Individual and 'national' healthcare rights: Analysing the potential conflicts.

Individual rights to healthcare (RTHCs) are increasingly common in law. Yet even plausible theoretical defences thereof raise a classic problem in the philosophy of rights: How do individual rights relate to 'collective' rights within the same domain? Collective rights are common in international law and in the domestic laws of states that recognize RTHCs. These collective rights often include health-related components. There are at least prima facie plausible reasons to think that such collective 'health rights' should exist. A complete account of health rights should thus explain how individual and collective health rights claims relate to one another and what one should do in cases where the claims conflict. This work contributes to our understanding of health rights by analysing the relationship between individual RTHCs and a plausible candidate collective health right, namely a sub-state national right to control healthcare law and policy. It argues that concerns about rights conflicts in this context make sense, but genuine conflicts between individual health rights and national control over healthcare are rare. The strongest cases for sub-state national 'self-determination' rights do not implicate healthcare, or tend not to provide reasons to override any individual RTHCs. Conflicts are possible in rare cases and may even favour fulfilling the collective rights claims. Yet individual RTHCs remain important even in those cases. Individual rights remain useful measures for evaluating the exercise of collective rights: exercises that violate (or even fail to fulfil) individual health rights are worse for so doing.

O liberalismo igualitário de Kymlicka: universalismo e particularismos de sua teoria liberal dos direitos multiculturais

O pensamento politico liberal moderno denominado “ liberalismo igualitário”, contratualismo de base kantiana que encontra em John Rawls seu maior expoente, consiste na noção de que a justiça deve manter-se neutra às concepções da vida boa, refletindo um conceito sobre as pessoas como seres dotados de livre escolha e sem amarras morais preexistentes. Liberdade de escolha e Estado neutro, dessa forma, são indissociáveis, pois seres livres e independentes requerem uma estrutura de direitos neutra quanto às finalidades, que se recuse a tomar partido em controvérsias morais e religiosas, que deixe os cidadãos livres para escolher os próprios valores.Dentre os liberais igualitários que buscam aperfeiçoar a teoria da justiça de John Rawls encontra-se Will Kymlicka, que, conforme pretendo demonstrar, acrescenta à teoria rawlsiana, aos direitos humanos, de cunho universalista, elementos da perspectiva dos direitos de grupos, particularismos que não podem ser ignorados e diante dos quais não se pode assumir uma posição de neutralidade.(AU)

The modern liberal political thought called "egalitarian liberalism" of Kantian contractualism, which is based on John Rawls, its greatest exponent, is the notion that justice should remain neutral to the conceptions of the good life, reflecting a concept of people as beings endowed with free choice and without preexisting moral moorings. Freedom of choice and neutral state are, thus inseparable, since free and independent beings require a neutral framework of rights as to the purpose, who refuses to take sides on moral and religious controversies that leave citizens free to choose their own values . Among the egalitarian liberals who seek to advance the theory of justice of John Rawls is Will Kymlicka, who, as I will argue, adds to the Rawlsian theory, human rights, universalistic nature, elements from the perspective of group rights, particularisms that cannot be ignored and before whom we cannot assume a position of neutrality.(AU)

O liberalismo igualitário de Kymlicka: universalismo e particularismos de sua teoria liberal dos direitos multiculturais / The egalitarian liberalism Kymlicka: universalism and particularism of his liberal theory of multicultural rights

O pensamento politico liberal moderno denominado “ liberalismo igualitário”, contratualismo de base kantiana que encontra em John Rawls seu maior expoente, consiste na noção de que a justiça deve manter-se neutra às concepções da vida boa, refletindo um conceito sobre as pessoas como seres dotados de livre escolha e sem amarras morais preexistentes. Liberdade de escolha e Estado neutro, dessa forma, são indissociáveis, pois seres livres e independentes requerem uma estrutura de direitos neutra quanto às finalidades, que se recuse a tomar partido em controvérsias morais e religiosas, que deixe os cidadãos livres para escolher os próprios valores.Dentre os liberais igualitários que buscam aperfeiçoar a teoria da justiça de John Rawls encontra-se Will Kymlicka, que, conforme pretendo demonstrar, acrescenta à teoria rawlsiana, aos direitos humanos, de cunho universalista, elementos da perspectiva dos direitos de grupos, particularismos que não podem ser ignorados e diante dos quais não se pode assumir uma posição de neutralidade.

The modern liberal political thought called "egalitarian liberalism" of Kantian contractualism, which is based on John Rawls, its greatest exponent, is the notion that justice should remain neutral to the conceptions of the good life, reflecting a concept of people as beings endowed with free choice and without preexisting moral moorings. Freedom of choice and neutral state are, thus inseparable, since free and independent beings require a neutral framework of rights as to the purpose, who refuses to take sides on moral and religious controversies that leave citizens free to choose their own values . Among the egalitarian liberals who seek to advance the theory of justice of John Rawls is Will Kymlicka, who, as I will argue, adds to the Rawlsian theory, human rights, universalistic nature, elements from the perspective of group rights, particularisms that cannot be ignored and before whom we cannot assume a position of neutrality.