ABSTRACT
By consulting the ancient and modern literature， the textual research of Pharbitidis Semen has been conducted to clarify the name， origin， distribution of production areas， quality specification， harvesting， processing and so on， so as to provide reference for the development and utilization of the relevant famous classical formulas. Through textual research， it can be seen that Pharbitidis Semen was first published in Mingyi Bielu（《名医别录》）， and all dynasties have taken Qianniuzi as the correct name. Based on the original research， the main source of Pharbitidis Semen used in previous dynasties is the dried mature seeds of Pharbitis nil， which is consistent in ancient and modern times. The white Pharbitidis Semen appearing in Compendium of Materia Medica（《本草纲目》） from Ming dynasty is similar to the present P. purpurea. It is produced all over the country， and the quality is better if the particles are full and free of impurities. In ancient times， the harvesting time was mostly in the September. Now it is autumn. The fruits are ripe and harvested， dried to remove impurities for standby. In ancient times， the processing methods of Pharbitidis Semen were mainly wine steaming， steaming and frying until half cooked and grinding the head and end. In modern times， they have been simplified to stir-frying method. The nature， taste， meridian tropism and their effects also change supplements with the deepening of practice. Before the Ming dynasty， they were all bitter， cold and toxic. In the Ming dynasty， there appeared the characteristics of pungent， hot and small poisonous. The efficacy has evolved from controlling low Qi， curing foot edema， removing wind toxin， and facilitating urination to facilitating water and defecation， eliminating phlegm and drinking， and eliminating accumulated insects. The main clinical contraindications are those with weak spleen and kidney， those with weak spleen and stomach， pregnant women， and should not be used with croton and croton cream. Based on the textual research， it is suggested that when developing the classic famous formula with Pharbitidis Semen as the main raw material in the future， it is clear that the source should be the dried mature seeds of Pharbitis nil（black product is its black-brown seeds， white product is its beige seeds）. The processing requirements indicated in the original formula are all processed according to the requirements， and the raw product is recommended to be used as medicine if not specified.
ABSTRACT
This paper systematically combed and verified the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting， processing of Euryales Semen in famous classical formulas by consulting relevant ancient materia medica， medical books， prescription books and modern literature. The results showed that Euryales Semen was first collected by materia medica under the name of Jitoushi， and since the Ming dynasty， Qianshi has been used as a proper name and continues to this day， with other aliases such as Yanhuishi. Euryale ferox， a plant of the Nymphaeaceae family， is the same as that used in the past dynasties. However， due to long-term artificial domestication， the varieties vary with the origin， including Beiqian and Suqian. The medicinal part of Euryales Semen is mature seed kernel， its origin of ancient records mainly includes Shandong， Jiangsu， Henan and other places， since the Ming and Qing dynasties， Euryales Semen produced in Suzhou has been highly praised. Since modern times， it has gradually summarized and formed the best quality evaluation method of Euryales Semen with full grains， white cross-section， powdery enough and no broken powder. The harvesting time in the past dynasties was mainly August or in autumn. The main processing methods in the past dynasties included peeling for powder， pounding powder after steaming， drying and frying. Up to now， two mainstream processing methods of cleansing and stir-frying have been formed. Based on the research results， it is recommended that the mature seed kernel of E. ferox be used in famous classical formula Yihuangtang. Combined with the processing requirements of the original formula， it is suggested to refer to the stir-frying method in the general principles of processing of the current edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
ABSTRACT
In this paper， the name， origin， medicinal parts， producing area， harvesting， processing methods and efficacy of Equiseti Hiemalis Herba（EHH） in famous classical formulas were examined by reviewing related ancient and modern literature. Through textual research， Muzei was first appeared in Zhenyuan Guanglifang（《贞元广利方》）， and used as a mainstream name by later generations. It is also known by other names， such as Cuocao and Bigancao. The main origin of ancient EHH was Equisetum hyemale， which was mixed with E. ramosissimum during the Qing dynasty. The medicinal part was the above-ground part of EHH. In ancient times， the genuine producing area was considered to be Qinzhou， which is now Tianshui city， Gansu. In modern times， EHH produced in Liaoning province is believed to be of higher quality. Currently， the main producing area of EHH circulating in the market is the northeast region in China. EHH with stems that are thick and long， a green color， a thick texture， and clearly visible edges and roughness， but without any easily separating joints being considered the best. The processing methods of the past dynasties mainly included filing， removing knots， stir-baked the crude drugs into black on outside and brown in inside， urine soaking， sun drying and shade drying. In modern times， the main processing method is to first moisturize the plant material， and then cut it into sections before drying. In terms of medicinal properties， EHH is considered by both ancient and modern medicine to have a neutral nature， a slightly sweet and bitter taste， and is non-toxic. Its primary therapeutic effects are related to treating eye diseases， intestinal wind bleeding and uterine bleeding. Based on the research， it is suggested that the dried above-ground part of E. hiemale be used in the development and utilization of famous classical formulas. For the processing requirements are not indicated， it is suggested using raw decoction pieces as medicine， and the processing method refers to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. If it is clearly stated that fried charcoal is required， it is recommended to refer to general requirements 0213 of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， if it is clearly stated that removing knots is required， it is recommended to follow the ancient method.
ABSTRACT
By consulting the ancient and modern literature， the name， origin， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing methods of Curculiginis Rhizoma（CR） were systematically combed and verified， in order to provide a basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing CR. The results of herbal textual research showed that the name Xianmao was first recorded in Leigong Paozhilun， the name of CR was used in all dynasties and this name came from its efficacy and morphological characteristics， the mainstream source for CR of the past dynasties was the rhizome of Curculigo orchioides or C. capitulata， since modern times， C. orchioides has been the main source of commodities. In ancient times， most of the places of origin of the description were the western regions and southwest China， while in modern times， Sichuan and Guizhou were regarded as genuine places. Since modern times， its quality has been summarized as the best with thick roots， firm texture and black-brown surface， the harvesting and processing methods recorded in the past dynasties are mainly sun drying after harvest in the second， eighth and ninth months of the lunar calendar， and most of them are harvested in autumn and winter in modern times. In ancient times， there were many processing methods of CR， mainly in processing with rice swill， while in modern times， stir-frying with wine was the main processing method. The nature， taste， meridian tropism， functions and indications of CR are basically consistent from ancient to modern times， the taboos for taking are to avoid iron， cow's milk， and beef. Although there are some differences in the understanding of the toxicity of CR in the past dynasties， most of the materia medica are clear that it has a certain toxicity. Based on the research conclusion， it is suggested that the rhizome of C. orchioides of Lycoris family should be used as its source in the famous classical formulas， and the corresponding processing method should be selected according to the processing requirements in the formulas， while the raw products is recommended to be selected as medicine if the processing requirement is not specified.
ABSTRACT
By consulting the ancient and moderm literature， this paper makes a textual research on the name， origin， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing of Olibanum， so as to provide a basis for the development of the famous classical formulas containing this medicinal material. According to the herbal textual research， the results showed that Olibanum was first described as a medicinal material by the name of Xunluxiang in Mingyi Bielu（《名医别录》）， until Ruxiang had been used as the correct name since Bencao Shiyi（《本草拾遗》） in Tang dynasty. The main origin was Boswellia carterii from Burseraceae family. The mainly producing areas in ancient description were ancient India and Arabia， while the modern producing areas are Somalia， Ethiopia and the southern Arabian Peninsula. The medicinal part of Olibanum in ancient and modern times is the resin exuded from the bark， which has been mainly harvested in spring and summer. It is concluded that the better Olibanum has light yellow， granular， translucent， no impurities such as sand and bark， sticky powder and aromatic smell. There were many processing methods in ancient times， including cleansing（water flying， removing impurities）， grinding（wine grinding， rush grinding）， frying（stir-frying， rush frying， wine frying）， degreasing， vinegar processing， decoction. In modern times， the main processing methods are simplified to cleansing， stir-frying and vinegar processing. Nowadays， the commonly used specifications include raw， fried and vinegar-processed products. Among the three specifications， raw products is the Olibanum after cleansing， fried products is a kind of Olibanum processed by frying method， vinegar-processed products is the processed products of pure frankincense mixed with vinegar. Based on the research results， it is recommended to select the resin exuded from the bark of B. carterii for the famous classical formulas such as Juanbitang containing Olibanum， processing method should be carried out in accordance with the processing requirements of the formulas， otherwise used the raw products if the formulas without clear processing requirements.
ABSTRACT
By consulting ancient and modern literature， the herbal textual research of Farfarae Flos has been conducted to verify the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing methods， so as to provide reference for the development and utilization of the famous classical formulas containing Farfarae Flos. According to the research， the results showed that Farfarae Flos was first described as a medicinal material by the name of Kuandonghua in Shennong Bencaojing（《神农本草经》）， and the name was used and justified by later generations. The main origin was the folwer buds of Tussilago farfara， in addition， the flower buds of Petasites japonicus were used as medicine in ancient times. The ancient harvesting time of Farfarae Flos was mostly in the twelfth month of the lunar calendar， and the modern harvesting time is in December or before the ground freeze when the flower buds have not been excavated. Hebei， Gansu， Shaanxi are the authentic producing areas with the good quality products. Since modern times， its quality is summarized as big， fat， purple-red color， no pedicel is better. Processing method from soaking with licorice water in the Northern and Southern dynasties to stir-frying with honey water followed by micro-fire in the Ming dynasty， and gradually evolved to the modern mainstream processing method of honey processing. Based on the research results， it is suggested that the dried flower buds of T. farfara， a Compositae plant， should be selected for the development of famous classical formulas containing Farfarae Flos， and the corresponding processed products should be selected according to the specific processing requirements of the formulas， and raw products are recommended for medicinal use without indicating processing requirements.
ABSTRACT
In order to provide basic information for the utilization and development of famous classical formulas containing Bletillae Rhizoma， this article systematically analyzes the historical evolution of the name， origin， harvesting and processing of Bletillae Rhizoma by reviewing the ancient materia medica， prescription books， medical books and modern literature. The research results showed that Baiji（白及） was the main name， some scholars took Baiji（白芨） as its main name， and there were many other names such as Baiji（白给）， Baigen（白根）， Baiji（白苙）. The mainstream source of Bletillae Rhizoma was the tubers of Bletilla striata， and drying， large， white， solid， root-free and skin removed completely were the good quality standards. With the promotion of wild to cultivated medicinal materials， there were certain differences between their traits， and the quality evaluation indexes should be adjusted accordingly. The origin of records in the past dynasties was widely distributed， with Guizhou and Sichuan having high production and good quality in modern times. The harvesting period is mostly in spring and autumn， and harvested in autumn was better. The processing and processing technology is relatively simple， and it was used fresh or powdered in past dynasties， while it is mainly sliced for raw use in modern times. Based on the results， it is suggested that the tubers of Bletilla striata of Orchidaceae should be used in the famous classical formulas， and it should be uniformly written as Baiji（白及）. And if the original formula indicates the requirement of processing， it should be operated according to the requirement， if the requirement of processing is not indicated， it can be used in raw form as medicine.
ABSTRACT
This article systematically analyzes the historical evolution of the origin， scientific name， medicinal parts， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing and other aspects of Tsaoko Fructus by consulting ancient materia medica， medical books， prescription books in the past dynasties and combining with the modern literature， so as to provide a basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing Tsaoko Fructus. According to the research， the name of Caoguo（草果） was first used in the Taiping Huimin Heji Jufang（《太平惠民和剂局方》） in the Northern Song dynasty， Tsaoko Fructus is the correct name of the herbal medicine in all dynasties， and there are also aliases such as Caokou， Doukou， Loukou， Laokou and Caodoukou. The mainstream source of Tsaoko Fructus used in the past dynasties is the dried mature fruit of Amomum tsaoko of Zingiberaceae， but Tsaoko Fructus was often used as a nickname for Amomi Fructus Rotundus or Alpiniae Katsumadai Semen during the Song dynasty. Bencao Pinhui Jingyao（《本草品汇精要》） in the Ming dynasty was the earliest materia medica that recorded Tsaoko Fructus as a separate medicinal herb in sections. Under the influence of early ancient books， there were some books that confused Tsaoko Fructus with other Zingiberaceae plants during the Qing dynasty， it was not until modern times that Tsaoko Fructus was distinguished from other plants. The origin of Tsaoko Fructus is Yunnan and Guangxi， and then gradually expanded to Guizhou and other places. Now Yunnan is the province with the largest planting area of Tsaoko Fructus， and has become the main producing area. Since modern times， it has been recorded in the literature that the quality of Tsaoko Fructus is mainly characterized by large， full， red-brown and strong in smell. According to ancient records， the harvest time of Tsaoko Fructus was in the eighth month of the lunar calendar， and they were mostly used for peeling or simmering. Currently， the harvest period of Tsaoko Fructus is October to November， and then sun-dried or dried after harvesting. The records of the properties and functional indications of Tsaoko Fructus are basically consistent with the ancient and modern documents， which is warm in nature， pungent in flavor， belonging to the spleen and stomach meridians， moderate in dryness and dampness， intercepting malaria and eliminating phlegm， used for internal resistance of cold and dampness， abdominal distension and pain， fullness and vomiting， malaria cold and fever， and plague fever. Based on the research results， it is suggested that A. tsaoko should be used as the medicinal base for the development of famous classical formulas containing Tsaoko Fructus， processing method can be according to the requirements of the prescription， and if the requirements of concoction are not indicated， it can be used in the form of raw products.
ABSTRACT
Through consulting the ancient herbal books and modern literature， this paper has carried out the textual research on the name， origin， place of origin， harvesting and processing， and other contents of Bruceae Fructus， combed its ancient and modern medicinal history， so as to provide reference for the development of famous classical formulas containing Bruceae Fructus. Through the herbal textual research， It can be verified that， since the Qing dynasty， Bruceae Fructus has been recorded in the materia medica， most of the materia medica in previous dynasties took Bruceae Fructus as its proper name， and Laoyadan， Kushenzi and Yadanzi as the aliases. The main origin of Bruceae Fructus is Brucea javanica， its medicinal part is the fruit， which is harvested from August to October every year， the fruit can be harvested when it is ripe. Bruceae Fructus was first distributed in Fujian， Guangdong and Guangxi， and gradually expanded to the south of China with the change of time. The traditional processing method of Bruceae Fructus is mainly to remove the shell and kernel， and remove the oil by frosting. The 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia stipulates that its processing method is to remove the shell and impurities. Based on the research results， it is suggested that the dried mature fruit of B. javanica should be selected for the development of famous classical formulas containing this herb， and the raw products can be used if the original formula does not specify the processing requirements.
ABSTRACT
By consulting the ancient Chinese herbal books， medical books and formularies of the past dynasties， and combining with modern research data， this paper makes a systematic textual research on the name， origin， place of origin， traditional quality evaluation， harvesting and processing of Selaginellae Herba， so as to provide a basis for the development and utilization of the relevant famous classical formulas. According to the textual research， Juanbai is the correct name of the herbal medicine in all dynasties， and there are also aliases such as Baozu， Qiugu， Jiaoshi and Jiusi Huanhuncao. The origin of Selaginellae Herba in the ancient herbal books was Selaginella tamariscina in all dynasties. Since the Republic of China， S. pulvinata has been gradually used as another origin of Selaginellae Herba. In ancient times， the producing area of S. tamariscina was mainly in Shandong， Hebei， Henan， Shaanxi， Jiangsu and Sichuan， etc. Nowadays， it is produced all over the country. S. pulvinata is mainly produced in Guangxi， Fujian， Sichuan， Guizhou， Yunnan， Hebei and so on. Since the recent times， it is concluded that the quality of the green color， complete and unbroken is good. Before the Qing dynasty， it was recorded that the harvesting time of Selaginellae Herba was generally from April to July， and it was expanded to all year round since the Qing dynasty. After harvesting， remove the sediment（sand and mud）， cut off the fibrous roots and dry in the shade or in the sun. The processing methods in all dynasties were mainly carbonizing by stir-frying and stir-bake to brown， and some ancient books contained the processing method of brine boiling， which was rarely used in modern times. Based on the results， it is recommended that S. tamariscina should be used as the base material of Selaginellae Herba. Because of more impurities， it should be fully purified to ensure the cleanliness of the herb， and the processing method can be based on the prescription requirements， if the processing requirements are not specified， the raw products can be used， charcoal products is recommended for use as an hemostatic.
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By consulting the relevant literature and historical herbal literature,the name,origin and harvesting,efficacy and indications,as well as nature,taste,and meridians of Bunge pricklyash seed were reviewed."Jiaomu"as a medicinal herb name was first recorded in the"Compendium of Materia Medica Annotations",and later generations also used"Jiaomu"as a proper name.Bunge pricklyash seeds are the seeds of the Rutaceae plant Sichuan Bunge pricklyash seed or green Bunge pricklyash seed.They are harvested when they mature in autumn from August to October,and can be processed by net,stir-frying or salt.It can promote diuresis and reduce swelling,treat kidney deficiency and tinnitus,and is mainly used to treat bloating in the abdomen.It is non-toxic or slightly toxic.This article traced the origin of Bunge pricklyash seed,studied the history of medicine,clarified the original traditional Chinese medicine properties of Bunge pricklyash seed,and provided scientific basis for the correct clinical use and the national formulation of quality standards for this herb.
ABSTRACT
This article systematically analyzes the historical evolution of the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing， clinical efficacy of Pyrrosiae Folium by consulting the ancient materia medica， medical books and prescription books， combined with modern literature， in order to provide a reference for the development of famous classical formulas containing this herb. After herbal textual research， it was found that the names of Pyrrosiae Folium in the past dynasties were mostly derived from its color， shape and efficacy. And there were other nicknames such as Shizhe， Shipi and Shilan. Song， Yuan dynasties and before the period， the main origin of Pyrrosiae Folium was Pyrrosia petiolosa， in the Ming dynasty， the main origins were P. petiolosa and P. sheareri， during the Qing dynasty to the present， the main origins were P. sheareri， P. petiolosa and P. lingua. Anciently， the respected Dao-di production area of Pyrrosiae Folium was the area of Lianyungang city， Jiangsu province. In modern times， Anhui and Zhejiang provinces are the main producing areas of P. sheareri， Fujian and Taiwan provinces are the main producing areas of P. lingua， and Guizhou and Hubei provinces are the main producing areas of P. petiolosa. In ancient and modern times， Pyrrosiae Folium with large leaves and thick texture is considered to be the best， the medicinal part is the leaves， and the harvesting and processing methods recorded in the past dynasties were mainly shade-drying after harvesting in the February and July of the lunar calendar， while the modern ones are mostly harvested throughout the year. The processing methods of the past dynasties mainly included removing fuzz by scraping， lightly roasted， frying， fat-fried. However， in modern times， it is mostly used the raw products as a medicine after cleaning， cutting and drying. In ancient times， Pyrrosiae Folium was thought to have a neutral nature with slightly sweet and bitter taste， while in modern times， it is thought to have a slightly cold nature with slightly sweet and bitter taste， and the main effects in ancient and modern times are diuretic， clearing lung-heat， hemostasis and so on. Based on the research results， it is suggested that P. sheareri， P. petiolosa and P. lingua can be used as the medicinal base， processing method can be according to the requirements of formulas， and if the processing requirements are not indicated， the raw products can be selected as the medicine.
ABSTRACT
The genus Peucedanum L. (Apiaceae) is a large group comprising more than 120 species distributed worldwide. Many plants of the genus Peucedanum have been studied and used in traditional Chinese medicine. In 2020, a new species, Peucedanum huangshanense Lu Q. Huang, H. S. Peng & S. S. Chu, was found in the Huangshan Mountains of Anhui Province, China. However, little is known about its medicinal properties. Thus, the objective of this study is to explore the potential medicinal value of P. huangshanense and its relationship with other Peucedanum species. Through textual research on illustrations of Qianhu in Bencao literature, it can be inferred that at least five species of genus Peucedanum have been used in Chinese medicine. Therefore, we chose these five species of Peucedanum and P. huangshanense together for subsequent research. We conducted morphological, chloroplast genome, and chemical analyses of six Peucedanum species, including the newly discovered P. huangshanense. The chloroplast genomes of Peucedanum showed a typical tetrad structure, and the gene structure and content were similar and conservative. There were significant differences in genome size and the expansion of the inverted repeat boundary. Through nucleotide polymorphism analysis, we screened 14 hotspot mutation regions that have the potential to be used as specific molecular markers for the taxonomy of Peucedanum. Our results showed an inversion of the trnD-trnY-trnE gene in the P. huangshanense chloroplast genome, which can be developed as a specific molecular marker for species identification. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the phylogenetic trees had high support and resolution, which strongly supports the view that Peucedanum is not a monophyletic group. P. huangshanense had the closest genetic relationship to P. ampliatum K. T. Fu, followed by P. harry-smithii Fedde ex Wolff. Furthermore, the main coumarins of P. huangshanense were most similar to those of P. japonicum Thunb. and P. harry-smithii. In summary, our research lays a foundation for the systematic classification of Peucedanum and sheds light on the medicinal value of P. huangshanense.
ABSTRACT
Lamiophlomis Herba， one of the medicinal herbs commonly used by the Tibetan ethnic minority， has the effect of activating blood， stopping bleeding， dispelling wind， and relieving pain and is frequently used to treat trauma， traumatic bleeding， rheumatic arthralgia， and dampness and dampness-heat. By a review of ancient Tibetan medicine classics， materia medica classics， and modern literature， this paper systematically analyzed the name， nature， taste， original plant， medicinal part， harvest， processing， efficacy， and indications of Lamiophlomis Herba. The textual research showed that Lamiophlomis Herba was first recorded in the Somaratsa （《月王药诊》） in the middle of the eighth century. This medicinal herb was mainly recorded with a plain and warm nature and a sweet， bitter， and astringent taste. The herb was recorded as non-toxic in other books except the Tibetan Medicinal Plants in Gannan of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau （《青藏高原甘南藏药植物志》）. In the books of the past dynasties， the aboveground part of Lomiophlomis rotatd was used as medicine. In addition， there were also records of using the whole herbs of Ajuga ovalifolia， A. ovalifolia var. calantha， and Oreosolen wattii as the medicine. In ancient times， the herb was mainly harvested before Frost's Descent in the 8th-9th months of the lunar calendar， while it was mainly harvested during the flowering-fruiting stage in autumn in modern times. Due to the decreased reserve of Lamiophlomis Herba， the medicinal part evolved from whole herb or fresh leaves to the aboveground part. According to the ancient and modern records， this herb mainly has the functions of nourishing bone and marrow， eliminating dampness and dampness-heat， stopping bleeding， and relieving pain. In ancient times， it was used for treating parasitic diseases， menostaxis， spermatorrhea， diarrhea， and nourishing the body. This paper aims to provide a basis for further development and study of Lamiophlomis Herba through the textual research.
ABSTRACT
To conduct textual research on the records of Chrysanthemi Flos in the ancient literature from the aspects of name， origin， species， scientific name， origin， harvesting， processing， quality and so on， and the modern literature was sorted out to clarify the relationship between the ancient and modern times， so as to provide a reference for the development of famous classical formulas containing Chrysanthemi Flos. Chrysanthemi Flos is an ornamental， edible and medicinal plant in China， it has many aliases， but it has been recorded in this materia medica under the name of Juhua， Ganju and Ganjuhua. Before the Tang dynasty， medicinal Chrysanthemi Flos mainly collected wild products， including yellow flowers and white flowers， of which the mainstream of yellow flowers was originally Dendranthema lavandulifolium and D. potentilloides， the mainstream of white flowers is D. vestitum and D. chanetii. The cultivation of medicinal Chrysanthemi Flos began in the Northern Song dynasty， and wild D. lavandulifolium， D. potentilloides， D. vestitum and D. chanetii were selected through long-term interspecies and intraspecies crossbreeding， which gradually formed the current cultivar D. morifolium. After chrysanthemums were introduced abroad， foreign scholars began to name chrysanthemums with Linnaeus's plant classification system. In 1792， Mathier named chrysanthemums as Chrysanthemum morifolium and continued to this day， and all the editions of Chinese Pharmacopoeia adopted this scientific name. In the Song dynasty， many local varieties such as Nanyangju， Dengzhouhuang and Dengzhoubai appeared. By the time of the Republic of China， five famous authentic varieties， namely Huaiju， Boju， Chuju， Gongju and Hangju， had been cultivated for medicinal purposes. Boju has been the best medicinal variety since the late Qing dynasty. Hangbaiju has been famous for its tea use， especially the best quality of Huju. Chuju has its own unique characteristics， and it is of good quality both for medicine and tea. Gongju has always been a good tea chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemums are traditionally harvested in September of the lunar calendar， but some of the new varieties cultivated nowadays are harvested earlier. The embryo chrysanthemum in Hangbaiju is a commodity type that collects unopened buds in advance. In ancient times， chrysanthemums were mainly dried in the shade， in modern times， drying methods include drying in the shade， drying in the oven and drying in the sun after steaming. At present， hot air drying is mostly used. In terms of processing， Chrysanthemi Flos was used raw products in ancient times， in modern times， it is still widely used， sometimes stir fried（including stir-fried charcoal）. Due to different varieties， producing areas and processing methods， there are certain differences in the proportion of ingredients contained in chrysanthemum. Therefore， it is suggested that chrysanthemums with different varieties， origins and processing methods should be selected according to clinical indications in the development of famous classical formula preparations containing Chrysanthemi Flos.
ABSTRACT
Through reviewing the ancient and modern literature， the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing methods of Trichosanthis Fructus（TF） and Trichosanthis Radix（TR） in famous classical formulas were systematically sorted out following the chronological order. The results showed that there were many nicknames of TF and TR， and Gualou and Tianhuafen have become the mainstream names for its fruit and root， respectively. Both of them took Trichosanthes kirilowii as the mainstream base. TF and TR have been used as medicines in the Han dynasty， and since the North and South dynasties， Leigong Paozhilun had been clear that the effects of peels， seeds， stems， roots were different. TF was used as medicine with intact fruits， harvested after maturity from September to October， hung and dried in the shade， and its quality has been summarized in recent times as being best for those who are mature， large， thick and pliable peels， orange-yellow in color， and with sufficient sugary properties. In ancient times， the processing of TR was mostly crushed or shredded with the peels and seeds， or processing for pancakes and creams. TR was used as medicine with the roots， it is harvested from November to December， peeled and dried in the sun， and its quality was best when it was deep in the soil， large， white， powdery， firm and delicate with few muscles and veins， and it was considered to be toxic when it was born in briney land. Processing method of TR was to do powder into the medicine in the Tang dynasty， and gradually evolved into direct slicing use in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Since the modern era， the authentic producing areas of TF and TR were in the vicinity of Lingbao， Henan province， known as Anyang Huafen， and in modern times， there are well-known production areas such as Anguo， which produces Qihuafen， and Jinan， which produces Changqing Gualou. In the Song dynasty， there was a habit of substituting Trichosanthis Semen for the whole herb， which was later corrected by the materia medica in Ming dynasty. Based on the results， It is suggested that T. kirilowii be selected as the basal plant for the development of famous classical formulas involving TR and TF. In Qingjin Huatantang， Trichosanthis Semen is processed by stir-frying method， while TR and TF in other five formulas from the Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas（The First Batch） were all used in raw form.
ABSTRACT
By reviewing the ancient and modern literature， the name， origin， medicinal parts and other aspects of Linderae Radix in famous classical formulas were systematically sorted out， so as to provide a basis for development of famous classical formulas containing this herb. Linderae Radix was first recorded in Bencao Shiyi in the Tang dynasty under name of Pangqi， and since Rihuazi Bencao of the Five dynasties， all generations of materia medica have used Wuyao as its proper name of the herb. The mainstream source of Linderae Radix used in the past dynasties is dried tuberous roots of Lindera aggregata contained in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The origins of Linderae Radix recorded in the past dynasties are mainly Guangdong， Guangxi， Hunan， Zhejiang， Anhui and others， since the Song dynasty， Tiantai county in Zhejiang province has been regarded as the authentic producing place， in modern times， it is still the authentic place of origin. At harvesting， in ancient times， the harvesting time of the roots was mostly in August， while in modern times， Linderae Radix is mostly harvested in winter and spring or throughout the year， and is dried directly after harvesting or cut thin slices and dried in the place of production. At processing， Linderae Radix was processed by removing the peel and heart， wine roasting， vinegar roasting and other methods in ancient times， and in modern times， it is mostly used in raw form as medicine. In conclusion， it is suggested that the processing method of fresh slicing and drying in the place of origin in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia should be adopted if Linderae Radix is involved in the development of famous classical formulas.
ABSTRACT
This article has systematically sorted out and verified the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing of Pruni Semen by consulting ancient materia medica， medical books， prescription books and modern literature， in order to provide a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing Pruni Semen. The results showed that Pruni Semen， as a medicinal material， has been widely used in medical literature of past dynasties since it was collected in Shennong Bencaojing， and also included under the names such as Yuhe， Yuzi and Yuli， and aliases such as Jueli， Queli and Chexiali. The primordial plants mentioned in the past dynasties involve about 12 species of Rosaceae， but with Prunus humilis， P. japonica and P. glandulosa as mainstream varieties used in the past dynasties， while the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia stipulates that the basal plants are P. humilis， P. japonica and P. pedunculata. Most of the ancient records for the origin of Pruni Semen are found everywhere in high mountains， valleys and hills， modern literature records that its origin varies according to its base， for example， P. humilis and P. japonica are mainly produced in Hebei， eastern Inner Mongolia， Liaoning， Shandong and other regions of China， and P. pedunculata is mainly produced in Inner Mongolia. Modern literature summarizes its quality as faint yellow， full and fulfilling， neat and not broken， and non-oiling， and the small Pruni Semen is better than the big Pruni Semen. The ancient processing methods of Pruni Semen mainly include blanching and peeling， blanching and peeling followed by frying， and blanching and peeling followed by pounding， with the common feature of blanching and peeling. The successive editions of Chinese Pharmacopoeia stipulate that it should be pounded when used. Based on the results of the herbal textual research and the writing time of Bianzhenglu， and combined with the market survey of Pruni Semen， it is suggested that P. humilis or P. japonica should be used as the origin of Pruni Semen in Sanpiantang， and it is harvested when the fruits are ripe， the kernels are collected by removing the stones， and processed by blanching， peeling and pounding consulting the decoction method in the current edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.
ABSTRACT
By reviewing ancient materia medica， medical books， prescription books and modern literature， this paper conducted a systematic research on name， origin， medicinal parts， producing area， quality， harvesting and processing methods， functions and toxicity of Polygoni Multiflori Radix（PMR） and Polygoni Multiflori Caulis（PMC） in famous classical formulas. It was found that the name of Heshouwu was first found in the Biography of Heshouwu and originated from its discoverer， and then still in use today. Since the Song dynasty， Heshouwu has been included in the materia medica with Fallopia multiflora as the mainstream origin. Since the Ming dynasty， in addition to F. multiflora， Cynanchum bungei， C. wilfordii， C. auriculatum have been used as the origin of Heshouwu. Heshouwu is widely distributed， the production areas recorded in ancient times are mainly Luchuan， Guangxi and Ganzhou， Jiangxi， and in modern times， Deqing， Guangdong and other places are respected as the geo-authentic habitats. Its origin processing is mostly dug out， washed， sliced and dried in the sun. Modern literature concludes that the quality of PMR is better in terms of weight， solid quality and powder， while PMC is better in terms of uniformity and purplish-red skin. In the Qing dynasty and before that， it was recorded in the materia medica that PMR was harvested mainly in late spring， mid-summer and early autumn， in modern times， it was harvested mainly in spring and autumn， while PMC was harvested in autumn. In Song dynasty， the processing method of PMR was mainly soaked with rice-washed water， the Ming dynasty for black bean steaming method， the Qing dynasty for steaming followed by black bean juice maceration， while in modern times， it is mostly sliced and steamed with black bean juice and yellow rice wine until the juice is absorbed. PMC is prepared by removing impurities， washing or moistening， and cutting into sections to dry. During the five dynasties， PMR was used to treat infertility as well as gastrointestinal diseases and blood in the stool caused by wind chill， and during the Song dynasty， it was mostly used raw products for the treatment of scrofula and carbuncles， and in the Yuan and Ming dynasties， raw and processed products were used， and Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata was used to treat hemorrhoids， waist and knee soreness. PMC is mainly used for treating insomnia， fatigue and sweating， wind sores and scabies， etc. In the Song dynasty， the ancients considered that PMR was non-toxic， but its toxicity was gradually discovered after the Ming dynasty， and the toxicity mechanism has not been clearly analyzed yet. Based on the results of the textual research， it is recommended that F. multiflora be used as the base for development of famous classical formulas containing PMR， and from the safety perspective， it is recommended to use raw products with caution， oral administration must be used processed products. PMC is recommended to use raw products.
ABSTRACT
By consulting ancient materia medica， medical books， prescription books and modern literature， this paper systematically combed and reviewed the name， origin， scientific name evolution， producting area， quality evaluation， medicinal parts， harvesting and processing and traditional efficacy of Lasiosphaera Calvatia. The results show that Mabo was first recorded in Mingyi Bielu. Since then， all dynasties have taken Mabo as a legitimate name. Before the Song dynasty， only Calvatia lilacina was used as the original plant of Lasiosphaera Calvatia， which was expanded after the Song dynasty with the appearance of C. gigantea， Lasiosphaera fenzlii， Bovistella radicata and other varieties. Until modern times， there was an addition of Lycoperdon perlatum， L. pyriforme and other original plants of Lasiosphaera Calvatia. Since 1975， the original plant of Lasiosphaera Calvatia in various regulations and academic monographs has been basically uniform for C. lilacina， Lasiosphaera fenzlii and C. gigantea. Resource of the medicinal fungus was widely distributed in China and was mainly wild. From ancient times to the present， the medicinal parts of Lasiosphaera Calvatia are all fruiting body， which is harvested in summer and autumn， and its processing method was to take powder in ancient times， but to cut blocks in modern times. In recent times， its quality has been summarized as large， thin-skinned， intact， full， loose-bubbled and elastic. The medicinal efficacy has been developed from very good for all scores， and after the Ming and Qing dynasties， it is consistent with the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， with the efficacy of clearing the lung， promoting pharynx， relieving fever and hemostasis， mainly treating cough aphonia， throat obstruction and pharyngeal pain， vomiting blood， epistaxis， hemoptysis， and external treating sores and bleeding from cuts and wounds. Based on the results of herbal textual research， it is suggested that C. lilacina is the first choice for the origin of Lasiosphaera Calvatia involved in famous classical formulas， and it is processed into block or powder for medicine.