Plant-substrate biochar properties critical for mediating reductive debromination of 1,2-dibromoethane.

Dibromoethane is a widespread, persistent organic pollutant. Biochars are known mediators of reductive dehalogenation by layered FeII-FeIII hydroxides (green rust), which can reduce 1,2-dibromoethane to innocuous bromide and ethylene. However, the critical characteristics that determine mediator functionality are lesser known. Fifteen biochar substrates were pyrolyzed at 600 °C and 800 °C, characterized by elemental analysis, X-ray photo spectrometry C and N surface speciation, X-ray powder diffraction, specific surface area analysis, and tested for mediation of reductive debromination of 1,2-dibromoethane by a green rust reductant under anoxic conditions. A statistical analysis was performed to determine the biochar properties, critical for debromination kinetics and total debromination extent. It was shown that selected plant based biochars can mediate debromination of 1,2-dibromoethane, that the highest first order rate constant was 0.082/hr, and the highest debromination extent was 27% in reactivity experiments with 0.1 µmol (20 µmol/L) 1,2-dibromoethane, ≈ 22 mmol/L FeIIGR, and 0.12 g/L soybean meal biochar (7 days). Contents of Ni, Zn, N, and P, and the relative contribution of quinone surface functional groups were significantly (p < 0.05) positively correlated with 1,2-dibromoethane debromination, while adsorption, specific surface area, and the relative contribution of pyridinic N oxide surface groups were significantly negatively correlated with debromination.

Comparing spatial distributions of ALA-PpIX and indocyanine green in a whole pig brain glioma model using 3D fluorescence cryotomography.

Significance: ALA-PpIX and second-window indocyanine green (ICG) have been studied widely for guiding the resection of high-grade gliomas. These agents have different mechanisms of action and uptake characteristics, which can affect their performance as surgical guidance agents. Elucidating these differences in animal models that approach the size and anatomy of the human brain would help guide the use of these agents. Herein, we report on the use of a new pig glioma model and fluorescence cryotomography to evaluate the 3D distributions of both agents throughout the whole brain. Aim: We aim to assess and compare the 3D spatial distributions of ALA-PpIX and second-window ICG in a glioma-bearing pig brain using fluorescence cryotomography. Approach: A glioma was induced in the brain of a transgenic Oncopig via adeno-associated virus delivery of Cre-recombinase plasmids. After tumor induction, the pro-drug 5-ALA and ICG were administered to the animal 3 and 24 h prior to brain harvest, respectively. The harvested brain was imaged using fluorescence cryotomography. The fluorescence distributions of both agents were evaluated in 3D in the whole brain using various spatial distribution and contrast performance metrics. Results: Significant differences in the spatial distributions of both agents were observed. Indocyanine green accumulated within the tumor core, whereas ALA-PpIX appeared more toward the tumor periphery. Both ALA-PpIX and second-window ICG provided elevated tumor-to-background contrast (13 and 23, respectively). Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate the use of a new glioma model and large-specimen fluorescence cryotomography to evaluate and compare imaging agent distribution at high resolution in 3D.

Sodium salicylate as a green fluorescent probe for ultrasensitive determination of vonoprazan fumarate via fluorescence switch off strategy; greenness assessment.

A green, simple and sensitive spectrofluorometric approach for determining vonoprazan fumarate in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form by turning off the fluorescence of sodium salicylate is developed. The addition of vonoprazan fumarate reduced linearly the fluorescence intensity of 0.4 mM sodium salicylate at λem 408 nm and at λex 330 nm. The approach was found to be linear in the 50.0-3000.0 ng/mL range. The limits of detection and quantification were 10.97 and 33.23 ng/mL, respectively. The presented method proved its suitability in determination of vonoprazan fumarate in its pure and pharmaceutical dosage form. This method employs water as the exclusive solvent and utilizes safe reagents, evaluated using the Analytical Eco Scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), and carbon footprint. In contrast, previous methods relied on toxic reagents and required extended heating times, resulting in higher environmental impact. The novel method not only enhances analytical efficiency but also aligns with green chemistry principles, offering a sustainable solution for routine pharmaceutical analysis.

Cardamom seed bioactives: A review of agronomic factors, preparation, extraction and formulation methods based on emerging technologies to maximize spice aroma economic value and applications.

Cardamom seed (Elettaria cardamomum (L.)) is a well-appreciated spice in food and pharmaceutical industries owing to its unique rich flavor dominated by oxygenated monoterpenoids, α-terpinyl acetate and 1,8-cineole, to which most of the quality of cardamom essential oil (CEO) is attributed. CEO output is greatly influenced by different agronomic factors, processing, and EO extraction methods. In that context, the goal of this study is to provide an overarching review regarding emerged technologies along with their optimization parameters to achieve optimal oil yield with the best flavor quality. Furthermore, the recent approaches employed in CEO stabilization were highlighted alongside their pharmaceutical and food applications. Moreover, the different aspects of superlative CEO production including agricultural aspects, climatic requirements, and processing methods were also explained.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical device for measurement of pH using as sensor red cabbage anthocyanins and gum arabic.

The objective of this study was to develop and validate a novel microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPADpH) for determining the pH levels in foods. Anthocyanins from red cabbage aqueous extract (RCAE) were used as its analytical sensor. Whatman No. 1 filter paper was the most suitable for the device due to its porosity and fiber organization, which allows for maximum color intensity and minimal color heterogeneity of the RCAE in the detection zone of the µPADpH. To ensure the color stability of the RCAE for commercial use of the µPADpH, gum arabic was added. The geometric design of the µPADpH, including the channel length and separation zone diameter, was systematically optimized using colored food. The validation showed that the µPADpH did not differ from the pH meter when analyzing natural foods. However, certain additives in processed foods were found to increase the pH values.

Emerging deep eutectic solvents for food waste valorization to achieve sustainable development goals: Bioactive extractions and food applications.

Food waste, accounting for about one-third of the total global food resources wasted each year, is a substantial challenge to global sustainability, contributing to adverse environmental impacts. The utilization of food waste as a valuable source for bioactive extraction can be facilitated through the application of DES (Deep Eutectic Solvents). Acknowledging the significant need to tackle this issue, the United Nations integrated food waste management into its Sustainable Development Goals, hence, the present review explores the role of DES in bioactive compounds extraction from food waste. Various extraction processes using the DES system are thoroughly studied and the application of bioactive components as antioxidants, antimicrobials, flavourings, nutraceuticals, functional ingredients, additives, and preservatives is investigated. Most importantly, regulatory considerations and safety aspects of DES in food applications are discussed in-depth along with consumer perception and acceptance of DES in the food sector. The key hypothesis of the review is to evaluate emerging DES systems for their efficiency in bioactive extraction technologies and various food applications. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of utilizing DES for synthesizing valuable food waste-derived bioactive components, offering a sustainable approach to waste management and the development of high-value products.

Micro-bacterial assessment of disposable gowns with a focus on green endoscopy in gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures: A Japanese pilot study for healthcare waste reduction.

Objective: This study aimed to implement green endoscopy through the microbiological assessment of gowning techniques during endoscopy to reduce carbon emissions and separate medical waste. Methods: Twenty-five patients who performed esophagogastroduodenoscopy from March to May 2024 were included in this study. Four sections of the isolation gowns (anterior, posterior, right, and left) were cut into 2 cm2 after endoscopy, and the rate of microbial contamination was examined using the stamp method. Results: The endoscopic examination time was 8 min (6-12), and endoscopy was performed by 10 expert endoscopists, six endoscopists, and nine residents. The overall isolation gown contamination rate was 56%, with 25%, 20.8%, 20.8%, and 33.3% in the front, back, as well as right and left arms, respectively. The rates of isolation gown contamination rates in the expert endoscopists, endoscopists, and residents groups were 30%, 50%, and 77.8%, respectively, with a higher rate in the residents group. Regardless of the physician's performance, bacterial detection was consistently higher in the left arm (42.9% vs. 40% vs. 25%; p = 0.093). The detected bacteria comprised 58% Gram-positive and 42% Gram-negative organisms, including those from tap water used for endoscopy bacteria and obtained from the participant's skin or mouth. No pathogenic organisms were detected. Conclusions: The bacteria detected in disposable gowns after gastrointestinal endoscopy were non-pathogenic. Thus, our findings suggest that changing all personal protective equipment of respective endoscopes might not be essential. We advocate for green endoscopy to achieve sustainable development goals and reduce medical waste.

Built environment and childhood obesity.

Childhood obesity, an escalating global health challenge, is intricately linked to the built environment in which children live, learn, and play. This review and perspective examined the multifaceted relationship between the built environment and childhood obesity, offering insights into potential interventions for prevention. Factors such as urbanization, access to unhealthy food options, sedentary behaviors, and socioeconomic disparities are critical contributors to this complex epidemic. Built environment encompasses the human-modified spaces such as homes, schools, workplaces, and urban areas. These settings can influence children's physical activity levels, dietary habits, and overall health. The built environment can be modified to prevent childhood obesity by enhancing active transportation through the development of safe walking and cycling routes, creating accessible and inviting green spaces and play areas, and promoting healthy food environments by regulating fast-food outlet density. School design is another area for intervention, with a focus on integrating outdoor spaces and facilities that promote physical activity and healthy eating. Community engagement and education in reinforcing healthy behaviors is necessary, alongside the potential of technology and innovation in encouraging physical activity among children. Policy and legislative support are crucial for sustaining these efforts. In conclusion, addressing the built environment in the fight against childhood obesity requires the need for a comprehensive, multipronged approach that leverages the built environment as a tool for promoting healthier lifestyles among children, ultimately paving the way for a healthier, more active future generation.

Photon upconversion crystals doped bacterial cellulose composite films as recyclable photonic bioplastics.

Biopolymers currently utilized as substitutes for synthetic polymers in photonics applications are predominantly confined to linear optical color responses. Herein we expand their applications in non-linear optics by integrating with triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion crystals. A photon upconverting biomaterial is prepared by cultivating Pd(II) meso-tetraphenyl tetrabenzoporphine: 9,10-diphenyl anthracene (sensitizer: annihilator) crystals on bacterial cellulose hydrogel that serves both as host and template for the crystallization of photon upconversion chromophores. Coating with gelatin improves the material's optical transparency by adjusting the refractive indices. The prepared material shows an upconversion of 633 nm red light to 443 nm blue light, indicated by quadratic to linear dependence on excitation power density (non-linearly). Notably, components of this material are physically dis-assembled to retrieve 66 ± 1% of annihilator, at the end of life. Whereas, the residual clean biomass is subjected to biodegradation, showcasing the sustainability of the developed photonics material.

Direct Electrolysis of Municipal Reclaimed Water for Efficient Hydrogen Production Using a Bifunctional Non-Noble-Metal Catalyst.

Water electrolysis for green H2 production traditionally requires a stable supply of renewable electricity and pure water. However, spatial separation of renewables and water resources as well as water scarcity per capita in China necessitate unconventional water resources for electrolysis. Reclaimed water produced from municipal wastewater treatment plants is widely distributed with quality improved significantly in recent years, which may be a promising alternative to feedstock. However, there are few reports on the direct use of this wastewater for H2 production. Here, we present a direct electrolysis of reclaimed water for decentralized H2 production by developing a highly efficient and stable bifunctional 3D-dandelion-like (DL) vanadium(V)-doped CoP catalyst grown in situ on Ni foam (NF) in an alkaline electrolyzer. The V-CoP-DL/NF electrode decreases 6.5 and 25% overpotentials of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively, compared to noble-metal Pt (HER) and IrO2 (OER) catalysts, and exhibits exceptional durability, as a voltage required for overall reclaimed water splitting only increases by 80 mV (1.81-1.89 V) after 90 days of operation at a current density of 10 mA cm-2. The maximum stable current can reach 1000 mA cm-2. The impacts of potential pollutants in reclaimed water on the performance of electrolysis and the behavior of major wastewater ions in alkaline electrolyte were investigated. The observed exceptional performance is attributed to the catalyst's unique nanostructure, which enhances charge transfer and reactant/electrolyte diffusion. The in situ growth strategy further enhances the conductivity and stability of the catalyst. This work underscores the feasibility of utilizing reclaimed water instead of pure water as the feedstock for sustainable hydrogen production.

Revealing dynamic goals for university's sustainable development with a coupling exploration of SDGs.

The sustainability of universities is important to realize global SDGs. However, there is a lack of research on the internal dynamic relationship of the SDGs in universities. This study aims to deep tap the dynamic mechanism and scientific core connotation of the relationship among the environmental, economic, and social dimensions in the sustainable development of the top 100 universities ranked by the Times Higher Education Impact Rankings, in order to point out the specific action direction in line with their characteristics. This study adopts coupling model, Sustainable Development Triangle model, and Grey Relational Analysis to learn the development system and the main development dynamic goals of universities on five continents. The results show that the development of the top sustainable universities in the five continents is very uneven with three echelons of development in the world. Although the sustainability quality in the world has improved year by year, the sub-quality of sustainability of the top universities on each continent is obviously different. The sustainable coupling degrees of the top universities of the five continents are increasing, but the overall coupling strength is not high. The development of coupling is at the level of weak coordination. SDG12 is the main dynamic goal for the top universities in Asia and America, SDG6 is for Europe and Oceania, and SDG3 is for Africa.

Research on the impact and mechanism of digital economy on China's urban green total factor productivity.

Green and sustainable development is unstoppable. The digital economy has driven great changes in production methods and has become a key strength in reshaping global economic structure and achieving sustainable development. Cities are both the mainstay of economic growth and the main source of various environmental pollution problems. Therefore, studying the relationship between urban digital economy and urban green total factor productivity is of great significance. Based on panel data from 252 cities in China 2011-2019, a two-way fixed effects model was used to examine the impact of urban digital economy on urban green total factor productivity. The empirical results indicate that: (1) Urban digital economy has a significant positive impact on urban green total factor productivity. (2) Urban technological-innovation-level and human-capital-structure of play a mediating role in the impact. (3) This impact has regional heterogeneity and resource-based type heterogeneity. The research conclusions are not only valuable supplements to previous research, but also providing reliable instructions for implementing a flexible digital economy policy.

Carvacrol-loaded chia mucilage nanocapsules as sanitizer to control Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes in green cabbage.

Cabbage is susceptible to various microbiological risks, frequently serving as a vehicle for pathogenic bacteria, mainly Salmonella and Escherichia coli. Therefore, ensuring the safety of this vegetable is essential to reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses. Traditional sanitization using chlorinated water, although effective, raises concerns due to the production of potentially carcinogenic compounds, and this method is banned in some countries. In recent years, alternative sanitizing methods have been developed using essential oils (EOs). However, EOs present high volatility, limited solubility in water, and strong odor and taste. This study introduces an innovative approach to overcome these disadvantages by employing carvacrol encapsulated into chia mucilage nanocapsules (CMNC), prepared through high-energy homogenization. Encapsulating carvacrol in chia mucilage nanocapsules helps to mask its strong sensory characteristics, making it more suitable and acceptable for use in food applications. The antimicrobial efficacy of CMNC (1.67 mg/mL), carvacrol emulsion (CE: 10.6 mg/mL), and chlorine solution (CS: 200 ppm) was evaluated against Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. CMNC decreased Salmonella to levels below the detection limit of the technique (< 2 log CFU/g), reduced 3.5 log CFU/g of E. coli, and 2.5 log CFU/g of L. monocytogenes. These results are similar to or better than those obtained with CS. In addition, sanitizing cabbage with CMNC preserved the firmness and color of the samples, important aspects for consumer acceptance. This innovative approach is promising for increasing the food safety of cabbage, while mitigating the potential drawbacks associated with traditional sanitization methods.

Characterization, biological activity, and anticancer effect of green-synthesized gold nanoparticles using Nasturtium officinale L.

BACKGROUND: Nanostructured materials used have unique properties and many uses in nanotechnology. The most striking of these is using herbal compounds for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Among the nanoparticle types used for green synthesis, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used for cancer therapy due to their stable structure and non-cytotoxic. Lung cancer is the most common and most dangerous cancer worldwide in terms of survival and prognosis. In this study, Nasturtium officinale (L.) extract (NO), which contains biomolecules with antioxidant and anticancer effects, was used to biosynthesize AuNPs, and after their characterization, the effect of the green-synthesized AuNPs against lung cancer was evaluated in vitro. METHODS: Ultraviolet‒visible (UV‒Vis) spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), multiple analysis platform (MAP), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analyses were performed to characterize the AuNPs prepared from the N. officinale plant extract. Moreover, the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and DNA interactions were examined. Additionally, A549 lung cancer cells were treated with 2-48 µg/mL Nasturtium officinale gold nanoparticles (NOAuNPs) for 24 and 48 h to determine the effects on cell viability. The toxicity of the synthesized NOAuNPs to lung cancer cells was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-il)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and the anticancer effect of the NOAuNPs was evaluated by apoptosis and cell cycle analyses using flow cytometry. RESULTS: The average size of the NPs was 56.4 nm. The intensities of the Au peaks from EDS analysis indicated that the AuNPs were synthesized successfully. Moreover, the in vitro antioxidant activities of the NO and NOAuNPs were evaluated; these materials gave values of 31.78 ± 1.71% and 31.62 ± 0.46%, respectively, in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay at 200 g/mL and values of 25.89 ± 1.90% and 33.81 ± 0.62%, respectively, in the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. The NO and NOAuNPs gave values of 0.389 ± 0.027 and 0.308 ± 0.005, respectively, in the ferrous ion reducing antioxidant capacity (FRAP) assay and values of 0.078 ± 0.009 and 0.172 ± 0.027, respectively, in the copper ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay. When the DNA cleavage activities of NO and the NOAuNPs were evaluated via hydrolysis, both samples cleaved DNA starting at a concentration of 25 g/mL in the cell culture analysis, while the nanoformulation of the NO components gave greater therapeutic and anticancer effects. We determined that the Au nanoparticles were not toxic to A549 cells. Moreover, after treatment with the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), determined by the MTT assay with A549 cells, we found that at 24 and 48 h, while the necrosis rates were high in cells treated with NO, the rates of apoptosis were greater in cells treated with NOAuNPs. Notably, for anticancer treatment, activating apoptotic pathways that do not cause inflammation is preferred. We believe that these results will pave the way for the use of NOAuNPs in in vitro studies of other types of cancer. CONCLUSION: In this study, AuNPs were successfully synthesized from N. officinale extract. The biosynthesized AuNPs exhibited toxicity to and apoptotic effects on A549 lung cancer cells. Based on these findings, we suggest that green-synthesized AuNPs are promising new therapeutic agents for lung cancer treatment. However, since this was an in vitro study, further research should be performed in in vivo lung cancer models to support our findings and to explain the mechanism of action at the molecular level.

Detection and validation of QTLs for green stem disorder of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.).

In mechanically harvested soybean, green stem disorder (GSD) is an undesirable trait that causes green-stained seeds, which are graded lower in Japan. To obtain DNA markers for reduced GSD, we conducted a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis for 2 years using F4 and F5 lines from a cross between 'Suzuotome' (less GSD) and 'Fukuyutaka' (more GSD). We validated the effect of a detected QTL for GSD by first identifying F4 or F5 plants in which one or more markers in the QTL region were heterozygous. The F5 or F6 progeny of each plant was used to form a pair consisting of two groups in which the QTL region was homozygous for either the 'Suzuotome' or 'Fukuyutaka' allele in a similar genetic background, and the two groups within each pair were compared for GSD. Over 3 years of testing, the 'Suzuotome' allele of a QTL on chromosome 6 was found to reduce the level of GSD. This novel QTL was mapped to the region around DNA marker W06_0130, and was not closely linked to QTLs for important agronomic traits including yield components. Using this marker, the low level of GSD from 'Suzuotome' could be conferred to 'Fukuyutaka' or other high-GSD cultivars.

Why nothing beats NIRS technology: The green analytical choice for the future sustainable food production.

In this perspective paper we argue for the fact that near infrared (NIR) technology, due to its unique properties, will become an indispensable green sensor technology in the future digitalized and sustainable food production. The future of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in green analytics is bright. Ongoing advancements in NIR technology, coupled with increased accessibility and integration with advanced multivariate data analysis such as machine learning and artificial intelligence will further amplify the impact of NIRS across food, agricultural, environmental, and renewable energy domains. The miniaturization, increased portability, and enhanced affordability of NIR instruments, coupled with its integration into emerging technologies, will empower a diverse range of industries and researchers to address pressing global challenges with unprecedented precision and efficiency. The implementation of NIR technology in process analytical technology will enable the transition to future digitalized and sustainable food production. In a future circular economy, where waste streams, co-products and water are reclaimed and valorized, continuous measurements are necessary and in many cases, there are no sensor alternatives to NIR technology.

Content of Primary and Secondary Carotenoids in the Cells of Cryotolerant Microalgae Chloromonas reticulata.

Snow (cryotolerant) algae often form red (pink) spots in mountain ecosystems on snowfields around the world, but little is known about their physiology and chemical composition. Content and composition of pigments in the cells of the cryotolerant green microalgae Chloromonas reticulata have been studied. Analysis of carotenoids content in the green (vegetative) cells grown under laboratory conditions and in the red resting cells collected from the snow surface in the Subpolar Urals was carried out. Carotenoids such as neoxanthin, violaxanthin, anteraxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, and ß-carotene were detected. Among the carotenoids, the ketocarotenoid astaxanthin with high biological activity was also found. It was established that cultivation of the algae at low positive temperature (6°C) and moderate illumination (250 µmol quanta/(m2⋅s) contributed to accumulation of all identified carotenoids, including extraplastidic astaxanthin. In addition to the pigments, fatty acids accumulated in the algae cells. The data obtained allow us to consider the studied microalgae as a potentially promising species for production of carotenoids.

Climate risk and green total factor productivity in agriculture: The moderating role of climate policy uncertainty.

In light of the escalating global warming and the escalating frequency of extreme weather events, the agricultural sector, being a fundamental and pivotal industry worldwide, is encountering substantial challenges due to climate change. Using Chinese provincial panel data for 2000-2021, this paper utilizes a two-way fixed-effect model to investigate the impact of Climate Risk (CR) on green total factor productivity in agriculture (AGTFP), with China's climate policy uncertainty (CPU) being introduced as a moderating variable within the research framework to scrutinize its influence in this context. The findings reveal a noteworthy adverse effect of CR on AGTFP, further exacerbated by CPU. Heterogeneity analysis results show that there is a clear regional variation in the effect of CR on AGTFP across different Chinese regions, with CR significantly inhibiting AGTFP development in the northern regions and provinces in major grain producing regions. Consequently, there is a pressing necessity to bolster the establishment of climate change monitoring infrastructures, devise tailored climate adaptation strategies at a regional level, and enhance the clarity and predictability of climate policies to fortify the resilience and sustainability of agricultural production systems.

Aqueous ozone effects on wheat gluten: Yield, structure, and rheology.

This study investigates the impact of aqueous ozone (AO) on the yield, molecular structure, and rheological properties of wheat gluten separated using the batter procedure. Employing strong gluten flour (SGF) and weak gluten flour (WGF), we demonstrate that AO pretreatment significantly enhances the yield and purity of separated starch and gluten. Surface hydrophobicity, free sulfhydryl groups, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, and size exclusion-high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) analyses were used to evaluate the effects of AO on the molecular structure of gluten. Our analysis reveals that low concentrations of AO induce specific modifications in gluten proteins. AO treatment increases cross-linking in glutenin macropolymer (GMP), reduces surface hydrophobicity, and stabilizes secondary and tertiary structures. These changes include an increase in ß-sheet content by approximately 9% and a corresponding decrease in ß-turn structures, leading to enhanced viscoelastic properties of the gluten. The research highlights AO's potential as a sustainable and efficient agent in wheat flour processing, offering advancements in both product quality and eco-friendly processing techniques. Future research should optimize AO treatment parameters and explore its effects on different cereal types further to enhance its applicability and benefits in food processing. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Our work substantially advances the existing knowledge on wheat flour processing by demonstrating the multifaceted benefits of AO pretreatment. We unveil significant improvements in the yield and purity of starch and gluten when compared to conventional separation methods. Moreover, our in-depth analysis of molecular changes induced by AO, including increased cross-linking, alterations in surface hydrophobicity, and modifications in glutenin macropolymer content, provides new insights into how AO affects the viscoelastic properties of gluten. This contribution is pivotal for the development of more efficient, sustainable, and eco-friendly wheat flour processing technologies.

An Overview of the Analytical Methods for Products based on Clindamycin and Eco-efficiency Perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Clindamycin (CLIN), an antibiotic sold in the form of capsules, injectable solution, gel, and lotion, is easily soluble in water and ethanol. However, it lacks eco-efficient methods for evaluating pharmaceutical products. OBJECTIVE AND METHOD: The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the analytical methods present both in the literature and in official compendia for evaluating pharmaceutical matrices based on CLIN in the context of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC). RESULTS: Firstly, microbiological methods for evaluating the potency of CLIN final products were not found, which already shows the need to develop new methods. Among the methods found, which are all physicalchemical, the most used method is HPLC (71%) followed by UV-Vis (14%). Among the targets of the methods, capsules and raw materials were the most studied (33% each). Among the choices of analytical conditions for the methods, acetonitrile is the preferred solvent (27.7%), even though CLIN is easily soluble in ethanol. CONCLUSION: Thus, the gap in eco-friendly and sustainable analytical methods is a reality and an opportunity for analytical development centers to provide means for evaluating the quality of CLIN-based products.