Dialogue and Dominance in Couple Therapy for Depression: Exploring Therapists' Responses in Creating Collaborative Moments.

Previous investigations have found specific communication patterns in couples dealing with depression, specifically when depression concurs with conjugal conflicts. The presence of these patterns can reflect couples' difficulties in engaging in collaborative communication during their sessions, posing a real challenge for therapists. This exploratory study uses a dialogical approach to examine issues of dominance and type of dialogue in two couples who differed in terms of their levels of dyadic adjustment. The therapists' reactions were explored in order to detect the kinds of responses that were most effective at engendering a collaborative attitude in therapy sessions. The method used to analyze the dialogue was Dialogical Investigations of Happenings of Change (DIHC). Results on dominance indicated that the degree of quantitative and semantic dominance displayed by a different member of the couple in each case was illustrative of their relational dynamics, while in both cases interactional dominance was exercised by the therapists. Results on dialogue revealed that dialogic dialogue might help to coconstruct new shared meanings of depression. The findings indicated that certain responses by therapists as part of the dialogue could be useful in bringing about a reduction in hostility between the members of a couple, provided that the responses are maintained over the course of the session. Some research and clinical implications that emerge from the results are discussed.

En investigaciones previas se han descubierto patrones de comunicación específicos en parejas que afrontan la depresión, particularmente cuando la depresión coincide con conflictos conyugales. La presencia de estos patrones puede reflejar las dificultades de las parejas para entablar una comunicación colaborativa durante sus sesiones, lo cual plantea un verdadero desafío para los terapeutas. Este estudio exploratorio utiliza un enfoque dialógico para analizar las cuestiones de dominación y el tipo de diálogo en dos parejas que diferían en cuanto a sus niveles de ajuste diádico. Se analizaron las reacciones de los terapeutas a fin de detectar los tipos de respuestas que fueron más eficaces para generar una actitud colaborativa en las sesiones de terapia. El método utilizado para analizar el diálogo fue "Investigaciones Dialógicas de Sucesos de Cambio" (Dialogical Investigations of Happenings of Change, DIHC). Los resultados sobre la dominación indicaron que el grado de dominación cuantitativa y semántica demostrado por un integrante diferente de la pareja en cada caso fue ilustrativo de su dinámica relacional, mientras que en ambos casos los terapeutas ejercieron dominación interaccional. Los resultados sobre el diálogo revelaron que el diálogo dialógico podría contribuir a coconstruir nuevos significados comunes de la depresión. Los resultados indicaron que ciertas respuestas de los terapeutas como parte del diálogo podrían ser útiles para producir una reducción de la hostilidad entre los integrantes de una pareja, siempre y cuando se mantengan las respuestas durante el transcurso de la sesión. Se debaten algunas implicancias científicas y clínicas que surgen de los resultados.

Estimating population effects of vaccination using large, routinely collected data.

Vaccination in populations can have several kinds of effects. Establishing that vaccination produces population-level effects beyond the direct effects in the vaccinated individuals can have important consequences for public health policy. Formal methods have been developed for study designs and analysis that can estimate the different effects of vaccination. However, implementing field studies to evaluate the different effects of vaccination can be expensive, of limited generalizability, or unethical. It would be advantageous to use routinely collected data to estimate the different effects of vaccination. We consider how different types of data are needed to estimate different effects of vaccination. The examples include rotavirus vaccination of young children, influenza vaccination of elderly adults, and a targeted influenza vaccination campaign in schools. Directions for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Dependent Happenings: A Recent Methodological Review.

One hundred years ago Sir Ronald Ross published his treatise on a general Theory of Happenings. Dependent happenings are those in which the frequency depends on the number already affected. When there is dependency of events, interventions can have different types of effects. Interventions such as vaccination can have direct protective effects for the person receiving the treatment, as well as indirect/spillover effects for others in the population. Causal inference is a framework for carefully defining the causal effect of a treatment, exposure, or policy, and then determining conditions under which such effects can be estimated from the observed data. We consider here scenarios in which the potential outcomes of an individual can depend on the treatment of other individuals in the population, known as causal inference with interference. Much of the research so far has assumed the population is divided into groups or clusters, and individuals can interfere with others within their clusters but not across clusters. Recent developments have assumed more general forms of interference. We review some of the different types of effects that have been defined for dependent happenings, particularly using the methods of causal inference with interference. Many of the methods are applicable across disciplines, such as infectious diseases, social sciences, and economics.

Experiências cotidianas de pessoas colostomizadas por câncer: enfoque existencial / Daily experiences of cancer-colostomized people: an existential approach / Experiencias cotidianas de personas colostomizadas por cáncer: enfoque existencial

A convivência com o estoma exige da pessoa colostomizada a adoção de inúmeras medidas de adaptação e reajustamento às atividades diárias. Neste sentido, este estudo tem como objetivo compreender as vivências de pessoas colostomizadas por câncer, ou seja, desvelar o seu existir-no-mundo com estoma e utilizando-se de um dispositivo para seus excrementos. A fenomenologia existencial de Martin Heidegger possibilitou a apreensão dos momentos vividos por esses Seres. Foram entrevistadas duas pessoas (um casal), no período de janeiro a abril de 2008. Os depoentes são residentes na região Norte do Paraná e as entrevistas foram realizadas em seus domicílios. Esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê Permanente de Ética em Pesquisa Envolvendo Seres Humanos da Universidade Estadual de Maringá. A questão norteadora da pesquisa foi: O que mudou na sua vida após a cirurgia da confecção do estoma? Na interpretação dos discursos emergiram alguns sentimentos convergentes, os quais suscitaram a temática existencial: a temporalidade de existir-no-mundo colostomizado. A análise desvelou que ser-colostomizado-por-câncer é ter o seu modo de ser-no-mundo influenciado por modificações físicas, emocionais e sociais, sendo necessário transcender as restrições impostas pela doença para poder vislumbrar novas possibilidades de continuar existindo-no-mundo.

The acquaintance with stoma demand of colostomy person the adoption of countless mensure of adaptation and readjustment of daily activity. This way, the experiences of colostomized people due to cancer are reported and analyzed. Their living-in-the-world with stoma and their use of excrement bag are investigated. Martin Heidegger's existential phenomenology has been employed to understand these people's experience. Two persons, male and female, living in the northern region of the state of Paraná, Brazil, were interviewed in their homes between January and April 2008. Research has been approved by the Permanent Ethics Committee in Research with People of the State University of Maringá. The issue involved in current research was: What has changed in your life after stoma surgery? Discourse interpretation revealed convergent feelings which produced the existential theme: the temporality of colostomized person's living-in-the-world. Analysis showed that cancer-caused colostomized persons are affected by their living-in-the world affected by physical, emotional and social changes. They should transcend disease-imposed restrictions so that they may visualize other possibilities to continue living in the world.

La convivencia con el estoma cobra de personas colostomizadas el adopción de innumerable medida de adaptación y reajuste el actividad diario. En este sentido, este estudio tiene como objetivo comprender las vivencias de personas colostomizadas por cáncer, es decir, desvelar su existir-en el-mundo con estoma y utilizándose de un dispositivo para sus excrementos. La fenomenología existencial de Martín Heidegger posibilitó la aprensión de los momentos vividos por esos Seres. Fueron entrevistadas dos personas (una pareja), en el periodo de enero a abril de 2008, y los encuestados son residentes en la región Norte de Paraná y las entrevistas se realizaron en el periodo de enero a abril de 2008, en sus domicilios. Esta investigación fue aprobada por el Comité Permanente de Ética en Investigación Abarcando Seres Humanos de la Universidad Estadual de Maringá. La pregunta utilizada en la investigación fue: ¿Qué cambió en su vida tras la cirugía de la confección de estoma? En la interpretación de los discursos surgieron algunos sentimientos convergentes, de los cuales, suscitaron la temática existencial: la temporalidad de existir-en el-mundo colostomizado. El análisis desveló, que ser-colostomizado-por-cáncer es tener se modo de ser-en el-mundo influenciado por modificaciones físicas, emocionales y sociales, y es necesario trascender las restricciones impuestas por la enfermedad para poder vislumbrar nuevas posibilidades de continuar existiendo-en el-mundo.

Do bicho que vive de ar, em diante: uma pequena história da Etologia no Brasil / From the animal that survives from air, and so on: a short story of Ethology in Brazil

Começa o interesse anedótico por comportamento animal no Brasil na épocados viajantes, cronistas e missionários dos séculos XVI-XVII, tendo sido nossos animaisobservados no final do século XVIII por Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira fora, contudo, doenfoque etológico. Fritz Müller, radicado em Santa Catarina, no século XIX teve contribuiçõespioneiras à área sem que seu trabalho alcançasse repercussão local. A etologia se firmaentre nós na segunda metade do século XX, com cursos e pesquisas no Instituto dePsicologia da USP, com a inauguração dos Encontros de Etologia e a criação da SociedadeBrasileira de Etologia, entre outras iniciativas, tendo atingido, no limiar do século XXI, umaprodutividade científica plena e diversificada, ainda em desenvolvimento(AU)

The anecdotic interest for animal behavior in Brazil begins with the travelers,journalists and missionaries of the XVI-XVIIth. centuries; our animals began to be observedat the end of the XVIIIth. century by Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira, apart, however, fromthe ethological point of view. Fritz Müller, who lived in Santa Catarina during the XIXth.century, contributed with pioneering studies in the area, but his works did not reach anylocal repercussion. Ethology becomes stronger within us during the second half of theXXth. century, with courses and researches at the Psychology Institute of USP, with theopening of the Ethology Meetings and the creation of the Brazilian Society of Ethology,among other initiatives. At the beginning of the XXIth. century, it reached a complete anddiversified scientific productivity, which is to date still under development(AU)