churches. Several recent studies have documented health and economic benefits related to smoking bans. Over 83 countries now have introduced different sorts of regulations. There was no increase in aggression, seclusion or discharge against medical advice, neither increased use of PRN (as needed) medication following the ban. As part of the ban imposition, Nicotine Replacement Therapy- NRT was used by patients. Consistency, coordination and full staff support for the ban were seen as key success factors. Many patients continued smoking after discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence shows that smoking has no place in psychiatric hospitals or facilities. The introduction of smoking bans in psychiatric settings is possible, but these bans must be conceived only as part of a much larger strategy, necessary to diminish smoking high rates among mental health populations.
ABSTRACT
Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 95 pacientes con cáncer de pulmón, egresados del Servicio de Neumología del Hospital General Docente Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba desde enero hasta diciembre de 2008, con vistas a identificar los principales aspectos clinicoepidemiológicos de la enfermedad. Se halló una primacía de la neoplasia maligna en los hombres de 56-65 años, de procedencia urbana y fumadores activos de más de 30 cigarrillos al día por más de 30 años. En la serie predominaron los afectados sin tipo histológico confirmado y con carcinoma epidermoide en etapa clínica lV, la mayoría ellos con posibilidad de ser tratados. Se recomendó incrementar e intensificar las campañas de promoción de salud y prevención de enfermedades para evitar o abandonar el hábito de fumar en la población(AU)
A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 95 patients with lung cancer, discharged from Neumology Service at Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from January, 2008 to December, 2008 in order to identify the main clinical epidemiological features of the aforementioned disease. A malignancy predominance among men aged between 56 and 65 years old, belonging to urban areas and being heavy smoker (out of 30 cigarettes per day over 30 years ), was found. Those affected without a confirmed histological type and IV clinical stage epidermoid carcinoma were predominant. Most of them had the opportunity to be treated. Increasing and intensifying health promotion and disease prevention campaigns were recommended so as to achieve the population to avoid or quit the smoking habit(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Lung Diseases , Lung Diseases/epidemiology , Lung Neoplasms , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , Health Promotion , Tobacco Use Disorder , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 95 pacientes con cáncer de pulmón, egresados del Servicio de Neumología del Hospital General Docente Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba desde enero hasta diciembre de 2008, con vistas a identificar los principales aspectos clinicoepidemiológicos de la enfermedad. Se halló una primacía de la neoplasia maligna en los hombres de 56-65 años, de procedencia urbana y fumadores activos de más de 30 cigarrillos al día por más de 30 años. En la serie predominaron los afectados sin tipo histológico confirmado y con carcinoma epidermoide en etapa clínica lV, la mayoría ellos con posibilidad de ser tratados. Se recomendó incrementar e intensificar las campañas de promoción de salud y prevención de enfermedades para evitar o abandonar el hábito de fumar en la población.
A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 95 patients with lung cancer, discharged from Neumology Service at Dr Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from January, 2008 to December, 2008 in order to identify the main clinical epidemiological features of the aforementioned disease. A malignancy predominance among men aged between 56 and 65 years old, belonging to urban areas and being heavy smoker (out of 30 cigarettes per day over 30 years ), was found. Those affected without a confirmed histological type and IV clinical stage epidermoid carcinoma were predominant. Most of them had the opportunity to be treated. Increasing and intensifying health promotion and disease prevention campaigns were recommended so as to achieve the population to avoid or quit the smoking habit.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , Lung Diseases/epidemiology , Health Promotion , Lung Diseases , Lung Neoplasms , Tobacco Use Disorder , Cross-Sectional Studies , Epidemiology, DescriptiveABSTRACT
Fundamento: El cáncer pulmonar es el responsable de los mayores índices de mortalidad por cáncer a escala mundial y en Cuba; por lo que es necesario estudiar los cambios dinámicos en la presentación clínica de nuevas series de pacientes, para comprender mejor la historia natural de esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas, imagenológicas e histopatológicas de los pacientes con cáncer primario de pulmón, durante un período de 3 años. Metodología: Un estudio transversal descriptivo se realizó entre enero del 2008 a diciembre del 2010 en el servicio de neumología del Hospital General Universitario Camilo Cienfuegos Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. Se identificaron 180 pacientes. Se obtuvieron datos demográficos, clínicos, imagenológicos e histopatológicos. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino y la edad media al diagnóstico fue de 63,4 años. El 95 porciento presentó historia de tabaquismo y el 66,1porciento eran fumadores activos. En el 92,2 porciento se realizó diagnóstico citohistológico. El carcinoma epidermoide fue el más frecuente. Conclusiones: En los pacientes espirituanos el carcinoma epidermoide es el tipo histológico predominante. La mayoría de los pacientes tenían historia de tabaquismo. En las mujeres, la enfermedad se diagnosticó en estadios avanzados y en los hombres en estadios iniciales. La modalidad terapéutica más empleada fue la quimioterapia(AU)
Background: Lung cancer is responsible for the higher rates of cancer mortality worldwide and in Cuba, so it is necessary to study the dynamic changes in the clinical presentation of a new series of patients, to better understand the natural history of this disease. Objective: To describe the epidemiological, clinical, and histopathological imaging of patients with primary lung cancer over a period of 3 years. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2008 to December 2010 in the pulmonology department of Hospital General Universitario Camilo Cienfuegos Sancti Spiritus, Cuba. 180 patients were identified. We obtained demographic, clinical, imaging and histological analysis. Results: The predominant male and mean age at diagnosis was 63.4 years. The 95percent had a history of smoking and 66.1percent were active smokers. The diagnosis was made 92.2percent cytohistological. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent. Conclusions: In patients with squamous cell carcinoma Spiritus is the predominant histologic type. Most patients had a history of smoking. In women, the disease was diagnosed in advanced stages and in men in early stages. The therapeutic modality was the most common chemotherapy
Subject(s)
Humans , Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy , Epidemiology, DescriptiveABSTRACT
En el presente artículo se revisan aspectos epidemiológicos sobre el tabaquismo, mostrándolo como la enfermedad o causa de muerte más evitable en el mundo al día de hoy. Dada esta situación se plantea la importancia de la intervención médica en medicina preventiva, mostrando su efectividad por sobre otras aproximaciones alternativas. Se analizan las razones y limitaciones por las que los médicos no aplican estrategias de intervención antitabaco, incluyendo el hecho de que un porcentaje importante de los médicos fuma. Asimismo, se muestran las dificultades que pueden enfrentar los médicos al hacer una intervención, a la vez que se explican en detalle las intervenciones de las 5 A´s y el ABCD de dejar de fumar, resaltando que todo fumador es un paciente objetivo y que todo médico puede tratar fumadores. Un punto importante que destaca este artículo es la comorbilidad psiquiátrica de los fumadores particularmente con depresión; y entrega herramientas como la entrevista de Goldberg 12 (GHQ) para ser utilizado como screening o tamizage y así mejorar el sistema de triage y derivación cuando corresponde. Un último punto no menos importante es tocar el tema del fumar pasivo por el humo de terceras personas, se entregan datos acerca de su importancia y cómo intervenir con los pacientes
In the present article epidemiological aspects of Tobacco are being reviewed, showing it as a disease or the most avoidable cause of death in the world today. Under this predicament the importance of a medical intervention in preventive medicine is emphasized, showing its effectiveness upon other alternatives nonmedical approaches. We analyze the reasons and limitations why physicians do not apply such strategies of antitobacco interventions, including the fact that an important percentage of the physicians themselves smoke. We show the difficulties that doctors may find in facing smokers, and correspondingly explain in details interventions like the 5 A´s or the Latin-American ABCD for stopping smoking, reinforcing the fact that every smoker is a target patient and that every doctor can treat smokers. An important point highlighted in this article i psychiatric comorbidity between smokers particularly with depression, and we share some tools like GHQ 12 Goldberg test in order to be used as a screening tools for an adequate triage of the patientsor referral when necessary. A last but not least issue is the importance of discussing the problem of passive smoking both for the patient and the family, data is share don its relevance and a few tools in how to intervene with the patients
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Tobacco Use Disorder/therapy , Tobacco Use Cessation , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/prevention & control , Tobacco Use Disorder/diagnosis , Tobacco Use Disorder/epidemiology , Mass Screening , Mental Health , Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry)ABSTRACT
Se realizó un ensayo experimental para evaluar la efectividad de la microdosis de Nicotiana tabacum, L para el estudio se seleccionó una muestra de 200 pacientes de ambos sexos, fumadores, los cuales se distribuyeron según sexo, edad y de acuerdo con la cantidad de cigarrillos que consumían diariamente. Se le indicó la medicación de la microdosis por un periodo de 15 a 30 días. Al final del estudio se concluyó que la aplicación del fitofármaco fue efectiva en un 70 por ciento. Se reportaron algunas reacciones adversas de corta duración y no transcendentales, tales como: náuseas y cefaleas. La presencia de otros hábitos tóxicos y de familiares fumadores no facilitó una mayor efectividad del tratamiento...(AU)
An experimental test to assess the effectiveness of the Nicotiana tabacum, L microdosis was carried out.The sample included 200 smokers who were classified according to sex, age, and number of cigarettes smoked daily. A medication of the microdosis within 15-30 days was prescribed. At the end of the research the application of the drug was effective in 70 percent of the patients. Short-time and non-significant adverse reactions such as nausea and headache were reported. Other toxic habits and family-related smokers did not allow a higher effectiveness of the treatment...(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Tobacco Use Disorder/drug therapy , Phytotherapy , Nicotiana , Plant PreparationsABSTRACT
Objetivo. Describir el comportamiento de la demanda de tabaco en México para cuatro momentos en el tiempo: 1992, 1994, 1996 y 1998, y adicionalmente estimar una función de demanda de cigarrillos. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal con análisis longitudinal, tomando como fuentes de información la Encuesta Nacional de Ingreso y Gasto de los Hogares (ENIGH) y la lista de precios de los cigarrillos de la Procuraduría Federal del Consumidor (Profeco). El gasto, el ingreso y los precios se deflactaron a precios de 1994. Se estratificó a la población en quintiles de ingreso real, y solamente se tomaron en cuenta las áreas rurales y urbanas. Se construyeron indicadores para el consumo diario de cigarrillos y cajetillas y se calcularon los precios por cajetilla. Se calculó la prevalencia ajustada. Mediante análisis de regresión logísticos y lineales se estableció la inferencia estadística. Se estimó una función de demanda de cigarrillos mediante una regresión lineal multivariada, para encontrar los determinantes socioeconómicos del consumo de cigarrillos. Resultados. La prevalencia ajustada de los hogares que reportaron algún gasto en tabaco disminuyó de 22.4 a 9.9 por ciento entre 1992 y 1998. Los hogares asignaron poco más de 4 por ciento de su ingreso a la adquisición de tabaco. Se observó un gradiente entre nivel de ingreso y gasto en cigarrillos. El quintil I (el más pobre) destinó una mayor proporción de su ingreso que los quintiles superiores. El promedio de cigarrillos consumidos diariamente pasó de 7.5 a 9.8 entre 1992 y 1998. Se estimó que más de 90 por ciento de los "hogares fumadores" consumió hasta una cajetilla diaria. La demanda estimada de cigarrillos sin filtro aumentó entre 1992 a 1998, pasando de 0.4 a 4.8 por ciento, registrándose así el mayor incremento en 1996. Finalmente, se encontró que, tanto los precios como el ingreso, fueron los determinantes más importantes del gasto en tabaco. Conclusiones. Una...
Objective. This paper aims at describing the behavior of tobacco's demand in Mexico across four one-year periods: 1992, 1994, 1996, and 1998, as well as to estimate a cigarette demand function. Material and Methods. A cross-sectional study with longitudinal analysis was conducted. Information sources were the Encuesta Nacional de Ingreso y Gasto de los Hogares (ENIGH) (National Survey of Household Income and Spending) (NHSIS) and the tobacco pack prices reported by the Procuraduría Federal del Consumidor (Profeco) (Federal Office of Consumer's Protection) (FOCP). Spending, income, and prices were deflated to 1994 prices; the population was stratified into quintiles of real income, by rural and urban areas. Indicators of daily consumption of cigarettes and packs were constructed and prices per pack calculated. Adjusted prevalence figures were estimated. Logistic and linear regression models were used for statistical inference; a cigarette demand function was estimated using multivariate logistic regression, to find socioeconomic determinants of cigarette consumption. Results. The adjusted prevalence of household tobacco spending fell from 22.4 to 9.9 percent between 1992 and 1998. Households allocated more than 4 percent of their income to tobacco consumption. A trend between income level and cigarette spending was observed, with the first quintile (the poorest population) allocated a greater share of their income than higher quintiles. The average daily consumption of cigarettes increased from 7.5 to 9.8 between 1992 and 1998. It was estimated that 90 percent of "smoker homes" consumed up to one package per day. The proportion of non-filter cigarettes increased from 0.4 to 4.8 percent between 1992-1998, with a bigger increase in 1996. Finally, it was found that the most important determinants of spending were prices and income. Conclusions. Policies focusing on tobacco prices would help to reduce tobacco consumption and improve the health...