Gender gaps in research: a systematic review.

Background: Despite significant advancements in closing the global gender gap, there is still much progress to be made, particularly in the field of science and scientific research. Numerous studies have addressed this issue and identified a variety of factors that contribute to gender asymmetries in research. Methods: This study aimed to identify the determinants of gender gaps in scientific research present in the most cited studies of the past ten years as a first step towards closing these differences. Through a systematic literature review that incorporated the Proknow-C Knowledge Development Process and Constructivism methodology. Results: The results lead us to identify four dimensions to classify the determinants of the gaps in scientific research: academic supply, research policies, scientific production and researcher profile with their respective quantitative or qualitative indicators. Conclusions: As a potential basis for further modeling that offers greater analytical and correlational depth, as well as the identification of targeted strategies aimed at reducing gender gaps in research.

Las brechas de género en la investigación científica del Perú / Gender gaps in Peruvian scientifc research / Lacunas de gênero na pesquisa científica peruana

Los estudios de tipo bibliométricos han mostrado las grandes diferencias en producción científica entre continentes, países o instituciones; sin embargo, un análisis más minucioso de las publicaciones científicas ha identifcado patrones de desigualdad con respecto a sus autores, siendo una ellas las referidas al género. Identificar las brechas de género en la investigación científica viene adquiriendo cada vez mayor interés por la desigualdad social y económica que representa, debido a que detrás ellas existen causales culturales o formativas que impiden la inserción, participación y el avance de las mujeres en los espacios de ciencia, tecnología e innovación

Bibliometric studies have shown the large differences in scientific differences in scientific production between continents, countries or institutions. countries or institutions; however, a more thorough analysis of scientific of scientific publications has identified patterns of inequality with respect to their with respect to their authors, one of them being those related to gender. Identifying gender gaps in scientific research has become of increasing interest for the of growing interest due to the social and economic inequality it represents, because behind economic inequality that it represents, because behind them there are cultural or formative that impede the insertion, participation and advancement of women in the and advancement of women in the areas of science, technology and innovation

Estudos bibliométricos têm mostrado as grandes diferenças na produção científica entre continentes, países diferenças na produção científica entre continentes, países ou instituições. países ou instituições; no entanto, uma análise mais completa das publicações científicas tem publicações científicas identificaram padrões de desigualdade em relação a seus autores. com respeito a seus autores, sendo um deles gênero. A identificação de lacunas de gênero na pesquisa científica é de interesse crescente para a de crescente interesse devido à desigualdade social e econômica que representa, porque por trás do desigualdade econômica que ela representa, porque por trás delas há culturais ou formativas causas culturais ou formativas que impedem a inserção, participação e participação e avanço da mulher nas áreas de ciência, tecnologia e inovação

Gender Gaps within Couples: Evidence of Time Re-allocations during COVID-19 in Argentina.

Based on a novel survey for Argentina, this paper provides evidence of the changes in time allocation within couples during the COVID-19 emergency. The survey was conducted online during the period of national lockdown in 2020 and collected information on hours allocated to paid work, housework, child care, educational childcare and leisure by both members of the couple before and during the lockdown, as well as socio-demographic characteristics. Our sample consists of 961 couples of which 785 have children. Our results indicate that during the lockdown, despite a reduction in time assigned to paid work and an increase in time spent in unpaid activities for both members of the couple, gender gaps regarding the latter increased. Specifically, while the load of men and women's work for pay became more equitable, women took up a larger proportion of the additional housework and childcare. We found that some factors mitigated (whether the man reduced his hours of work or whether both partners kept on doing so) while others potentiated (whether the woman reduced her hours of work, whether she continued working from home, or whether the couple outsourced housework before lockdown) the changes in the within-couple gender gaps in unpaid activities.

Parental Resources, Schooling Achievements, and Gender Schooling Gaps: Evidence of Change over 25 years in Rural Guatemala.

We use village census data and linear regression models to examine changes between 1975 and 2002 in the associations of parental resources with boys' and girls' schooling in four rural Guatemalan villages. Levels of schooling in 1975 were universally low for children 7-17 years. Large increases in schooling achievements occurred between 1975 and 2002. By 2002, schooling levels were comparable for younger boys and girls (7-12 years, N = 3,525) and favored older boys compared to older girls (13-17 years, N = 2,440) by about 0.5 grades. The associations of household standard of living and maternal schooling with schooling among girls diminished over time and became more comparable with these associations among boys, and the associations of household standard of living with schooling among older boys declined and became more comparable with these associations among girls. Thus, as increased social investments reduce the costs of schooling or increase the supply and quality of schooling to families, the magnitudes of the associations between parental resources and children's schooling decline and become more gender equitable at all ages. However, our results show that older boys may benefit more than older girls from social investments in schooling. These changes suggest potential needs to monitor gender gaps in schooling retention among older children, to insure gender equitable access to social investments in schooling, and to encourage parents to invest in schooling as joint measures to achieve greater schooling achievements of girls and boys.