ABSTRACT
The need for partial or total substitution of animal protein sources by vegetable sources of high protein quality with good sensory acceptance is a promising alternative. The objective was to develop a hamburger with vegetable protein using a mixture design based on quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), Peruvian Andean corn (Zea mays) and Andean lupine (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet). The design of these mixtures allowed obtaining eleven formulations, three of which were selected for complying with the amino acid intake for adults recommended by FAO. Then, a completely randomized design was applied to the selected samples plus a commercial product. Proximal composition was measured on a dry basis (protein, fat, carbohydrates, and ash), calculation of the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) and a sensory analysis was carried out using the Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) method with acceptability in 132 regular consumers of vegetarian products. Protein, fat, carbohydrate, and ash contents ranged from 18.5-24.5, 4.1-7.5, 65.4-72.1 and 2.8-5.9%, respectively. The use of Andean crops favored the protein content and the contribution of sulfur amino acids (SAA) and tryptophan from quinoa and lysine and threonine from lupin. The samples with Andean crops were described as easy to cut, soft, good, healthy, legume flavor, tasty and light brown, however the commercial sample was characterized as difficult to cut, hard, dark brown, uneven color, dry and grainy. The sample with 50% quinoa and 50% lupin was the most acceptable and reached a digestibility of 0.92. It complied with the lysine, threonine, and tryptophan intake, with the exception of SAA, according to the essential amino acid pattern proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this work is to characterize two types of bovine collagen (fibre and powder), evaluating its application in mixed hamburger formulations, as well as the quality characteristics of the products. The collagen fibre had a fibrillar structure, molecular mass 100 kDa and greater gel strength (146 315 Pa) and protein content (97.81%) than the powdered collagen, which had molecular mass from 50 to 100 kDa, greater hydroxyproline content, and a morphological structure with spherical microparticles more amorphous than the collagen fibre. In this study we found that the addition of 1.5% powdered collagen and 2.5% flocculated soybean flour and/or 0.75% powdered collagen and 3.5% flocculated soybean flour did not deteriorate the technological properties or the sensory attributes of hamburgers. The use of collagen is a promising alternative, since it has functional properties, improves the texture characteristics of a product, and is of low cost.
ABSTRACT
This research investigated the effect of the food values, positive anticipated emotions, attitude toward the brand, and attitude toward eating a hamburger on purchase intention in fast-food restaurants in Mexico conjointly. The purpose of this study was to discover which variables influenced the consumer´s intention to buy. Data was collected from a survey of 512 Mexicans fast-food consumers. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized associations. The results showed that food values and positive anticipated emotions absolutely impact the attitude toward the brand, which impacts the purchase intention of the Mexican consumers. Nonetheless, the positive anticipated emotions impact stronger than food values, and the best way to get a purchase intention is toward the attitude of the brand rather than attitude toward eating a hamburger. The authors discussed inferences and suggestions for consumer approaches.
ABSTRACT
Edible chitosan-based films, in pure form (CH100), or blended with gelatin (GEL50:CH50), with and without boldo extract (B) were prepared. The oxygen permeability of the films, as well as color changes and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities on beef hamburgers samples were evaluated. CH100+B film exhibited optimal oxygen barrier properties (6.40±0.170cc-mL/[m²-day]), and this value was significantly increased in blended films (GEL50:CH50+B = 12.99±1.50cc-mL/[m²-day]) (P<0.05). All films provoked color changes in hamburger samples during storage, and the samples covered with CH100+B film showed a lower brightness and a higher redness. All films effectively protected beef hamburger from lipid oxidation, and boldo extract incorporation in pure and blended films enabled significant protection, when compared to the control sample (155.78±0.85meq O2/kg) (P<0.05). Finally, all films proved to be effective in microbial growth control, suggesting that these films are an effective alternative in improving food safety and quality of fresh meat.(AU)
Filmes comestíveis à base de quitosana, na forma pura (CH100), ou misturados com gelatina (GEL50:CH50), com e sem extrato de boldo (B), foram preparados. Avaliou-se a permeabilidade ao oxigênio dos filmes, assim como mudanças de cor e atividades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas sob amostras de hambúrguer de carne bovina. Filmes de CH100+B exibiram ótimas propriedades de barreira ao oxigênio (6,40±0,170cc-mL/[m²-dia]), e este valor foi significativamente aumentado em filmes mistos (GEL50:CH50+B = 12,99±1,50cc-mL/[m²-dia]) (P<0,05). Todos os filmes provocaram mudanças de cor nas amostras de hambúrgueres durante o armazenamento, apresentando as amostras cobertas com o filme CH100+B uma menor luminosidade e um maior vermelhidão. Todos os filmes protegeram efetivamente o hambúrguer de carne bovina da oxidação lipídica, e a incorporação do extrato de boldo em filmes puros e misturados possibilitou significativa proteção, quando comparada à amostra controle (155,78±0,85 meq O2/kg) (P<0,05). Finalmente, todos os filmes mostraram-se eficazes no controle do crescimento microbiano, sugerindo que estes filmes são uma alternativa eficaz para melhorar a segurança dos alimentos e a qualidade da carne fresca.(AU)
Subject(s)
Meat Products , Food Preservation/methods , Chitosan , Plant Extracts/analysis , Anti-Infective Agents/analysis , Food Quality , CattleABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Edible chitosan-based films, in pure form (CH100), or blended with gelatin (GEL50:CH50), with and without boldo extract (B) were prepared. The oxygen permeability of the films, as well as color changes and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities on beef hamburgers samples were evaluated. CH100+B film exhibited optimal oxygen barrier properties (6.40±0.170cc-mL/[m²-day]), and this value was significantly increased in blended films (GEL50:CH50+B = 12.99±1.50cc-mL/[m²-day]) (P<0.05). All films provoked color changes in hamburger samples during storage, and the samples covered with CH100+B film showed a lower brightness and a higher redness. All films effectively protected beef hamburger from lipid oxidation, and boldo extract incorporation in pure and blended films enabled significant protection, when compared to the control sample (155.78±0.85meq O2/kg) (P<0.05). Finally, all films proved to be effective in microbial growth control, suggesting that these films are an effective alternative in improving food safety and quality of fresh meat.
RESUMO: Filmes comestíveis à base de quitosana, na forma pura (CH100), ou misturados com gelatina (GEL50:CH50), com e sem extrato de boldo (B), foram preparados. Avaliou-se a permeabilidade ao oxigênio dos filmes, assim como mudanças de cor e atividades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas sob amostras de hambúrguer de carne bovina. Filmes de CH100+B exibiram ótimas propriedades de barreira ao oxigênio (6,40±0,170cc-mL/[m²-dia]), e este valor foi significativamente aumentado em filmes mistos (GEL50:CH50+B = 12,99±1,50cc-mL/[m²-dia]) (P<0,05). Todos os filmes provocaram mudanças de cor nas amostras de hambúrgueres durante o armazenamento, apresentando as amostras cobertas com o filme CH100+B uma menor luminosidade e um maior vermelhidão. Todos os filmes protegeram efetivamente o hambúrguer de carne bovina da oxidação lipídica, e a incorporação do extrato de boldo em filmes puros e misturados possibilitou significativa proteção, quando comparada à amostra controle (155,78±0,85 meq O2/kg) (P<0,05). Finalmente, todos os filmes mostraram-se eficazes no controle do crescimento microbiano, sugerindo que estes filmes são uma alternativa eficaz para melhorar a segurança dos alimentos e a qualidade da carne fresca.
ABSTRACT
Hamburgers (beef patties) may be adulterated through the overuse of protein extenders. Among vegetables, soy protein is the best substitute for animal protein. These ingredients help to reduce the cost of producing a final product, and they maximize profits for fraudulent industries. Moreover, the ingestion of soy or other non-meat proteins by allergic individuals may present a health risk. In addition, monitoring by supervisory bodies is hampered by a lack of appropriate analytical methodologies. Within this context, the aim of this study was to determine and quantify the levels of added soy protein by determination of (15)N and (13)C stable isotopes. A total of 100 beef hamburger samples from 10 commercial brands were analyzed. Only three samples of the G brand were within the standards set the Brazilian legislation. The remaining 97 samples from 10 commercial brands contained >4% soy protein; therefore, they are adulterated and not in compliance with the current legislation.
Subject(s)
Carbon Isotopes/analysis , Meat/analysis , Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis , Soybean Proteins/analysis , Animals , Brazil , Cattle , Food Contamination/analysisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Caiman, as well as having skin that, after tanning, produces leather of high added value, exceptional quality and good market value, also possesses a meat with a remarkably smooth taste and appearance. This study aimed to characterize hamburger and sausages made from Yacare caiman (Caiman yacare) meat trim. RESULTS: Hot smoked products contained less moisture than the unsmoked products. Protein and ash were higher, respectively, for hot smoked hamburger and sausage. Lipids had greater presence in hot smoked sausage (9.72%), whereas in the burgers they were higher in the liquid smoked burgers (6.71%). The hot smoked products had lower water activity. Hot smoked products displayed less luminance, but the a* and b* chroma were higher in smoked hamburgers. Taste, texture and general acceptability were significant for the hamburger, whereas for the sausage there was a significant effect for texture, salt and purchase intent. CONCLUSION: For all the products, the hot smoking resulted in the lowest acceptability.
Subject(s)
Alligators and Crocodiles , Consumer Behavior , Food Handling/methods , Food Quality , Meat Products/analysis , Smoke , Taste , Animals , Color , Diet , Dietary Fats/analysis , Hot Temperature , Humans , Lipids/analysis , WaterABSTRACT
Hambúrgueres foram elaborados manualmente com carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) de tilápia, em um planejamento fatorial 22 completo, visando determinar o efeito da fibra de trigo e óleo de milho no encolhimento e na capacidade de retenção de água. A melhor formulação obtida foi a interação de 1% de óleo de milho e 2,5% de fibra de trigo e como resposta 4,3% de encolhimento e 87% de capacidade de retenção de água. Na segunda etapa, a melhor formulação de CMS foi elaborada manualmente em quatro bateladas e submetidas às análises microbiológicas, físico- químicas e sensorial, em triplicata. Os hambúrgueres encontravam-se dentro dos padrões permitidos pela legislação brasileira. A fibra de trigo e o óleo vegetal de milho podem ser utilizados na elaboração de fishbúrguer de CMS de tilápia, com excelente aceitação sensorial.(AU)
Fish burgers were made manually using mechanically recovered meat (MRM) from tilapia in a 22 full factorial design to determine the effect of wheat fibre and corn oil shrinkage on the water retention capacity of fish burgers. The best formulation was obtained using 1% corn oil and 2.5% wheat fibre, which resulted in a 4.3% shrinkage rate and 87% water retention capacity. In the second step, the best formulation was again prepared manually in four batches and subjected to bacteriological, physico-chemical and sensory tests in triplicate. The fish burgers were found to be within the standard microbiological and physical chemical parameters required by Brazilian law. Fibre from wheat and vegetable oil corn can be used to prepare fish burgers from MRM tilapia with excellent sensory acceptance.(AU)
Subject(s)
Meat/analysis , Meat , CichlidsABSTRACT
Hambúrgueres foram elaborados manualmente com carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) de tilápia, em um planejamento fatorial 22 completo, visando determinar o efeito da fibra de trigo e óleo de milho no encolhimento e na capacidade de retenção de água. A melhor formulação obtida foi a interação de 1% de óleo de milho e 2,5% de fibra de trigo e como resposta 4,3% de encolhimento e 87% de capacidade de retenção de água. Na segunda etapa, a melhor formulação de CMS foi elaborada manualmente em quatro bateladas e submetidas às análises microbiológicas, físico- químicas e sensorial, em triplicata. Os hambúrgueres encontravam-se dentro dos padrões permitidos pela legislação brasileira. A fibra de trigo e o óleo vegetal de milho podem ser utilizados na elaboração de fishbúrguer de CMS de tilápia, com excelente aceitação sensorial.
Fish burgers were made manually using mechanically recovered meat (MRM) from tilapia in a 22 full factorial design to determine the effect of wheat fibre and corn oil shrinkage on the water retention capacity of fish burgers. The best formulation was obtained using 1% corn oil and 2.5% wheat fibre, which resulted in a 4.3% shrinkage rate and 87% water retention capacity. In the second step, the best formulation was again prepared manually in four batches and subjected to bacteriological, physico-chemical and sensory tests in triplicate. The fish burgers were found to be within the standard microbiological and physical chemical parameters required by Brazilian law. Fibre from wheat and vegetable oil corn can be used to prepare fish burgers from MRM tilapia with excellent sensory acceptance.
Subject(s)
Meat , Meat/analysis , CichlidsABSTRACT
Lipid oxidation is an important reaction that limits the shelf life of various foods, especially meats. Phenolic compounds can be extracted from vegetables and plants act as natural antioxidants in foods. The carob pod is rich in condensed tannins (16-20%) that can exert protection against lipid oxidation. This study aimed to obtain the extract of carob testing two solvents and evaluating the effect of the extract obtained with better antioxidant capacity and oxidative stability of frozen hamburgers color. The solvent used in extraction was 70% acetone and water. Analyzes were conducted of proximate composition (moisture content, carbohydrates, protein, fat and ash), color measurement and TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) in burgers. The extract obtained with acetone 70% showed the best results. The values found in the proximate composition of the beef burgers showed that they comply with the Technical Regulation of Identity and Quality Burger. Regarding the color, burgers T3, T4 and T5 showed a dark. In the final period of storage the amount of TBARS to the burgers added different levels of hidroacetonic extract showed values ranging from the 0.137 to 0.253 mg (MDA)/ kg of sample, whereas the control showed a value of 2.12 mg (MDA)/ kg sample. It can be concluded that the extracts provided added stability to oxidative burgers.
A oxidação lipídica é uma reação importante que limita a vida de prateleira de vários alimentos, especialmente em carnes. Os compostos fenólicos podem ser extraídos de vegetais e plantas e atuam como antioxidantes naturais em alimentos. A vagem da alfarroba é rica em taninos condensados (1620 %) que podem exercer proteção contra a oxidação lipídica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo obter o extrato de alfarroba testando dois solventes e avaliar o efeito do extrato obtido com melhor capacidade antioxidante na estabilidade oxidativa e cor dos hambúrgueres congelados. Os solventes usados na extração foram a acetona a 70% e a água. Foram realizadas análises de composição centesimal (teor de umidade, carboidratos, proteínas, lipídios e cinzas), medida de cor e índice de TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) nos hambúrgueres. O extrato obtido com acetona a 70% foi o que apresentou os melhores resultados. Os valores encontrados na composição centesimal dos hambúrgueres de carne bovina mostraram que os mesmos estão de acordo com o Regulamento Técnico de Identidade e Qualidade de Hambúrguer. Com relação à cor, os hambúrgueres T3, T4 e T5 apresentaram uma coloração mais escura. No período final de estocagem o valor de TBARS para os hambúrgueres adicionados de diferentes níveis de extrato hidroacetônico apresentaram valores que variaram de 0,137 a 0,253 mg (MDA)/kg de amostra, e
ABSTRACT
Lipid oxidation is an important reaction that limits the shelf life of various foods, especially meats. Phenolic compounds can be extracted from vegetables and plants act as natural antioxidants in foods. The carob pod is rich in condensed tannins (16-20%) that can exert protection against lipid oxidation. This study aimed to obtain the extract of carob testing two solvents and evaluating the effect of the extract obtained with better antioxidant capacity and oxidative stability of frozen hamburgers color. The solvent used in extraction was 70% acetone and water. Analyzes were conducted of proximate composition (moisture content, carbohydrates, protein, fat and ash), color measurement and TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) in burgers. The extract obtained with acetone 70% showed the best results. The values found in the proximate composition of the beef burgers showed that they comply with the Technical Regulation of Identity and Quality Burger. Regarding the color, burgers T3, T4 and T5 showed a dark. In the final period of storage the amount of TBARS to the burgers added different levels of hidroacetonic extract showed values ranging from the 0.137 to 0.253 mg (MDA)/ kg of sample, whereas the control showed a value of 2.12 mg (MDA)/ kg sample. It can be concluded that the extracts provided added stability to oxidative burgers.
A oxidação lipídica é uma reação importante que limita a vida de prateleira de vários alimentos, especialmente em carnes. Os compostos fenólicos podem ser extraídos de vegetais e plantas e atuam como antioxidantes naturais em alimentos. A vagem da alfarroba é rica em taninos condensados (1620 %) que podem exercer proteção contra a oxidação lipídica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo obter o extrato de alfarroba testando dois solventes e avaliar o efeito do extrato obtido com melhor capacidade antioxidante na estabilidade oxidativa e cor dos hambúrgueres congelados. Os solventes usados na extração foram a acetona a 70% e a água. Foram realizadas análises de composição centesimal (teor de umidade, carboidratos, proteínas, lipídios e cinzas), medida de cor e índice de TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) nos hambúrgueres. O extrato obtido com acetona a 70% foi o que apresentou os melhores resultados. Os valores encontrados na composição centesimal dos hambúrgueres de carne bovina mostraram que os mesmos estão de acordo com o Regulamento Técnico de Identidade e Qualidade de Hambúrguer. Com relação à cor, os hambúrgueres T3, T4 e T5 apresentaram uma coloração mais escura. No período final de estocagem o valor de TBARS para os hambúrgueres adicionados de diferentes níveis de extrato hidroacetônico apresentaram valores que variaram de 0,137 a 0,253 mg (MDA)/kg de amostra, e
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether yerba maté alcoholic extracts at very low concentrations (0.01 and 0.1 percent), prevent/retard lipid peroxidation in beef hamburgers without impairing sensory acceptability. For this TBARs and hexanal levels, fatty acid profile and cholesterol oxides were evaluated as oxidation parameters in beef hamburgers during 90 days' storage. The addition of 0.01 percent yerba maté ethanolic extracts proved inefficient in restraining the lipid peroxidation while the addition of 0.1 percent resulted in efficient antioxidant activity. Sensory evaluation of hamburger containing 0.1 percent yerba maté ethanolic extracts showed good acceptability. Yerba maté ethanolic extracts could entirely or partially replace the phenolic synthetic antioxidants in beef hamburgers only when used at above legally allowed concentrations for antioxidant additives (0.01 percent).
ABSTRACT
Objetivou-se neste trabalho desenvolver cinco formulações de hambúrguer de carne de jacaré-do-pantanal (Caiman crocodillusyacare) com variações no teor de gordura e na adição de fumaça líquida, como forma de agregar valor na cadeia dederivados cárneos desta espécie. As amostras foram processadas a partir de aparas de carne de jacaré-do-pantanal,obtidas de frigorífico sob o Serviço de Inspeção Federal. Foram produzidos 35kg de hambúrgueres com peso médio de 80g,imediatamente embalados a vácuo e submetidos a processo de congelamento rápido a 18oC±1oC. Para o controle físicoquímicoforam realizadas análises de umidade, proteína, gordura, cinzas, pH, atividade de água (Aa) e valor calórico. Nocontrole bacteriológico dos hambúrgueres foram realizadas contagem de bactérias heterotróficas aeróbias mesófilas,contagem de bactérias heterotróficas aeróbias psicrotróficas, enumeração (determinação do número mais provável) decoliforme total e fecal, contagem e identificação de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e pesquisa de Salmonella spp. Doponto de vista físico-químico, a melhor formulação, com baixo valor calórico, foi 5% de adição de gordura e adição de fumaça,com possibilidade real para o desenvolvimento industrial. Nas análises de bactérias heterotróficas aeróbias mesófilas epsicrotróficas, coliformes totais e fecais, Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e Salmonella spp., todas as amost
ABSTRACT
Objetivou-se neste trabalho desenvolver cinco formulações de hambúrguer de carne de jacaré-do-pantanal (Caiman crocodillusyacare) com variações no teor de gordura e na adição de fumaça líquida, como forma de agregar valor na cadeia dederivados cárneos desta espécie. As amostras foram processadas a partir de aparas de carne de jacaré-do-pantanal,obtidas de frigorífico sob o Serviço de Inspeção Federal. Foram produzidos 35kg de hambúrgueres com peso médio de 80g,imediatamente embalados a vácuo e submetidos a processo de congelamento rápido a 18oC±1oC. Para o controle físicoquímicoforam realizadas análises de umidade, proteína, gordura, cinzas, pH, atividade de água (Aa) e valor calórico. Nocontrole bacteriológico dos hambúrgueres foram realizadas contagem de bactérias heterotróficas aeróbias mesófilas,contagem de bactérias heterotróficas aeróbias psicrotróficas, enumeração (determinação do número mais provável) decoliforme total e fecal, contagem e identificação de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e pesquisa de Salmonella spp. Doponto de vista físico-químico, a melhor formulação, com baixo valor calórico, foi 5% de adição de gordura e adição de fumaça,com possibilidade real para o desenvolvimento industrial. Nas análises de bactérias heterotróficas aeróbias mesófilas epsicrotróficas, coliformes totais e fecais, Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e Salmonella spp., todas as amost
ABSTRACT
El objetivo del presente trabajo fue generar un modelo probabilístico para evaluar cuantitativamente el riesgo de contaminación cruzada de E. coli verocitotoxigénica (VTEC) durante el proceso de elaboración de hamburguesas caseras y su impacto en la salud pública. El modelo tuvo en cuenta un grupo de prácticas culinarias corrientes y a cada una de ellas se le asignó la probabilidad asociada de transferencia de VTEC entre los alimentos y los utensilios de cocina. Las distribuciones de probabilidad que mejor describieron cada paso del proceso fueron incorporadas en el programa @Risk® y se realizaron las simulaciones empleando el análisis Monte Carlo. La manipulación de alimentos crudos (en este caso, la carne picada) antes de la preparación de alimentos que no demandan cocción (como las guarniciones de vegetales frescos que suelen acompañarlas) (Odds ratio, OR = 6,57), así como el hábito del lavado de manos (OR = 12,02) y de las tablas que se utilizan durante la elaboración de estos platos (OR = 5,02), fueron los principales factores de riesgo de contaminación cruzada del patógeno entre la carne y las verduras. La información aportada por este modelo debería considerarse durante el diseño de estrategias de comunicación del riesgo del síndrome urémico hemolítico para acentuar la importancia que estos factores pueden tener en la transmisión de la enfermedad.
The objective of this study was to develop a quantitative risk model for verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) cross-contamination during hamburger preparation at home. Published scientific information about the disease was considered for the elaboration of the model, which included a number of routines performed during food preparation in kitchens. The associated probabilities of bacterial transference between food items and kitchen utensils which best described each stage of the process were incorporated into the model by using @Risk® software. Handling raw meat before preparing ready-to-eat foods (Odds ratio, OR, 6.57), as well as hand (OR = 12.02) and cutting board (OR = 5.02) washing habits were the major risk factors of VTEC cross-contamination from meat to vegetables. The information provided by this model should be considered when designing public information campaigns on hemolytic uremic syndrome risk directed to food handlers, in order to stress the importance of the above mentioned factors in disease transmission.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Humans , Computer Simulation , Food Microbiology , Food Handling/methods , Models, Theoretical , Meat/microbiology , Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli , Vegetables/microbiology , Cooking/instrumentation , Equipment Contamination , Food Handling/instrumentation , Hand Disinfection , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/etiology , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/microbiology , RiskABSTRACT
El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar cuantitativamente el riesgo para la salud pública debido a la infección por VTEC derivado del consumo de hamburguesas. Mediante un modelo de simulación, se analizaron procesos de distribución, almacenamiento y venta, así como hábitos de consumo. La prevalencia y concentración de VTEC fue incluida en el modelo sobre la base de información científica publicada acerca de la enfermedad. Las distribuciones de probabilidad que mejor describieron cada paso del proceso fueron incorporadas en el programa @RiskR, y se realizaron múltiples simulaciones empleando el análisis Monte Carlo. El riesgo estimado de padecer la infección por VTEC en los adultos fue de 4,45 x 10-4; mientras que en los niños, los riesgos de adquirir la infección, de padecer Síndrome Urémico Hemolítico (SUH) y de mortalidad fueron de 2,6 x 10-4, 1,38 x 10-5 y 4,54 x 10-7, respectivamente. El riesgo de adquirir la infección y sus secuelas estuvo correlacionado con la concentración bacteriana en la carne (r = 0,664). El consumo de hamburguesas de elaboración propia (r = -0,203) estuvo asociado con el riesgo de enfermar dadas las características del almacenamiento (r = -0,567), que forman parte de los hábitos de consumo de la población. La información generada debería considerarse durante el diseño de estrategias de gestión y comunicación del riesgo del SUH, con énfasis en la importancia que estos factores tienen en la trasmisión de la enfermedad.
A quantitative risk assessment was developed for verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) associated with hamburger consumption. The assessment (simulation model) considers the distribution, storage and consumption patterns of hamburgers. The prevalence and concentration of VTEC were modelled at various stages along the agri-food beef production system using input derived from Argentinean data, whenever possible. The model predicted an infection risk of 4.45 x 10-4 per meal for adults. The risk values obtained for children were 2.6 x 10-4, 1.38 x 10-5 and 4.54 x10-7 for infection, Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) and mortality, respectively. The risk of infection and HUS was positively correlated with bacterial concentration in meat (r = 0.664). There was a negative association between homemade hamburgers (r = -0.116) and the risk of illness; however this association has been considered due to differences between retail and domiciliary storage systems (r = -0.567) and not because of the intrinsic characteristics of the product. The most sensitive points of the production system were identified through the risk assessment, therefore, these can be utilized as a basis to apply different risk management policies in public health.
Subject(s)
Animals , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , Computer Simulation , Cattle/microbiology , Environmental Exposure , Feeding Behavior , Models, Theoretical , Meat Products/microbiology , Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli , Animal Husbandry , Argentina/epidemiology , Cryopreservation , Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology , Escherichia coli Infections/etiology , Food Handling , Food Preservation , Feces/microbiology , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/epidemiology , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/etiology , Prevalence , Refrigeration , Risk Assessment , Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Considerando o grande número de peixes (fauna acompanhante) que é devolvido ao mar, foi realizado um estudo objetivando mostrar aos pescadores daquela região que estes peixes poderiam muito bem ser aproveitados na confecção de lingüiça, hambúrgueres etc. Para tal foram realizadas seis viagens ao alto mar nos barcos de arrasto de camarão baseados em Tamandaré-PE, no período de julho de 2003 a fevereiro de 2004 e, em cada viagem, foram coletadas dez amostras de pescada (Macrodon Ancylodon) que depois de tratadas, passadas por análises sensoriais e microbiológicas, foram processadas, onde obtivemos um rendimento de pasta de peixe de aproximadamente 27 por cento, considerando um bom resultado, uma vez que se tratam de peixes magros e que depois de serem limpos foram triturados para sua destinação final. A partir do peixe triturado realizamos a produção de lingüiça e hambúrguer que tiveram boa aceitação por todos os degustadores presentes. É lamentável que, mesmo com estes resultados positivos, não foi dada a necessária importância por parte dos pescadores que relutam em aceitar esta nova opção de renda, já que para tal se faz necessário uma mudança radical no que diz respeito a higienização de todas as pessoas que manipulam este pescado bem como de todos os equipamentos e utensílio utilizados na captura do mesmo.(AU)
Considering the great number of dead fish (accompanying fauna) that is returned to the sea after shrimp trawling in the municipality of Tamandaré (state of Pernambuco) due to their low commercial value, a study was carried out with the aim of showing local fisherman that this fish could be used to produce sausages, hamburgers, etc. Thus, we made six trips to high sea in the shrimp trawl boats based in Tamandaré from July 2003 through February 2004; ten samples of Macrodon Ancylodon were collected in each trip, which were processed after cleaning and sensorial and microbiological analyses. Approximately 27%fish paste was yielded; this was considered a good result, as these were lean fish that were ground after being cleansed. Using the ground fish we produced sausages and hamburgers that were well accepted by those who tasted it. It is regrettable that - even with these positive results the fishermen did not give the necessary importance to this new income alternative, which they still find hard to accept due to the radical changes necessary in the hygiene procedures of everyone who handles the fish, as well as for the fishing equipment and utensils. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Fish Products , Decapoda , Food Technology , BrazilABSTRACT
A elaboração de produtos derivados do caju é uma alternativa para seu aproveitamento e para o consumo fora o período de safra. Objetivou-se neste trabalho caracterizar hambúrgueres elaborados à base de caju e comparar suas características com as de produtos comerciais. Foram adquiridos quatro tipos de hambúrgueres comerciais, um deles à base de carne e os demais à base de proteína vegetal. Os hambúrgueres foram analisados quanto às características físico-químicas (proteína, gordura, umidade, cinzas, carboidratos, atividade de água e pH) e aceitação sensorial (aparência, aroma, sabor, textura e impressão global). Foram observadas grandes variações nas características dos hambúrgueres: proteínas variaram de 5,75 a 12,95 por cento, gordura de 5,79 a 16,44 por cento, umidade de 45,83 a 63,71 por cento, cinzas de 2,89 a 4,75 por cento, carboidratos de 16,35 a 33,99 por cento, atividade de água de 0,958 a 0,983 e pH de 4,75 a 6,78. Os hambúrgueres de caju apresentaram menor pH e menores teores de proteína e gordura do que a maioria dos produtos comerciais. A aceitação sensorial também apresentou grandes variações, com notas para aparência de 6,2 a 7,8, aroma de 6,1 a 7,9, sabor de 5,7 a 8,0, textura de 5,9 a 7,9 e impressão global de 5,9 a 7,9. Para o hambúrguer de caju, a aceitação sensorial foi, em média, próxima da avaliação gostei ligeiramente (nota 6,0), para todos os atributos avaliados.
Products elaborated from cashew are good alternatives for their utilization and for consumption after harvest period. This work aimed to characterize hamburgers made from cashew apple and to compare their characteristics with the ones from commercial products. Four kinds of commercial products were bought, one made of meat and the others made of vegetal protein. Hamburgers were analyzed for their physical chemical characteristics (protein, fat, moisture, ash, carbohydrates, water activity and pH) and sensory acceptance (appearance, flavor, taste, texture and overall acceptance). Great variations were observed among hamburgers characteristics: proteins from 5.75 to 12.95 percent, fat from 5.79 to 16.44 percent, moisture from 45.83 to 63.71 percent, ash from 2.89 to 4.75 percent, carbohydrates from 16.35 to 33.99 percent, water activity from 0.958 to 0.983 and pH from 4.75 to 6.78. Cashew hamburgers showed less pH, protein and fat content than the major commercial products. Great variations were also observed for sensory acceptance, being within 6.2 to 7.8 for appearance, 6.1 to 7.9 for flavor, 5.7 to 8.0 for taste, 5.9 to 7.9 for texture and 5.9 to 7.9 for overall acceptance. Average sensory notes were nearly like slightly (note 6.0) for all analyzed attributes of cashew hamburger.
ABSTRACT
Em virtude das mudanças nos hábitos dos consumidores para com os alimentos de conveniência e a demanda por refeições rápidas (fast-food), é cada vez maior o consumo de alimentos cárneos industrializados, como o hambúrguer. Por ser um produto perecível, contendo matérias-primas com alto risco de contaminação, é imprescindível que haja controle em cada etapa do seu processo de produção, armazenamento e descongelamento, garantindo ao consumidor um alimento saudável, nutritivo e com níveis de contaminações aceitáveis. Os processos de congelamento e descongelamento causam profundas alterações nos alimentos à base de carne, podendo provocar redução significativa nas características de qualidade físico-químicas e microbiológicas. Neste contexto, resultados de análises microbiológicas tornam-se indicativos do grau de higiene aplicado ao longo do processo produtivo, manipulação e estocagem de um produto. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a contaminação microbiológica de amostras de hambúrguer bovino pelos principais agentes patogênicos (Salmonella sp., E.coli, Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e Clostridium sulfito redutor), durante o processo de produção e descongelamento, a fim de traçar um perfil da qualidade microbiológica da matéria-prima que vem sendo utilizada para produção de hambúrgueres.(AU)
In virtue of the changes in the habits of the consumers that are increasing the convenience food consumption and the demanda for fast food, the consuption of industrialized meat, like the hamburguer, is increasing every day. For being a perishable product, containing raw materials with high risk ofcontamination, it is essencial that it has control in eatch stage of its production process, storange and unfreeze, guaranteeing to the consumer a healthful, nutritional food and with acceotable contaminations lvels. The freezing and unfreeze processes cause deep alternations in foods based on meat, being able to provoke significant reduction in the fysicist-chemistries and microbiological quality characteristics. In this context, microbiological analysis results become hygiene applied indicative throughout the productive process, manipulation and stockage of a product. This work had for objective to evaluate the microbiological contamination of bovine hamburger samples through the main pathogenic agents (salmonella sp., E.coli, Staphylococus coagulase positiva and Clostridium sulfito reducer), during the process of production and unfreeze, in order to trace a profile of the microbiological qualithy of the raw material that is being used for the hamburger production.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Microbiology , Meat/analysis , Cattle/classification , Foodborne DiseasesABSTRACT
The influence of the plating medium used for the recovery of survivors, on the D-values for L. monocytogenes, in formulations for beef hamburger was investigated: 10% fat (F1), 20% fat (F2), 10% fat and 1.5% sodium chloride (F3) and 10% fat and 10.5% hydrated texturized soy protein (F4) were prepared and inoculated with a mixture of five strains of L. monocytogenes. Using tryptose phosphate agar containing 1% sodium pyruvate (TPAP) D-values (min) ranged from 36.11 (F1) to 62.76 (F3) at 55.0C, from 2.55 (F2) to 4.32 (F3) at 60.0C and from 0.34 (F1 e F2) to 0.52 (F3) at 65.0C. The D-values, using lithium chloride phenylethanol moxalactam medium (LPM) for enumeration, ranged from 23.05 (F1) to 38.54 (F3) at 55.0C; from 1.81 (F2) to 3.06 (F3) at 60.0C and from 0.25 (F2) to 0.37 (F3) at 65.0C. The z-values (C), using the TPAP recovery data, ranged from 4.81 (F3) to 4.95 (F4) and from 4.95 (F3) to 5.21 (F4) using the LPM recovery data. The authors concluded that the heat resistance of L. monocytogenes in formulations for beef hamburger can be underestimated when LPM is used as the recovery medium.
A influência do meio de cultura na recuperação da população sobrevivente sobre os valores D para L. monocytogenes foi avaliada em formulações de hambúrguer bovino: 10% de gordura (F1), 20% de gordura (F2), 10% de gordura e 1,5% de cloreto de sódio (F3) e 10% de gordura e 10,5% de proteína de soja texturizada hidratada (F4), inoculadas com suspensão mista de 5 cepas de L. monocytogenes. Empregando-se ágar triptose fosfato + 1% de piruvato de sódio (ATFP) os valores D (min) variaram de 36,11 (F1) a 62,76 (F3) a 55,0C, de 2,55 (F2) a 4,32 (F3) a 60,0C e de 0,34 (F1 e F2) a 0,52 (F3) a 65,0C. Os valores D calculados utilizando-se ágar cloreto de lítio feniletanol moxalactam (LFM) variaram de 23,05 (F1) a 38,54 (F3) a 55,0C; 1,81 (F2) a 3,06 (F3) a 60,0C e de 0,25 (F2) a 0,37 (F3) a 65,0C. Os valores z (C) variaram de 4,81 (F3) a 4,95 (F4) com ATFP e 5,08 (F2) a 5,21 (F4) com LFM. Os autores concluíram que a resistência térmica de L. monocytogenes em formulações para hambúrguer bovino foi subestimada até 1,6-1,7 vezes quando o meio LFM foi utilizado.